论流域水文尺度化和相似性

本文论述了流域水文尺度化和相似性问题。探讨了小尺度要素如地貌、土壤和降雨等的空间变化对流域径流形成的影响，提出了反映流域产流面积空间变化动力特性的尺度化理论，即代表性单元产流面积ＲＥＡ的存在。在相似性问题的研究中，讨论了统计相似分析和动力相似分析的两种基本研究方法，为简化尺度化对径流形成的影响，提供了一条概念性与物理性、确定性与随机性相结合的实用性的模拟方法。     

Water fluxes and diffuse nitrate pollution at river basin scale: coupling of agro-economic models and hydrological approaches.

An integrated model system has been developed to estimate the impact of nitrogen reduction measures on the nitrogen load in groundwater and in river catchment areas. The focus lies on an area-wide, regionally differentiated, consistent link-up between the indicator "nitrogen balance surplus" and nitrogen charges into surface waters. As a starting point of the analysis actual nitrogen surpluses in the soil were quantified using the agro-economic RAUMIS-model, which considers the most important N-inputs to the soil and N-removals from the soil through crop harvest. The most important pathways for diffuse nitrogen inputs into river systems are modelled with the water balance model GROWA. Additionally, the time-dependent nitrogen degradation along the nitrogen pathways in soil and groundwater are modelled using the WEKU-model. The two selected river basins in Germany cover a variety of landscape units with different hydrological, hydrogeological and socio-economic characteristics. The results indicate a wide range of annual nitrogen surpluses for the rural areas between than 10 kg N ha(-1) x a(-1) and 200 kg N ha(-1) x a(-1) or more, depending on the type and intensity of farming. The level of nitrogen inputs into the surface waters is reduced because of degradation processes during transport in soil and groundwater. Policy impact analyses for a nitrogen tax and a limitation of the livestock density stress the importance of regionally adjusted measures.     

Cross sectoral and scale-up impacts of greywater recycling technologies on catchment hydrological flows.

With the growth of urban areas and climate change, decisions need to be taken to improve water management. This paper reports an assessment of the impact of greywater recycling systems on catchment scale hydrological flows. A simulation model developed in InfoWorks CS (Wallingford Software Ltd) was used to evaluate how river flows, sewer flows, surface runoff and flooding events may be influenced when grey water recycling systems of different number and scale are implemented in a representative catchment. The simulations show the effectiveness of greywater recycling systems in reducing total wastewater volume and flood volume. However, no hydraulic impacts due to implementation of greywater was identified by the model.     

流域水文过程与植被相互作用研究评述

从流域水文过程与植被相互作用规律、流域生态水文模型、流域生态水文对气候变化的响应三个方面，对国内外相关研究现状进行了总结分析。研究发现，当前流域水文学正在从以单一水循环过程为主要研究对象发展成以研究水分、能量与物质耦合循环以及水文过程与生态过程的相互作用等为主要内容的综合性和交叉性学科。现关于流域水文过程与植被之间的关系研究多集中于单向作用的研究，如水文过程对植被的影响研究和植被变化对水文过程的影响研究，而对水文过程与植被之间的反馈机制以及对流域内土壤-植被-大气复杂系统的整体研究不足，缺乏对流域水文过程与植被相互作用机理的全面认识。研究表明气候变化已经影响到流域水文过程和植被生长，气候变化下的流域生态水文响应是水文学研究的前沿课题。水文学需要强化对流域生态水文机理的研究，只有在充分揭示流域生态水文机理的前提下，才能预测未来气候变化下的流域生态水文响应。生态最优性原理能够解释植被对外界环境变化的响应，从而被应用于描述植被与水文过程的相互作用。基于生态最优性原理的流域生态水文模型已逐渐成为生态水文学的研究热点之一。     

微地形尺度对地表水文特征的影响研究

通过GIS技术模拟了黄土高原坡耕地人工锄耕10°坡面的微地形模型,并将栅格大小划分为0.3,0.6,1.0,3.0,5 cm和7.5 cm,以期探讨微地形尺度对地表水文特征的影响。结果表明:①RR、MUD和T指标计算的地表糙度各不相同。其中,RR和MUD受栅格大小的影响较小,T值随栅格的增大明显减小。②MDS值与地表糙度指标呈相同的变化趋势。③栅格大小对Linsley产流模型(1949)影响明显,当P-F值小于2.5 cm时,微地形对地表产流和蓄水特征具有影响。④地表蓄水面积与地表水位线呈明显的正相关性,当地表水位线高于0.015 m后,蓄水面积迅速增大,原来相互分离的洼地相连,地表产流增大。因此,微地形尺度对地表水文特征具有明显的影响。     

Planning, modelling and assessing source control concepts on catchment scale.

