流延法制备的SOFC阳极及其性能

研究了以流延法成型中温平板式固体氧化物燃料电池(IT-SOFC)Ni-YSZ阳极基底金属陶瓷,并成功地制备出厚度为200-500μm的该金属陶瓷基底材料.在其中添加不同种类的成孔剂以增加孔隙率.对以该流延工艺制备的素坯及复合陶瓷的性能进行了研究,其中,素坯膜的热烧结性能通过热重-差示扫描分析进行了研究;复合陶瓷基体材料的孔隙率以阿基米德排水法进行了测试;并以扫描电子显微镜观察了其微观形貌.确定了NiO-YSZ基底材料的预烧及成瓷烧结温度范围.随着烧结温度的升高,孔隙率逐渐下降.其中,有机成孔剂和无机成孔剂在造孔性能方面还存在着某些方面的差异.     

Effect of Spray Parameters on the Corrosion Behavior of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co-Cr Coatings

WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coatings were deposited on the substrate of AISI 1045 steel by using high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying process. The Taguchi method including the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to optimize the porosity and, in turn, the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The spray parameters evaluated in this study were spray distance, oxygen flow, and kerosene flow. The results indicated that the important sequence of spray parameters on the porosity of the coatings was spray distance > oxygen flow > kerosene flow, and the spray distance was the only significant factor. The optimum spraying condition was 300 mm for the spray distance, 1900 scfh for the oxygen flow, and 6.0 gph for the kerosene flow. The results showed the significant influence of the microstructure on the corrosion resistance of the coatings. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS) results showed that the WC-10Co-4Cr cermet coating obtained by the optimum spraying condition with the lowest porosity exhibits the best corrosion resistance and seems to be an alternative to hard chromium coating.     

Influence of Ceramic Powder Size on Process of Cermet Coating Formation by Cold Spray

Influence of the ceramic particle size on the process of formation of cermet coatings by cold spray is experimentally studied. A specially developed nozzle with separate injection of ceramic and metal powders into the gas stream is used in the experiments. The results obtained demonstrate that fine ceramic powders (Al₂O₃, SiC) produce a strong activation effect on the process of spraying soft metal (Al, Cu) and increase deposition efficiency of the metal component of the mixture compared to the pure metal spraying. At the same time, coarse ceramic powder produces a strong erosion effect that considerably reduces coating mass growth and deposition efficiency of the metal component. It is experimentally shown that the addition of fine hard powder to soft metals as Al and Cu allows to significantly reduce the “critical” temperature (the minimum gas stagnation temperature at which a nonzero particle deposition is observed) for spraying these metals.     

WC-based cermet coatings produced by cold gas dynamic and pulsed gas dynamic spraying processes

Due to their mechanical properties, WC-based cermet coatings are extensively used in wear-resistant applications. These coatings are usually produced using thermal spray processes. However, due to the nature and the environment of these spraying processes, the feedstock powder structure and properties suffer from decomposition, which subsequently degrade the performance of the coatings produced. The cold gas dynamic spraying process appears to be a promising alternative technique to preserve the properties of the feedstock powder during the coating preparation. Although the latter technique can minimize or eliminate the degradation of the sprayed material, the deposition of cermet using this technique is a difficult task. In this study, two types of cermet powders, the nanocrystalline (WC-15Co) and the conventional (WC-10Co4Cr) powders were deposited using the cold gas dynamic spraying and the pulsed gas dynamic spraying processes. The feedstock powders and coatings microstructures were investigated by OM, SEM and XRD, as well as their hardness. The results revealed the possibility of depositing cermet coatings onto aluminum substrates using both processes without any degradation of the carbide phase of the feedstock powder. The cold gas dynamic spraying process experienced difficulty in depositing and building up dense coatings without major defects. The pulsed gas dynamic process produced thick cermet (conventional and nanocrystalline) coatings with low porosity as long as the feedstock powder was preheated above 573 K.     

