长期时效对Haynes 282耐热合金组织和力学性能的影响

研究了Haynes 282耐热合金700 ℃下经100、300、1000、3000 h时效处理后组织和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明：282合金主要析出相为M23C6、MC和γ￠相,700 ℃长期时效后,晶界M23C6型碳化物和晶内MC型碳化物发生长大,γ￠相随时效时间的延长长大缓慢。282合金冲击吸收能量随时效时间的延长逐渐下降,晶界链状分布的M23C6型碳化物是造成其冲击吸收能量下降的原因之一。282合金硬度随时效时间的增加而增加,时效过程中γ￠相的含量及尺寸变化对合金硬度影响较大。     

Mo对高硬度明弧堆焊合金显微组织及耐磨性的影响

采用药芯焊丝自保护明弧焊方法制备了含有11%~13%Cr、3.5%~3.8%C、2.1%~2.3%Nb、0.6%~0.7%B、0%~4.0%Mo (质量分数)且宏观硬度高达65 HRC的耐磨合金。采用光学显微镜、X-射线衍射仪和扫描电镜,研究了钼含量对其显微组织及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,随着钼含量增加,合金组织整体细化,形成了强韧性配合良好的奥氏体+针状马氏体复合基体以及韧性更好的M23(C,B)6+原位析出NbC耐磨相,脆性变态莱氏体Ld′的形成得到明显抑制。此外,湿砂磨粒磨损试验结果表明,适量Mo减小碳化物间隔尺寸及NbC颗粒脱落几率,显著改善耐磨性,但如加入过多,合金磨损机制会变为磨粒显微切削。     

固溶处理对CoCrW合金组织及耐磨性能的影响

以铸造CoCrW合金为研究对象,通过XRD,SEM和EDS分析以及硬度测试和室温耐磨实验,研究了不同温度的固溶处理对该合金的组织及耐磨性能的影响.结果表明,铸态和固溶态CoCrW合金组织均由M23C6,M6C和γ-Co基体3种相组成,但固溶后合金中碳化物的大小、形貌及分布发生明显变化.固溶后合金中起强化作用的碳化物大量溶解,使合金硬度和耐磨性能降低;随着固溶温度的升高,部分碳化物中的Cr,W等合金元素大量固溶到基体中,提高了基体的强度,使合金的硬度和耐磨性能有所提高;铸态和固溶态CoCrW合金的磨损机制均为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损的共同作用.     

高铬明弧堆焊合金的显微组织及耐磨性

采用金属粉型药芯焊丝自保护明弧焊方法制备了含有（质量分数,％）Cr21—23,C3．5～4．2,Si1．4—1．6,B0～1．8的耐磨合金．采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和电子能谱仪,研究B4C对其显微组织及耐磨性的影响,分析了明弧堆焊熔池凝固特点及Si,B等元素对焊缝脱氧的影响．结果表明,Si5C3可充当初生M7C3相的非均匀形核核心,随着外加B4C含量增加,初生M7C3相体积分数和尺寸均显著增加,形态由弥散分布转为聚集排列．此外,湿砂磨粒磨损试验和表面磨损形貌分析结果显示其耐磨性取决于初生M7C3相尺寸及分布形态,微观剥落为主要磨损机理．     

Cr含量对高碳中合金工模具钢组织与性能的影响

对两种不同Cr含量的高碳中合金工模具钢的组织与性能进行研究.结果表明,两种钢820 ℃退火时均存在M23C6、M6C和MC三种碳化物.Cr含量较高的钢中M23C6碳化物的相对数量较高,碳化物较细.奥氏体化过程中,由于Cr含量低的钢中存在大块M6C碳化物,造成淬火未溶碳化物尺寸偏大.Cr含量较高的钢中M23C6碳化物大量溶解,提高了基体中合金元素的固溶量,在200～300 ℃回火硬度保持在59～60 HRC,具有良好的抗回火性.     

电流对明弧高硼堆焊合金显微组织及耐磨性的影响

采用药芯焊丝明弧自保护焊方法制备了Cr12B4SiMn高碳型高硼合金,借助光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、扫描电镜以及电子能谱仪,考察了电流对其显微组织及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,随电流增大,在团状先析出相中,内置式块状M₂B相的形成数量增加,其显微硬度提高,M₂₃(C,B)₆和马氏体等相减少,γ-Fe消失;合金宏观硬度随之先升高一定值然后降低,耐磨性先显著增加,接着小幅波动。块状M₂B数量及其显微硬度增加是导致该合金耐磨性改善的主要原因,合金磨损机制主要为显微剥落。     

Fe-Cr-C-B-Nb堆焊合金的显微组织和耐磨性

采用明弧自保护法制备Fe-Cr-C-B-Nb系耐磨堆焊合金,借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等手段,分析堆焊层中的物相组成,探究熔池中硬质相析出顺序,研究B和Nb元素含量对其显微组织和耐磨性影响. 结果表明,制备的堆焊合金显微组织为马氏体+残余奥氏体+ M23(C,B)6+NbC,NbC先于M23(C,B)6生成. 当堆焊层中B元素含量为0.21%,Nb元素含量为1.44%时,可以使堆焊合金有较高的硬度和耐磨性. 洛氏硬度可达69 HRC±1.5 HRC,磨损量为0.037 6 g. 过量的B元素不利于NbC析出,而使Nb元素固溶强化硼化物和基体. 耐磨性试验结果表明,M23(C,B)6和NbC两种硬质相显著改善了Fe-Cr-C-B-Nb系堆焊合金的耐磨性.     