Today's water management practice was identified often not to be consistently structured. Usually the decision space is not clearly depicted and then systematically explored. Often stakeholders are involved too late and many objectives are neglected. An adaptive DSS is being developed to help overcoming these problems. Core of the DSS is a "decision matrix", which has been implemented as a web based application (www.wsm300.de). The management objectives are represented by the indicators labelling the rows. They will be the result of a discussion of the objectives and problems in the specific sub-basin, which is supported by the catalogue of indicators. The columns of the matrix are specified by the scenarios whose development is supported by the database of measures and a Geographical Information System (GIS). The matrix, once the labels are defined, serves as a plot for the planning process, defining clearly which objectives have to be considered and which indicator-values have to be calculated. The DSS further includes a concept and tools for the combination of existing software components and supports the processing of model-outputs to indicator-values. Filled with the indicator-values the matrix allows a comparison of the scenarios and provides a good base for a decision. Multi-criteria decision aid methods can (if desired) further help to find the optimal scenario and to mediate between stakeholders. Finding the optimal scenario will likely be an iterative process.     

基于DEM的应急水文事件流域特征自动提取

以唐家山堰塞湖上游集水区域为例,研究了基于数字高程模型(DEM)提取流域河网和划分子流域的方法,并采用OpenGL和.NET技术从底层开发了三维GIS应急分析系统。以此,完成了集水区面积、回水长度、回水面积、库容等一系列流域特征值和滑坡体特征值的提取。     

数字水文模型在漳河观台以上集水区域的应用

结合当前地形处理技术及数字高程模型,生成了观台以上集水区域的数字流域.在此基础上,在子流域内分别建立新安江模型,并构建观台以上数字水文模型.应用此数字水文模型完成对流域内的5次历史洪水的模拟,将模拟结果与传统水文模型的结果进行了对比.分析表明,此数字水文模型具有一定的精度,为建立完全的数字水文模型提供了必要的研究基础.     

流域水文过程与植被相互作用研究现状评述

从流域水文过程与植被相互作用规律、流域生态水文模型、流域生态水文对气候变化的响应三个方面,对国内外相关研究现状进行了总结分析。从中发现,当前流域水文学正在从以单一水循环过程为主要研究对象发展成以研究水分、能量与物质耦合循环以及水文过程与生态过程的相互作用等为主要内容的综合性、交叉性学科。现关于流域水文过程与植被之间的关系研究多集中于单向作用的研究,如水文过程对植被的影响研究和植被变化对水文过程的影响研究,而对水文过程与植被之间的反馈机制以及对流域内土壤-植被-大气复杂系统的整体研究不足,缺乏对流域水文过程与植被相互作用机理的全面认识。有研究表明,气候变化已经影响到流域水文过程和植被生长,气候变化下的流域生态水文响应是水文学研究的前沿课题。水文学需要强化对流域生态水文机理的研究,只有在充分揭示流域生态水文机理的前提下,才能预测未来气候变化下的流域生态水文响应。生态最优性原理能够解释植被对外界环境变化的响应,从而被应用于描述植被与水文过程的相互作用。基于生态最优性原理的流域生态水文模型已逐渐成为生态水文学的研究热点之一。     

Comparison of two different methods for determining flow direction in catchment hydrological modeling

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are widely used to define the flow direction in distributed hydrological models for simulation of streamflow. In recent decades, numerous methods for flow direction determination have been applied successfully to mountainous regions. Nevertheless, some problems still exist when those methods are used for flat or gently sloped areas. The present study reviews the conventional methods of determining flow direction for such landscapes and analyzes the problems of these methods. Two different methods of determining flow direction are discussed and were applied to the Xitiaoxi Catchment, located in the Taihu Basin in southern China, which has both mountainous and flat terrain. Both the agree method and the shortest path method use drainage networks derived from a remote sensing image to determine the correct location of the stream. The results indicate that the agree method provides a better fit with the DEM for the hilly region than the shortest path method. For the flat region where the flow has been diverted and rerouted by land managers, both methods require observation of the drainage network to determine the flow direction. In order to clarify the applicability of the two methods, both are employed in catchment hydrological models conceptually based on the Xinanjiang model and implemented with PCRaster. The simulation results show that both methods can be successfully applied in hydrological modeling. There are no evident differences in the modeled discharge when using the two methods at different spatial scales.     

不同蒸发计算方法对水文过程模拟影响的分析

为研究不同蒸发输入对流域水文模拟的影响,以印江河流域印江水文站以上集水区域为对象,将蒸发站蒸发皿实测资料和P-M公式计算的参考作物蒸散发作为模型蒸发输入,应用于垂向混合产流模型进行日径流过程模拟。研究结果表明,以P-M公式计算的参考作物蒸散发为蒸发输入的垂向混合产流模型,其模拟精度总体上要高于以蒸发皿实测蒸发为输入的模拟精度,能够更合理地模拟印江河流域的日径流过程。     

基于生态指标的水库影响下河流水文情势评价

本文通过基于FDC的生态指标综合评价了太子河流域上水库建设对水文情势的影响.结果表明:(1)水库建设后,秋季高流量组分与发生频率减小,春季和夏季低流量组分值显著增加;(2)年生态盈余受水库影响小,生态赤字受水库影响较大,季节生态指标受水库影响较大,尤其在春季和夏季.     