Desirability-Based Multi-Criteria Optimization of HVOF Spray Experiments to Manufacture Fine Structured Wear-Resistant 75Cr3C2-25(NiCr20) Coatings

Thermal spraying of fine feedstock powders allow the deposition of cermet coatings with significantly improved characteristics and is currently of great interest in science and industry. However, due to the high surface to volume ratio and the low specific weight, fine particles are not only difficult to spray but also show a poor flowability in the feeding process. In order to process fine powders reliably and to preserve the fine structure of the feedstock material in the final coating morphology, the use of novel thermal spray equipment as well as a thorough selection and optimization of the process parameters are fundamentally required. In this study, HVOF spray experiments have been conducted to manufacture fine structured, wear-resistant cermet coatings using fine 75Cr₃C₂-25(Ni20Cr) powders (?8 + 2 μm). Statistical design of experiments (DOE) has been utilized to identify the most relevant process parameters with their linear, quadratic and interaction effects using Plackett-Burman, Fractional-Factorial and Central Composite designs to model the deposition efficiency of the process and the majorly important coating properties: roughness, hardness and porosity. The concept of desirability functions and the desirability index have been applied to combine these response variables in order to find a process parameter combination that yields either optimum results for all responses, or at least the best possible compromise. Verification experiments in the so found optimum obtained very satisfying or even excellent results. The coatings featured an average microhardness of 1004 HV 0.1, a roughness Ra = 1.9 μm and a porosity of 1.7%. In addition, a high deposition efficiency of 71% could be obtained.     

铝电解用NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷惰性阳极的制备

以高温固相合成法合成的NiFe2O4陶瓷粉体和金属Cu粉为原料, 采用冷压-烧结法制备了Cu含量在5%～20%之间的NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷惰性阳极, 研究了烧结气氛和烧结温度对其物相组成、微观形貌和基本物理性能的影响. 结果表明 通过控制烧结气氛中氧分压在NiO和Cu2O的离解反应平衡氧分压之间, 可以制备出具有目标物相组成的NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷; 烧结温度和保温时间对所得NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷的相对密度有较大影响; NiFe2O4和Cu之间的不润湿性限制了NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷烧结温度的提高和保温时间的延长, 在保证金属相分布均匀且不溢出的前提下, 所制备的NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷的相对密度较小; 金属相Cu含量越高, NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷最高烧结温度越低、最长保温时间越短, 从而相对密度越低、孔隙率越高; 除了尽量降低金属相含量外, 还可向NiFe2O4-Cu金属陶瓷中添加其他金属如Ni和Co等, 以改善陶瓷相与金属相之间的润湿性, 以提高烧结温度, 进而提高其相对密度和耐腐蚀性能.     

Tungsten carbide coatings with different binders prepared by low power plasma spray system

Thermal spraying of cermet coatings is widely used for protection of machining parts against wear and corrosion. These coatings consist of WC particles in metal binders such as Co, Cr and Ni. Three kinds of WC powders with different metal binders (Co, NiCr and CoCr) were sprayed by low power plasma spray system on Al-Si-Cu alloy substrate. Fundamental aspects of sprayed cermet coatings, including (i) the effects of binder type on the coating structure, (ii) the hardness and (iii) the microstructure, were investigated. All cermet coatings have the same phase structure such as WC and W2 C. However, the intensities of these phases are different in each coating, mainly due to the difference in solidification rate in each case. Moreover, the hardness measurements are found to be different in each coating. The results show that, binder type has a significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the sprayed coatings.     

Plasma Sprayed Metal-Ceramic Coatings and Modification of Their Structure with Pulsed Electron Beam Irradiation

Composite powder obtained from mechanically crushed titanium carbide—metal binder cermet compacts deserves special mention for plasma spraying of wear-resistant coatings. However, cermet coatings sprayed using this powder have comparatively high porosity. The porosity causes the mechanical strength of the coating to largely deteriorate, and it also lowers the strength of the bond between the coating and the substrate. Computational and physical experiments were performed in this area to reveal the possibilities offered by pulsed electron beam irradiation for structural modification of 70 vol.%TiC-(Ni-Cr) powder coatings. The authors evaluated optimal values of process parameters for suitability in implementing a controlled thermal treatment of coatings under conditions of solid-liquid interaction of components in the cermet composition with each other and with the steel substrate. Evolution of the structure and physical properties of the cermet coatings under rapid heating and following cooling in a wide range of temperatures typical of pulsed irradiation conditions have been examined.     