高温合金服役及修复过程中组织演化规律

研究了ЖC6y合金服役过程中的组织演化规律与恢复热处理后组织形貌的变化.结果表明:经过高温长时服役后合金主要强化相的γ'粒子出现显著退化,γ'粒子的粗化存在Ostwald熟化机制与粒子聚集机制,它的粗化行为可以通过γ'相的形貌特征参数进行表征.MC碳化物在服役中发生分解,转变为周围包覆一层γ'膜的M6C型碳化物.在一定条件下,基体中可直接析出M6C型碳化物.晶界处碳化物有更强烈的分解趋势,晶界处形成包覆一层γ'膜的不连续M6C型碳化物.此种恢复热处理工艺优化了γ'粒子的形貌、尺寸、分布,有效恢复合金的组织退化及显微硬度,形成锯齿晶界,使合金持久性能得到恢复,提高了合金使用寿命.     

Cr-W-Mo-V高合金中高碳钢的显微组织及回火硬度

研究了4种不同成分的Cr-W-Mo-V高合金中高碳钢的显微组织及回火硬度,并以相平衡热力学理论分析讨论了合金含量变化对显微组织及二次硬化的影响。结果表明,该类钢在α?γ相变的加热和冷却过程,发生M23C6?M6C相互转变,碳化物的溶解和析出过程使之细化分布均匀,在合适的成分比率时淬火未溶碳化物小于0.8 μm。而Mo（或 W）含量过高会导致碳化物颗粒粗化,V含量过高时出现少量的大块MC碳化物,使其不均匀性加重。该类钢在合适成分比率时回火硬度可达62～64 HRC。提高Mo含量有利于各种碳化物沉淀强化向中间温度靠近,明显提高回火硬度,最高硬度可达66.5 HRC。提高V含量会使沉淀析出的温度分散度加大,使回火硬度降低。     

Fe-C-Cr-V高铬堆焊合金的M7C3型碳化物及耐磨性

采用药芯焊丝埋弧堆焊方法制备含有0.9%~3.0%C,15%~20%Cr,2.0%~3.0%V的高铬合金.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段,研究其显微组织及碳化物分布形貌.结果表明,其显微组织由马氏体+铁素体+奥氏体+初生M7C3+(Fe,Cr)3C+TiC等相组成.通过优化药芯焊丝组份及调整堆焊速度,获得了沿堆焊表面垂直方向定向分布的初生M7C3型碳化物,电子能谱分析显示该碳化物为(Fe,Cr,V)7C3.此外,考察了碳含量对高铬堆焊合金硬度及耐磨粒磨损性能的影响.表明其耐磨性优良,其中15~25μm M7C3型初生碳化物颗粒有效阻碍磨粒的显微切削运动,显著改善了耐磨性.     

B元素对Fe-Cr-C系耐磨堆焊合金组织和耐磨性的影响

采用直径为1.6 mm的细径药芯焊丝,利用CO₂气体保护焊堆焊的方法制备了含有1.0%~3.0%C(质量分数),15%~20%Cr,0%~2.0%B的高铬堆焊合金.研究了B₄C含量对堆焊合金的硬度及耐磨性的影响.结果表明,堆焊合金的硬度从57.1 HRC增加到65.2 HRC,硬度提高14.2%;堆焊层合金的相对耐磨性从3.5倍提高到18.0倍.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等微观分析方法,研究了堆焊合金的显微组织及碳化物分布形貌.结果表明,堆焊合金的显微组织主要由铁素体+奥氏体+(Fe,Cr)₇C₃组成,加入B₄C可显著改善堆焊合金层基体组织,使碳化物(Fe,Cr)₇C₃数量增加且呈弥散分布.     

Microstructure and properties of Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys reinforced with TiC–TiB2

Abstract

Different amounts of TiB₂ powder were added to flux cores of wear resistant hardfacing flux cored wires for the preparation of new flux cored wires. Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys reinforced with TiB₂ were produced by arc hardfacing. The microstructure, hardness and wear resistance behaviour of the hardfacing alloys were investigated using an optical micrograph, scanning electron micrograph (SEM), X-ray diffractometer, macrohardness tester, microhardness tester and abrasive wear tester. The results showed that, among the hardfacing alloys, a new hard phase, i.e. TiC–TiB₂ composite compound particles, was formed and dispersed in the primary carbides and matrix structures. The TiC–TiB₂ reinforced Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys imparted greater hardness and better wear resistance. The presence of TiC–TiB₂ hard phase particles is the main reason for the improvement in hardness and wear resistance of Fe–Cr–C hardfacing alloys.     

