高锰γ-MnFe合金双程形状记忆效应

以γ-MnFe高锰(Mn＞80%(原子分数)) 合金为研究对象,研究探索γ-MnFe合金的双程形状记忆效应(TWSME) .通过TEM和热膨胀法,研究不同预应变下γ-MnFe合金的TWSME.通过测量不同预应变条件下合金形状恢复率的变化,来研究γ-MnFe基合金的双程形状记忆效应和双程恢复量etw的影响因素,最后对1.6%预应变试样进行热循环训练,用DSC测量合金马氏体相变Ms和逆相变Af,发现热滞为2K,几乎达到无热滞的形状记忆效应.研究显示经过训练后的高锰γ-MnFe合金形状回复无热滞是由于二级反铁磁转变耦合一级马氏体相变,使得马氏体相变与逆相变热滞几乎为0.     

Fe-Mn-Si-Ni-Co合金中形变诱发马氏体相变及形状记忆效应

通过拉伸试验、金相和透射电子显微分析,研究了Fe-25.6Mn-5.1Si-4.1Ni-1.8Co合金的形变诱发γ→ε马氏体相变与形状记忆效应。结果表明,变形温度从M_d点降至193K时,变形机制由位错滑移逐渐转变为形变诱发γ→ε马氏体相变,合金的形状记忆效应相应地近似呈线性提高。在138～193K之间变形时形状记忆效应保持稳定。文中通过分析形变诱发马氏体相变的应力-应变曲线,讨论了形状记忆效应与屈服应力之间的关系。     

一种新型Fe—Mn—Si—Ni系形状记忆合金的研究

本文采用电镜和X射线衍射分析研究了Fe-25.38Mn-3.47Si-2.98Ni合金的fcc(γ)→hcp(ε)马氏体相变;系统考察了形变温度,形变量等参数对形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明,试验合金在热轧状态于77-300K温度范围内变形,均能呈现良好的形状记忆效应。其微观机制与应力诱发γ→ε马氏体相变有关。     

预变形对FeNiC合金马氏体相变形态影响

研究了母相预变形对Fe-23Ni-0.55C合金马氏体相变表面浮凸形貌、组织形态的影响.结果表明:母相预拉伸变形和压缩变形对Fe-23Ni-0.55C合金马氏体影响有所不同.母相预拉伸变形,其马氏体由透镜状变为细针状,表面浮凸角增大;母相预压缩变形,随变形量的增大,不但其马氏体边缘破碎,而且马氏体中脊发生弯曲、甚至断裂.但是母相预变形并未改变其马氏体相变的惯习面和表面浮凸形貌.惯习面仍为{259}f,表面浮凸形貌均为"N"型.     

Fe—17Mn—10Cr—5Si—4Ni合金低温应力诱发相变特点及其形状记？…

用Ｘ射线衍射分析、显微组织观察等研究了Ｆｅ－１７Ｍｎ－１０Ｃｒ－５Ｓｉ－４Ｎｉ合金在低温（低于室温）下应力诱发相变的特点及其形状记忆效应。合金在室温拉伸变形时,当应变量超过５％由于应力诱发ε马氏体的相变作用而形成的α′马氏体;当变形温度低于室温时应力优先诱发γ－α′马氏体转变。正是这种应力诱发相应特征的转变使合金的形状记忆效应在室温以下出现奇特低谷。     

Co-x%Mn合金中的fcc→hcp相变和相关的形状记忆效应

Co-Mn合金是磁诱发形状记忆效应候选材料之一，本文制备了不同Mn含量的Co-Mn合金，研究了合金成分对Co-Mn二元合金中应力诱发γ(fcc)→ε(hcp)马氏体相变及形状记忆效应的影响作用，研究结果发现，对于能够发生γ→ε马氏体相变的Co-Mn合金，具有部分形状记忆效应；随着Mn含量的增加，马氏体量减小，基体的强度降低，导致合金的形状回复率和可回复应变均有不同程度的下降。     

Fe-Mn-Si记忆合金中应力诱发γ→εM的相变机制

通过高分辨透射电镜观察得知,Fe-25%Mn-4.5%Si-1%Cr-2%Ni形状记忆合金中母相γ的亚结构主要是平行分布的、不同程度重叠的层错.母相的这一亚结构特征决定随应力诱发相变进行的程度不同,可分别形成单片状和多层状两类不同形态的ε马氏体(εM),这由透射电镜观察得到了证实.这两类不同形态εM的逆相变特征亦不相同,单片状εM在逆相变时能保持较好的晶体学可逆性,有利于形状记忆效应,而多层状εM由于受到层间界面的制约,逆相变后残留下较多晶体缺陷,对形状恢复不利.     

Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金焊接接头组织和形状记忆效应研究

利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni形状记忆合金钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)接头组织进行分析,并利于弯曲变形法考察了焊接接头的形状记忆效应.结果表明,焊缝区由于重熔形成了树枝晶组织,该树枝晶组织又具有胞状亚结构.焊缝区相组成与母材一样仍然是单相奥氏体(γ),变形后能发生应力诱发γ→ε马氏体相变,该相变加热后完全可逆.热影响区组织除晶粒长大外无其它改变.Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni合金经焊接后仍然保持良好的形状记忆效应.     

