论流域水文尺度化和相似性

本文论述了流域水文尺度化和相似性问题。探讨了小尺度要素如地貌、土壤和降雨等的空间变化对流域径流形成的影响，提出了反映流域产流面积空间变化动力特性的尺度化理论，即代表性单元产流面积ＲＥＡ的存在。在相似性问题的研究中，讨论了统计相似分析和动力相似分析的两种基本研究方法，为简化尺度化对径流形成的影响，提供了一条概念性与物理性、确定性与随机性相结合的实用性的模拟方法。     

Water fluxes and diffuse nitrate pollution at river basin scale: coupling of agro-economic models and hydrological approaches.

An integrated model system has been developed to estimate the impact of nitrogen reduction measures on the nitrogen load in groundwater and in river catchment areas. The focus lies on an area-wide, regionally differentiated, consistent link-up between the indicator "nitrogen balance surplus" and nitrogen charges into surface waters. As a starting point of the analysis actual nitrogen surpluses in the soil were quantified using the agro-economic RAUMIS-model, which considers the most important N-inputs to the soil and N-removals from the soil through crop harvest. The most important pathways for diffuse nitrogen inputs into river systems are modelled with the water balance model GROWA. Additionally, the time-dependent nitrogen degradation along the nitrogen pathways in soil and groundwater are modelled using the WEKU-model. The two selected river basins in Germany cover a variety of landscape units with different hydrological, hydrogeological and socio-economic characteristics. The results indicate a wide range of annual nitrogen surpluses for the rural areas between than 10 kg N ha(-1) x a(-1) and 200 kg N ha(-1) x a(-1) or more, depending on the type and intensity of farming. The level of nitrogen inputs into the surface waters is reduced because of degradation processes during transport in soil and groundwater. Policy impact analyses for a nitrogen tax and a limitation of the livestock density stress the importance of regionally adjusted measures.     

Cross sectoral and scale-up impacts of greywater recycling technologies on catchment hydrological flows.

With the growth of urban areas and climate change, decisions need to be taken to improve water management. This paper reports an assessment of the impact of greywater recycling systems on catchment scale hydrological flows. A simulation model developed in InfoWorks CS (Wallingford Software Ltd) was used to evaluate how river flows, sewer flows, surface runoff and flooding events may be influenced when grey water recycling systems of different number and scale are implemented in a representative catchment. The simulations show the effectiveness of greywater recycling systems in reducing total wastewater volume and flood volume. However, no hydraulic impacts due to implementation of greywater was identified by the model.     

Planning, modelling and assessing source control concepts on catchment scale.

Today's water management practice was identified often not to be consistently structured. Usually the decision space is not clearly depicted and then systematically explored. Often stakeholders are involved too late and many objectives are neglected. An adaptive DSS is being developed to help overcoming these problems. Core of the DSS is a "decision matrix", which has been implemented as a web based application (www.wsm300.de). The management objectives are represented by the indicators labelling the rows. They will be the result of a discussion of the objectives and problems in the specific sub-basin, which is supported by the catalogue of indicators. The columns of the matrix are specified by the scenarios whose development is supported by the database of measures and a Geographical Information System (GIS). The matrix, once the labels are defined, serves as a plot for the planning process, defining clearly which objectives have to be considered and which indicator-values have to be calculated. The DSS further includes a concept and tools for the combination of existing software components and supports the processing of model-outputs to indicator-values. Filled with the indicator-values the matrix allows a comparison of the scenarios and provides a good base for a decision. Multi-criteria decision aid methods can (if desired) further help to find the optimal scenario and to mediate between stakeholders. Finding the optimal scenario will likely be an iterative process.     

数字水文模型在漳河观台以上集水区域的应用

结合当前地形处理技术及数字高程模型,生成了观台以上集水区域的数字流域.在此基础上,在子流域内分别建立新安江模型,并构建观台以上数字水文模型.应用此数字水文模型完成对流域内的5次历史洪水的模拟,将模拟结果与传统水文模型的结果进行了对比.分析表明,此数字水文模型具有一定的精度,为建立完全的数字水文模型提供了必要的研究基础.     

基于生态指标的水库影响下河流水文情势评价

本文通过基于FDC的生态指标综合评价了太子河流域上水库建设对水文情势的影响.结果表明:(1)水库建设后,秋季高流量组分与发生频率减小,春季和夏季低流量组分值显著增加;(2)年生态盈余受水库影响小,生态赤字受水库影响较大,季节生态指标受水库影响较大,尤其在春季和夏季.     