长江上游大尺度分布式水文模型的构建及应用

针对面积达100万km2的长江上游流域,依据100m网格的数字高程模型DEM,基于流域的地貌特征原理,构建了10km网格的大尺度分布式水文模型。在建模过程中尽量利用相关的地理信息描述长江上游地区下垫面特点及其空间变化,并采用次网格参数化方法处理大网格内水文参数的非均一性。继而完整地模拟了1961～2000年的水文过程,结果表明,模型不仅较好地再现了河道的径流过程,而且能同时获得径流深、蒸散发和土壤含水率等水文要素在流域空间上的分布及其变化。     

浅论史河流域小水电工程对水文要素的影响

本文通过对史河流域内山区水利工程及小水电站统计数据分析,具体以黄泥庄水文站测验结果为例,阐述了小水电工程建设对史河黄泥庄水文站水文要素和水文规律所产生的影响,提出如何通过改变测验手段以适应新的水文变化需求.     

基于分布式水文模拟的流域土壤水分时间稳定性分析

针对大范围地面土壤水监测会耗费大量人力物力等问题,为了获取密度较高同时又准确可靠的流域土壤水数据用于时间稳定性分析,寻找可以反映流域土壤水平均状况的代表性点,利用分布式水文土壤植被模型(DHSVM)模拟淮河黄泥庄水文站以上小流域293个采样网格上、中、下三层土壤含水量数据。结果显示:垂向方向上,黄泥庄流域土壤水分时间稳定性随深度递减;流域上层和中层具备时间稳定性特征的代表性点具有较高的一致性,易发生于流域主要土壤和植被类型覆盖区域,在此区域布设测点观测土壤水,可以更准确快速地捕获代表黄泥庄流域上层和中层平均土壤水分特征;采样点7、17和215可作为上、中层土壤的流域平均土壤水代表性点,利用它们预测流域土壤水平均值,可降低观测成本。研究成果可为流域土壤水监测方案设计提供参考。     

海面热作用对台风发展的数值研究

本文在Hoskins关于斜压涡旋研究的基础上，研究了来自洋面热量通量对台风的影响。本文着重讨论了不同加热区域以及有、无热量通量的输送对台风扰动场型态和强度的影响。我们发现，海面加热作用不仅对台风扰动场的强度有显著的影响，而且对其型态也有明显的作用；加热范围的空间差异是决定扰动场分布型态差异的关键因子，而不是由加热场本身所能决定的。     

基于SVAT模型的喀斯特地区水文过程尺度效应研究

水文模型尺度效应是水文学研究的前沿问题,为深入探索水文模型的空间尺度效应,本文采用耦合遥感数据的 SVAT 模型,分别在研究区—区县单元—小流域三个不同量级的空间尺度,基于蓝水绿水视角,对贵阳市非城镇地区的水文变化过程进行模拟,结果表明：在降水量保持不变的情况下,随着植被覆盖度的不断增加,三个不同空间尺度的生态绿水量均呈线性增长趋势;渗漏量在区县和小流域空间尺度,产生了少量异常值,但均为小数点第三位之后的微小波动;水文变化趋势总体上表现出良好的一致性;SVAT 模型对研究区水文变化过程的模拟,尺度效应影响较为有限。     

涉水工程对青阳(二)水文站设站功能定位的影响分析

青通河流域中下游相继建成一批拦、蓄、引水工程,涉河工程建设在提高了流域水资源开发利用程度的同时,也改变了青通河小流域原有的水文特性,对流量测验、资料整编和流域产汇流规律分析带来诸多困难,给流域防洪和水文监测带来一定压力.     

Stormwater pollutant loads modelling: epistemological aspects and case studies on the influence of field data sets on calibration and verification.

In urban drainage, stormwater quality models have been used by researchers and practitioners for more than 15 years. Most of them were initially developed for research purposes, and have been later on implemented in commercial software packages devoted to operational needs. This paper presents some epistemological problems and difficulties with practical consequences in the application of stormwater quality models, such as simplified representation of reality, scaling-up, over-parameterisation, transition from calibration to verification and prediction, etc. Two case studies (one to estimate pollutant loads at the outlet of a catchment, one to design a detention tank to reach a given pollutant interception efficiency), with simple and detailed stormwater quality models, illustrate some of the above problems. It is hard to find, if not impossible, an "optimum" or "best" unique set of parameters values. Model calibration and verification appear to dramatically depend on the data sets used for their calibration and verification. Compared to current practice, collecting more and reliable data is absolutely necessary.     

大尺度分布式水文模型VIC在嘉陵江流域径流模拟中的应用

大尺度分布式流域水文模型是目前评价流域环境变化的重要工具,以嘉陵江流域为研究对象,构建了嘉陵江流域大尺度分布式VIC模型(Variable Infiltration Capacity,VIC model),利用Maryland大学的全球1 km×1 km土地覆盖数据,同时参考LDAS(Land Data Assimilation System)成果,建立了嘉陵江流域VIC模型的参数库,通过4个水文站以上流域的水文模拟试验,结果表明建立的VIC模型能有效地模拟嘉陵江流域各典型站的日、月径流过程,模拟的水量平衡误差在5%以内,日径流过程模拟的确定性系数均在70%以上,月径流过程模拟的确定性系数超过90%。该模型可以用来分析环境变化对嘉陵江流域水资源及洪水过程的影响。