冶金严苛服役环境中热喷涂技术的应用现状及展望

以超音速火焰喷涂、大功率等离子喷涂等为代表的先进热喷涂技术,已成为冶金行业关键装备及部件在严苛服役环境下实现高温耐磨、耐腐蚀、抗结瘤、隔热等多功能化的关键技术.概述了不同热喷涂技术的基本原理及涂层特性,进而详细论述热喷涂技术在服役于严苛环境中的冶金关键设备(如连铸结晶器铜板、热镀锌铝锅组件及高温炉辊等)上的研究现状及应...     

Cold spray deposition of a WC-25Co cermet onto Al7075-T6 and carbon steel substrates

This work focussed on the deposition of wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant WC-25Co cermet powders on carbon steel and aluminium (Al7075-T6) substrates by cold gas spraying (CGS). The unique combination of mechanical, physical and chemical properties of WC-Co cermets has led to their widespread use for the manufacture of wear-resistant parts. X-ray diffraction tests were run on the powder and coatings to determine possible phase changes during the spraying process. The bonding strength of the coatings was measured by adhesion tests (ASTM C633-08). The sliding (ASTM G99-04) and abrasive (ASTM G65-00) wear resistance of the coatings were also studied. Corrosion resistance was determined by electrochemical measurements and salt fog spray tests (ASTM B117-03). CGS achieved thick, dense and hard WC-25Co coatings on both aluminium alloy Al7075-T6 and carbon steel substrates, with excellent tribological and electrochemical properties. We thus conclude that this method is very competitive compared with conventional thermal spraying techniques, giving thick, dense and hard coatings on both aluminium alloy Al7075-T6 and carbon steel substrates, with excellent tribological and electrochemical properties.     

WC-based composite coatings prepared by the pulsed gas dynamic spraying process: Effect of the feedstock powders

WC-based cermet coatings are typically produced using the HVOF process, due to high particle velocity and the lower heating characteristic of this technique. Despite the effort of optimisation of the coating process, degradation of the feedstock materials such as decarburisation of WC and amorphization of the metallic phase still occurs. It is known that the coating properties do not depend only on the spray process and its parameters, but also on the feedstock powder characteristics such as its chemistry, carbide size, particle morphology and production method. The work presented here is part of a research program aimed at exploring the possible advantages of the Pulsed Gas Dynamic Spray (PGDS) process, as an alternative technique for the preparation WC-based cermet coatings. In this paper, WC-based coatings have been prepared using six different types of cermets powders. In order to study the effects of the feedstock powder on the coatings microstructures and hardness, the selected starting powders differed not only in microstructural features such as size and morphology but also in the chemistry and phases. Using different analysis technique (OM, SEM, XRD, and HV), a detailed comparison of powders and coatings microstructures, phase compositions, and hardness are presented and discussed in detail. It was found that the PGDS process preserves the microstructure of the starting cermet powders in such a way that no significant degradation of the phase composition, even those that show the pre-existence of complex carbides, has been observed. Furthermore, although the same spray parameters were used, the thickness, deposition efficiency, porosity, and micro-cracks within the coatings are different from one type of cermet to another, suggesting that PGDS optimum process parameters are material dependant.     