海面热作用对台风发展的数值研究

本文在Hoskins关于斜压涡旋研究的基础上,研究了来自洋面热量通量对台风的影响。本文着重讨论了不同加热区域以及有、无热量通量的输送对台风扰动场型态和强度的影响。我们发现,海面加热作用不仅对台风扰动场的强度有显著的影响,而且对其型态也有明显的作用;加热范围的空间差异是决定扰动场分布型态差异的关键因子,而不是由加热场本身所能决定的。     

南宁城市水文效应与城市水文工作对策探讨

通过对南宁市城市化建设带来的气候条件改变、产汇流条件变化、城区防洪排涝日趋严峻、内河水环境恶化等水文效应问题的分析,探讨了应对南宁市城市水文效应问题,水文工作应采取的一些对策与措施,为南宁市城市化建设健康发展提供保障。     

Stormwater pollutant loads modelling: epistemological aspects and case studies on the influence of field data sets on calibration and verification.

In urban drainage, stormwater quality models have been used by researchers and practitioners for more than 15 years. Most of them were initially developed for research purposes, and have been later on implemented in commercial software packages devoted to operational needs. This paper presents some epistemological problems and difficulties with practical consequences in the application of stormwater quality models, such as simplified representation of reality, scaling-up, over-parameterisation, transition from calibration to verification and prediction, etc. Two case studies (one to estimate pollutant loads at the outlet of a catchment, one to design a detention tank to reach a given pollutant interception efficiency), with simple and detailed stormwater quality models, illustrate some of the above problems. It is hard to find, if not impossible, an "optimum" or "best" unique set of parameters values. Model calibration and verification appear to dramatically depend on the data sets used for their calibration and verification. Compared to current practice, collecting more and reliable data is absolutely necessary.     

现代水文实践论——来自广东水文发展的启示

现代水文作为一门学科,它更多的是在传统基础理论及其发展研究和生产实践中应用现代化的先进技术和手段、新理论、新方法,寻找自然水环境与人类社会和谐相处及其持续发展的规律,进而提供人与自然和谐相处的服务体系。从广东省水文的实践和发展可看出,传统水文走向现代水文,是一个漫长的过程,同时也是一门学科不断发展完善的过程。     

现代水文实践论——来自广东水文发展的启示

现代水文作为一门学科,它更多的是在传统基础理论及其发展研究和生产实践中应用现代化的先进技术和手段、新理论、新方法,寻找自然水环境与人类社会和谐相处及其持续发展的规律,进而提供人与自然和谐相处的服务体系。从广东省水文的实践和发展可看出,传统水文走向现代水文,是一个漫长的过程,同时也是一门学科不断发展完善的过程。     

不同集流方式对岩溶地区水柜水量的影响研究

为了探索解决岩溶地区渗透、提升集雨水效率而保障水量的有效方法,本试验采用水泥土集雨面、固化剂+水泥土集雨面、微生物修复材料+水泥土结合修复集雨面和对照组集雨面4种不同集雨面处理方式集流雨水.试验结果表明:每种处理方式不同降雨量的情况下集流效率较为集中,且在其他条件相同的情况下,集流效率由大到小的顺序为:微生物修复材料+...     

黄河头道拐站水沙来源空间分布及其影响因素

根据1950-2010年实测资料,采用不同时间序列对比和回归分析方法,对黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段干流6大水文站水沙关系变化、出口控制站头道拐水文站水沙来源的空间分布及其影响因素进行了分析,结果表明:1头道拐水文站径流主要来自兰州以上地区,泥沙主要来自兰州-头道拐区间支流。与基准期的1950-1968年相比,头道拐站1969-1986年和1987-2010年平均径流量分别减少10.1%和40.6%,年平均输沙量分别减少37.2%和75.4%。2宁蒙河段径流量减少主要发生在石嘴山-巴彦高勒河段,多年平均径流量减少52.2亿m3;输沙量减少主要发生在青铜峡-巴彦高勒河段,多年平均输沙量减少0.244亿t。宁蒙河段单位水量冲淤量随着头道拐水文站年平均来沙系数的增大有增大趋势,河道冲淤基本平衡的来沙系数约为0.0023kg·s/m6。影响头道拐水文站水沙来源空间分布的主要因素有气候波动、龙羊峡和刘家峡水库调节、工农业用水、水土保持综合治理等。     

Zn and Pb emissions from roofing materials--modelling and mass balance attempt at the scale of a small urban catchment

Many studies have shown that roofing materials are an important source of metals in urban runoff. Today, in the context of the European Water Directive (2000/60 CE), the quantification of these emissions is necessary, and thus the development of assessment tools is needed. This study focuses on a small urban catchment (drained by a separative sewer system). Atmospheric fallout, road runoff, roof runoff and total runoff at the outlet of the catchment were sampled. The aim is (1) to verify the contribution of roofing materials to metallic flows of Zn and Pb at the catchment scale and (2) to try to model emissions using some models previously developed at the test-bed scale. These models have to be tested at different spatial scales. Results obtained confirm the strong contribution of roofing materials to Zn and Pb flows at the catchment scale. For Zn, models tested were successfully transposed and validated at the roof and the catchment scales, permitting a good quantification of Zn emissions. For Pb, the use of the models highlights some difficulties, especially concerning the identification and the quantification of lead surface areas implemented.     