Fe-17Mn-10Cr-5Si-4Ni合金低温应力诱发相变特点及其形状记忆效应研究

用x射线衍射分析、显微组织观察等研究了Fe-17Mn-10Cr-5Si-4Ni合金在低温(低于室温)下应力诱发相变的特点及其形状记忆效应。合金在室温拉伸变形时,当应变量超过5％由于应力诱发E马氏体的相变作用而形成α＇马氏体;当变形温度低于室温时应力优先诱发γ→α＇马氏体转变。正是这种应力诱发相变特征的转变使合金的形状记忆效应在室温以下出现奇特低谷。     

热机械循环方法对训练NiTi合金双程形状记忆效应的影响

采用4种典型的热机械循环方法训练获取具有双程形状记忆效应的镍钛合金丝,从双程形状回复量、高温相形状、低温相形状和相变温度的变化等方面系统研究了训练方法对双程形状记忆效应训练效果的影响.结果表明,在不同训练方法中镍钛合金丝被加载应变时所处的物质相态的差异是造成不同训练效果的主要原因,其中在马氏体相变过程中因加栽引入的位错最有利于双程形状记忆效应的形成.     

Electron Microscopy Analysis of Deformation Induced ε Martensite Transformation in an Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni Alloy

The configurations of stacking faults and morphologies of strain induced ε martensite plates in an FeMnSiCrNi alloy were investigated through electron microscopy analysis. The Shockley partial dislocation structures. sensitive to external stress. determine the configurations of stacking faults in γphase Partial dislocations at the front sides of stacking faults are usetul for the nucleation of εmartensite plates. The growth of ε martensite plates is accompanied with the disappearance of local pre-existing stacking faults, The ε martensite vanants behave in three morphologies of respective stopping. continuous penetrating and intersections with the formation of secondary ε martensite plates     

Influence of α′ martensite on shape memory effect in Fe-14Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni alloy

Abstract

The strain induced γ → ε and γ → α′ martensite transformations were examined by X-ray diffraction in an Fe-14Mn-5Si-9Cr-5Ni alloy. From the original microstructures of single phase austenite and two phase austenite and α′ martensite, the alloy was examined after prestraining at room temperature and recovery heating at 673 K, and finally, its shape memory effect was determined. It was shown that the alloy with the original two phase microstructure of autensite and α′ martensite exhibits a higher degree of shape recovery. The presence of α′ martensite in the original microstructure before prestraining can considerably improve the extent of shape recovery.     

First Cycle Effect of Polycrystalline CuZnAl Shape Memory Alloy during Thermal-Mechanical Cycling

The thermal-mechanical (T-M) cycles at constant strain of a polycrystalline CuZnAl alloy have beenstudied in the. present work. In-situ optical microscopic observations have been made to reveal thefeatures of the phase transitions during T-M cycling. The variation of stress-temperature (S-T)curves and electrical resistance-temperature (R-T) curves accompanying with T-M cycling havebeen measured by tensile test and electrical resistance measurements. It has been found that thepolycrystalline CuZnAl alloy shows apparent morphology changes and properties variations in thefirst cycle during T-M cycling which is called the first cycle effect in the present work. The stabletransformation procedure in the T-M cycle is: martensiteparent phase +residual acicularmartensite. This residual martensite possesses the character of stress-induced martensite.     

材料状态对NiTi形状记忆合金相变行为的影响

用金相显微镜观察了冷加工和固溶状态的显微组织形貌,用示差热量扫描法(DSC)系统研究了冷加工、固溶和时效处理对近等原子比的NiTi形状记忆合金的相变温度的影响。试验结果表明,冷加工态NiTi合金组织形态呈纤维状,固溶处理后组织形态呈等轴状。冷加工带来的大量变形缺陷抑制了热弹性马氏体的相变;冷加工态NiTi合金直接进行时效发生了P→M相变;经固溶处理后再进行时效则发生了P→R→M相变。NiTi合金在不同的热处理条件下发生了不同类型的热弹性马氏体相变。分析认为,应力、位错密度及析出相对NiTi合金热弹性马氏体的相变行为有重要的影响。     

On role of atomic migration in amnesia occurrence during complex thermal cycling of Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloy

Abstract

The reproducibility of thermally induced reversible martensitic transformation, occurring in a Cu–15Zn–6Al (mass-%) shape memory alloy during heating, was studied on three different fragments of martensitic alloy subjected to complex thermal cycling comprising four series of five heating–cooling cycles, applied on a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) device, between room temperature (RT) and three maximum temperatures: 453, 463 and 473 K respectively. After each series of heating–cooling cycles the fragments were naturally aged at RT for 37 days (～3·2 Ms). Thermograms of DSC revealed a gradual diminution in the magnitude of martensite reversion to parent phase, accompanied by decreasing tendencies of both critical temperatures and transformation rates, which reflect a gradual loss of thermal memory, associated with ‘amnesia’ occurrence. Scanning electron microscopy observations coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy performed at the end of complex thermal cycling revealed that ‘amnesia’ occurrence was associated with changes in the morphology of martensite plates, from parallel plate-like to interblocking needle-like, and with an increase of chemical fluctuations, as an effect of the intensification of atomic migration.     