Optimizing the vacuum plasma spray deposition of metal,ceramic, and cermet coatings using designed experiments

The vacuum plasma spray (VPS) deposition of metal, ceramic, and cermet coatings has been investigated using designed statistical experiments. Processing conditions that were considered likely to have a significant influence on the melting characteristics of the precursor powders and hence deposition efficiency were incorporated into full and fractional factorial experimental designs. The processing of an alumina powder was very sensitive to variations in the deposition conditions, particularly the injection velocity of the powder into the plasma flame, the plasma gas composition, and the power supplied to the gun. Using a combination of full and fractional factorial experimental designs, it was possible to rapidly identify the important spraying variables and adjust these to produce a deposition efficiency approaching 80%. The deposition of a nickel-base alloy metal powder was less sensitive to processing conditions. Generally, however, a high degree of particle melting was achieved for a wide range of spray conditions. Preliminary experiments performed using a tungsten carbide/cobalt cermet powder indicated that spray efficiency was not sensitive to deposition conditions. However, microstructural analysis revealed considerable variations in the degree of tungsten carbide dissolution. The structure and properties of the optimized coatings produced in the factorial experiments are also discussed.     

Preparation of metallic coatings on polymer matrix composites by cold spray

In the present work, an Al metallic coating and an Al/Cu bimetallic coating were prepared on the surface of a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite (PMC) using a cold spray system with nitrogen as process and powder carrier gas. The microstructure, microhardness, and bond strength of the resultant coatings are analyzed. The bonding mechanism of the coatings, especially the deposition behavior of the Al particles on the PMC surface is discussed. Results had shown that cold spraying enables the deposition of the metallic and bimetallic coatings directly onto the PMC surface with precise process control and reasonable bonding of feedstock and substrate material. The surface metallization of PMC via cold spraying process presents promising application prospects.     

Application of New Boride Cermet Coating to Forming of Glass Sheets

New boride cermet coatings have been developed. These cermets consist of Mo-system ternary boride and iron-gr. metal. MoCoB-Co/Cr cermets have a very low friction coefficient with glass at high temperature. The cermet coating has been applied in a glass forming process, and the productive efficiency of the process is improved substantially.     

添加BaF_2/CaF_2对爆炸喷涂Cr_3C_2基金属陶瓷涂层性能的影响

采用爆炸喷涂制备添加BaF2/CaF2共晶的Cr3C2基金属陶瓷涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及显微硬度仪等检测方法观测了喷涂粉形貌、相组成及涂层微观组织、硬度等性能,探讨了BaF2/CaF2共晶的加入方式及其含量对爆炸喷涂Cr3C2基金属陶瓷涂层性能的影响,结果显示:10%的BaF2/CaF2共晶与Cr3C2-25%NiCr粉体经高能球磨1h,粉体粒度最小,尺寸均匀性最高。爆炸喷涂后涂层组织致密,孔隙率小于0.8%;共晶的加入,降低了涂层的显微硬度(Hv),且随加入量的增加,涂层硬度及孔隙率逐步降低;共晶与NiCr合金的预先球磨,有助于提高涂层均匀致密性和硬度,孔隙率为0.2%,显微硬度(Hv)为665.6。     

Development and microstructure optimization of atmospheric plasma-sprayed NiO/YSZ anode coatings for SOFCs

In this paper, preparation and characterization of porous anode layers with uniform phase distribution are discussed for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application. The Ni/8YSZ cermet coatings were fabricated by atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process using oxidized nickel coated graphite (Ni-graphite) and 8 mol% yittria — stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) blend as feedstock. To control the microstructure of the coating, the nickel coated graphite with low density was used as a starting feedstock instead of conventional pure nickel (Ni) powder. To balance the conductivity, uniform porosity, and structural stability of the coatings, the effects of process parameters such as hydrogen gas flow rate, stand off distance and pore formation precursor (graphite) addition on the microstructures of the resulting coatings are investigated. The results show that the anode coatings with high conductivity, structural stability and porosity could be deposited with moderate hydrogen gas flow rate and short stand off distance.     