Integrated modelling for river basin management: the influence of temporal and spatial scale in economic models of water allocation.

The increasing use of integrated optimization or simulation models to guide river basin management has placed greater attention on the roles that the temporal and spatial scale of each model play in determining a model's suitability and effectiveness. This is especially the case in "economic" models that incorporate monetary incentives and the optimizing behaviour of economic agents to address decisions about the sources and levels of consumptive and non-consumptive water usage within the basin. With respect to spatial scale, models that aggregate behaviour over entire river basins may prove useful for examining inter-sectoral allocations of water, but are unlikely to provide useful information about how these water allocations influence-and are influenced by-choices of crops or of technologies in irrigation, for example. With respect to temporal scale, very short-run models can illustrate options for water management within an irrigation season should unforeseen water surpluses or deficits arise. Conversely, long-run models can allow adjustment time for investments in machinery, infrastructure and changes in land uses and cropping patterns. The basin management alternatives and choices generated by models on each scale are likely to vary considerably. The paper provides specific illustrative examples from recent models of Alberta's Bow River Basin.     

Developing interdisciplinary science for integrated catchment management: the UK lowland catchment research (LOCAR) programme

Across the European Union, the Water Framework Directive is a major driver for change in river basin management. However, its focus on integrated management and, in particular, on ecological quality raises major scientific and technical questions. In the UK, the focus of experimental hydrology has been on the uplands, and at small catchment scale (< 10 km²), whereas major management pressures lie in the lowlands, and for catchment management units of about 300–400 km². Particular problems arise for permeable lowland catchments: the scientific understanding of the major UK aquifers (the Chalk and the Triassic Sandstone) is poor, and tools for the integrated modelling of surface water–groundwater interactions are limited. In response to these factors, the LOwland CAtchment Research programme (LOCAR) was conceived. A major objective of the programme is to develop new interdisciplinary science and improved modelling tools to meet the challenges of integrated catchment management. The paper describes the research programme and addresses the issues raised in designing and implementing a major interdisciplinary research initiative.     

船闸中间渠道尺度对通航水流条件影响的研究

利用物理模型结合数学模型,研究船闸泄水进入中间渠道后,中间渠道内的水流条件与渠道尺度的关系。根据波动特性,对渠道内水体波动进行了定义。试验发现,船闸泄水正波在前进中波前逐渐变陡,到一定程度,波前水体形状将不再稳定,并形成短周期波。当中间渠道长度约等于泄水波长度一半时,船闸中间渠道振荡波最大。为改善水流条件,应调整输水时间、渠道水深等,以改变泄水波形状,或者直接改变渠道长度。     

满洲岱水利工程对洮南水文站水流特征影响

随着水利工程调水频繁,必然影响下游水文站的正常测验工作,水流特征随之受到影响.洮南水文站就是受到上游满洲岱水利工程的影响,水流特征发生改变.通过对受到影响的水文要素分析,能更好掌握测验,提高资料质量.     

Compensation flows in the UK: A hydrological review

A survey of United Kingdom reservoirs identified the development of compensation flow policy from the early 19th Century to the present day. Details on the level and pattern of releases below 261 impounding reservoirs provided the basis for assessing the spatial and temporal variation in compensation flows and the impact of impoundment on downstream flow regimes. By standardizing compensation releases by the natural pre-impoundment mean discharge, release patterns from reservoirs with a wide range of both catchment area and climate could be compared. Analysis of the change in flood and low flow frequency following impoundment enabled the impact of reservoir regulation to be evaluated at the regional scale. For individual reservoirs the natural downstream increase in river flow provides a basis for determining the length of river reach which is sensitive to regime changes. The majority of present day compensation discharges were set to satisfy river interests which no longer apply or were based on inadequate hydrological or biological information. This has led to a wide range of release patterns and it is therefore recommended that the re-evaluation of existing water resource schemes should include an assessment of the suitability of current release patterns for present day downstream demands and water resource requirements.     

水文档案质量管理探析

1档案质量管理及特点 所谓档案全面质量管理就是单位领导、档案工作人员参加的,以科学方法为手段,充分发挥科学管理和专业技术的作用,建立一套贯穿于档案形成全过程的质量保障体系,从而保证高质量的档案。其特点如下：