A Role of α′ Martensite Introduced by Thermo‐Mechanical Treatment in Improving Shape Memory Effect of an Fe‐Mn‐Si‐Cr‐Ni Alloy

The evolution of α′ martensite with different thermo‐mechanical treatment and its effect on the shape memory effect were studied in an Fe‐14Mn‐5Si‐8Cr‐4Ni alloy. The α′ martensite was introduced by only 5% pre‐deformation, and its amount increased with increasing pre‐deformation up to 20%. The α′ martensite started to transform into austenite when the annealing temperature was 773 K. As the annealing temperature increased to 1 073 K, the α′ martensite almost transformed fully into austenite. The α′ martensite introduced by the thermo‐mechanical treatment could prevent collisions between different ε martensite bands during deformation. The intrusion of α′ martensite was another key reason that the stress‐induced ε martensite bands in Fe‐Mn‐Si based shape memory alloys formed in a domain‐specific manner in addition to that of uniformly distributed stacking faults after thermo‐mechanical treatment.     

Temperature memory effect in two-way shape memory TiNi and TiNiCu springs

An incomplete thermal cycle upon heating in a shape memory alloy (arrested at a temperature between A_s and A_f) induced a kinetic stop in the next complete thermal cycle. The kinetic stop temperature is closely related to the previous arrested temperature. This phenomenon is named temperature memory effect (TME). In this article, the TME in two-way shape memory TiNiCu and TiNi springs was investigated by performing either a single incomplete cycle, or a sequence of incomplete cycles. N points of temperatures could be memorized if N times of incomplete cycles on heating were performed with different arrested temperatures in a decreasing order. The capability is enhanced by performing repetitive incomplete cycles with the same temperature, and the TME can be eliminated by appropriate complete transformation cycle. The TME is originated from the relaxation of both the strain energy between martensite and coherent strain between parent phase and martensite.     

形变时效对FeMnSiCrNi合金形状回复率和相变温度的影响

为了进一步提高Fe-14Mn-6Si-8Cr-5Ni合金的形状记忆效应,对固溶态合金采用了形变时效的方法处理,并利用光学显微分析、X射线衍射分析和透射电子显微分析的测试手段分析了时效温度和时效时间对合金形状回复率和相变温度的影响.结果表明,固溶态合金经10%拉伸和600℃时效10 min时,形状回复率提高幅度最大,由固溶态的48%提高到84.7%,并且合金γ→ε马氏体转变的起始温度Ms由固溶态的34℃降低到13.2℃.合金的形状回复率得到提高的主要原因是合金中热诱发ε马氏体已经消失,组织为奥氏体和大量定向α’马氏体,这样的组织特征有利于应力诱发γ→ε马氏体相变以及它们的逆相变.     

Finite element simulation of low velocity impact on shape memory alloy composite plates

Delamination of composite materials due to low velocity impacts is one of the major failure types of aerospace composite structures. The low velocity impact may not immediately induce any visible damage on the surface of structures whilst the stiffness and compressive strength of the structures can decrease dramatically.

Shape memory alloy (SMA) materials possess unique mechanical and thermal properties compared with conventional materials. Many studies have shown that shape memory alloy wires can absorb a lot of the energy during the impact due to their superelastic and hysteretic behaviour. The superelastic effect is due to reversible stress induced transformation from austenite to martensite. If a stress is applied to the alloy in the austenitic state, large deformation strains can be obtained and stress induced martensite is formed. Upon removal of the stress, the martensite reverts to its austenitic parent phase and the SMA undergoes a large hysteresis loop and a large recoverable strain is obtained. This large strain energy absorption capability can be used to improve the impact tolerance of composites. By embedding superelastic shape memory alloys into a composite structure, impact damage can be reduced quite significantly.

This article investigates the impact damage behaviour of carbon fiber/epoxy composite plates embedded with superelastic shape memory alloys wires. The results show that for low velocity impact, embedding SMA wires into composites increase the damage resistance of the composites when compared to conventional composites structures.     

Shape memory heat engines

The mechanical shape memory effect associated with a thermoelastic martensitic transformation can be used to convert heat directly into mechanical work. Laboratory simulation of two types of heat engine cycles (Stirling and Ericsson) has been performed to measure the amount of work available per cycle in a Ni-45 at% Ti alloy. Tensile deformations at ambient temperature induced martensite, while a subsequent increase in temperature, caused a reversion to the parent phase during which a load was carried through the strain recovery, i.e. work was accomplished. The amount of heat necessary to carry the engines through a cycle was estimated from calorimeter measurements and the work performed per cycle. The measured efficiency of the system tested reached a maximum of 1.4% which was well below the theoretical (Carnot) maximum efficiency of 35.6%.