A Novel Hybrid Axial-Radial Atmospheric Plasma Spraying Technique for the Fabrication of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes Containing Cu, Co, Ni, and Samaria-Doped Ceria

Composite coatings containing Cu, Co, Ni, and samaria-doped ceria (SDC) have been fabricated using a novel hybrid atmospheric plasma spraying technique, in which a multi-component aqueous suspension of CuO, Co₃O₄, and NiO was injected axially simultaneously with SDC injected radially in a dry powder form. Coatings were characterized for their microstructure, permeability, porosity, and composition over a range of plasma spray conditions. Deposition efficiency of the metal oxides and SDC was also estimated. Depending on the conditions, coatings displayed either layering or high levels of mixing between the SDC and metal phases. The deposition efficiencies of both feedstock types were strongly dependent on the nozzle diameter. Plasma-sprayed metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells utilizing anodes fabricated with this technique demonstrated power densities at 0.7 V as high as 366 and 113 mW/cm² in humidified hydrogen and methane, respectively, at 800 °C.     

Preparation and preliminary testing of cermet inert anode for aluminum electrolysis

1　INTRODUCTIONAluminumhasthelargest productivityamongthenonferrousmetals ,2 4Mtperyearintheworld .Whilegreatprogresshavebeenmadeintheprimaryaluminum production ,theindustrycontinuestopur sueresearchtosolvesomeformidablechallenges ,suchas quitealargeenergyintensity(14 0 0 0 15 0 0 0kW·hpertonaluminum) ,highcon sumptionofcarbonanode(5 0 0 6 0 0kgpertonalu minum) ,significantemissionsofgreenhousegas(1.71tpertonaluminum )andotherdetrimentalgases ,highcapitalinvestmentandcost[1] .Inertelectr…     

Structure and mechanical properties of plasma sprayed nanostructured alumina and FeCuAl-alumina cermet coatings

Nanostructured alumina (Al₂O₃) and nanostructured cermet coatings containing alumina dispersed in a FeCu or FeCuAl matrix, were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) from nanostructured powders. These coatings were characterized by SEM, EDAX, TEM, XRD and nanoindentation. Friction and wear behaviour were investigated by sliding and abrasion tests. TEM and XRD revealed that a nanostructuring was retained in the APS deposited coatings.The nanostructured ceramic and cermet coatings were compared in terms of coefficient of friction and wear resistance. Nanostructured cermet coatings appeared to offer a better wear resistance under sliding and abrasion tests than nanostructured Al₂O₃ coatings. The role of Fe, Cu, and Al additions to the Al₂O₃ coatings on friction and wear behaviour, was investigated.In the case of FeCu- and FeCuAl-based cermet coatings containing alumina, though the starting material consist of only two compounds, the coatings contain up to four different phases after plasma spraying. The mechanical properties of these different phases namely crack sensitivity and elasto-plastic deformation was determined by nanoindentation. The failure mechanisms were investigated and an attempt was made to establish a ‘structure-property’ relationship. It was shown that an appropriate balance between hard and soft phases results in optimum tribological properties of the nanostructured cermet coatings.     

Corrosion Resistance of Copper Coatings Deposited by Cold Spraying

In the article, a study of corrosion resistance of copper and copper-based cermet (Cu+Al₂O₃ and Cu+SiC) coatings deposited onto aluminum alloy substrate using the low-pressure cold spraying method is presented. The samples were subjected to two different corrosion tests at room temperature: (1) Kesternich test and (2) a cyclic salt spray test. The selected tests were allowed to simulate service conditions typical for urban, industrial and marine environment. Examination of corroded samples included analysis changes on the coating surface and in the microstructure. The physicochemical tests were carried out using x-ray diffraction to define corrosion products. Moreover, microhardness and electrical conductivity measurements were conducted to estimate mechanical and physical properties of the coatings after corrosion tests. XRD analysis clearly showed that regardless of corrosion conditions, for all samples cuprite (Cu₂O) was the main product. However, in the case of Cu+Al₂O₃ cermet coating, chlorine- and sulfate-containing phases such as Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ (paracetamite) and Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄ (antlerite) were also recorded. This observation gives better understanding of the lowest microstructure changes observed for Cu+Al₂O₃ coating after the corrosion tests. This is also a justification for the lowest decrease in electrical conductivity registered after the corrosion tests for this coating.