Effects of molybdenum on the microstructure and wear resistance of nickel-based hardfacing alloys investigated using Rietveld method

The nickel-based hardfacing alloys with different Mo contents have been deposited on Q235-carbon steel using a plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding machine. The effects of Mo on the microstructure and wear resistance properties of the nickel-based hardfacing alloys were investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). More detailed information about the crystallographic structure and phase compositions of the deposited coatings was obtained with the application of Rietveld refinement method to analyze XRD spectra. It was found that the addition of Mo did not lead to a change in phase compositions. Furthermore, it can also be seen that the relative contents of the total Cr-rich compounds increased from 36 wt.% to 45 wt.%, though the M₂₃C₆ type carbide increased but the relative contents of the M₇C₃ type carbide decreased with the increasing of Mo contents from 0 wt.% to 6 wt.%. The component segregation, which existed in the Mo-free coating, decreased gradually then disappeared finally with the increasing of Mo contents. The morphology of Cr-rich compounds observed in the interdendritic region changed from plate-like to net-like, as well as the refinement of Ni-rich dendrites because of the addition of Mo. The wear resistance increased but the microhardness decreased with the increasing of Mo contents from 0 wt.% to 6 wt.%. The microstructural change and phase contents variation were responsible for the improvement of the mechanical properties such as wear resistance of the Mo-modified nickel-based hardfacing alloy.     

Fe-Cr-V耐磨堆焊合金

制备了用于埋弧焊药芯焊丝的Fe-Cr-V堆焊合金,其成份(质量分数,%)为c0.9～1.5,Cr 13～15,V 1.0-2.0.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段,研究了其显微组织,并考察V和B4C含量对该堆焊合金性能的影响.Fe-Cr-V堆焊合金的显微组织由铁素体 马氏体 (Cr,Fe)23C6等碳化物组成.电子能谱微区分析显示Cr,V元素晶界含量显著高于晶内,随WC加入量提高,晶界与晶内含量差距增大.由于沿晶界析出碳化钒,这使(Cr,Fe)23C6等晶界碳化物呈条状或断续网状分布,起到耐磨骨架作用,避免了网状形态的强烈脆性.结果表明,其磨粒磨损性能显著优于实心焊丝H25Cr3Mo2MnV堆焊合金.     

TEM analysis of 2205 duplex stainless steel to determine orientation relationship between M23C6 carbide and austenite matrix at 950 °C

Microstructures of 2205 duplex stainless steel were examined using transmission electron microscopy. During isothermal heating at 950 °C, M₂₃C₆ carbide was formed on the austenite grain boundaries with two types of morphologies: “larva” and “triangle”. The orientation relationship between the M₂₃C₆ carbide and the austenite matrix is cubic-to-cubic. In addition, these two types of precipitates have a twin relationship with each other. Based on the STEM-EDS data, the silicon content of triangle M₂₃C₆ carbide is higher than that of the larva M₂₃C₆ carbide, revealing that the silicon content in the M₂₃C₆ carbide plays an important role in determining the orientation relationship between the M₂₃C₆ carbide and the austenite matrix.     

激光重熔和时效处理的Co基合金堆焊层组织和性能

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射物相分析和显微硬度、耐磨性测定等试验手段,对激光重熔及经不同时效工艺处理后的Co基合金堆焊层显微组织、相结构、显微硬度及高温耐磨性能进行了分析研究.结果表明,经激光重熔后,Co基合金堆焊层的组织得到明显细化,硬度和耐磨性都得到提高;重熔堆焊层的组织主要由γ-Co和Cr7C3、Cr23C6等强化相组成.经时效处理后的重熔堆焊层的硬度不但明显得到提高而且耐磨性均优于原始堆焊层.相比较,经900 ℃×6 h时效处理后的重熔堆焊层耐磨性最好.     

Microstructure and properties of WC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings with Y2O3 addition on titanium alloy by laser cladding

ABSTRACT

In this study, WC reinforced Ni-based composite coatings with Y₂O₃ addition were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V titanium substrate by laser cladding. The phases, microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, microhardness tester and wear tester. The results showed that good metallurgical bonding was achieved between the composite coatings and substrate. The phases mainly were γ-Ni, TiC, TiB₂, Ni₃B, M₂₃C₆ and WC. Most of the WC was dissolved in small pieces of WC during the laser cladding process. The microhardness of the composite coatings was about 3 times that of the titanium substrate and the wear resistance of the composite coatings had a significant increase.     

纳米 Y2 O3 对过共晶 Fe-Cr-C 堆焊合金表面微观组织与耐磨性的影响

目的研制一种新型添加纳米Y2O3的过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金,改善堆焊合金粗大的初生M7C3碳化物,提高堆焊合金的耐磨性。方法采用明弧堆焊的方法制作堆焊合金,用金相电子显微镜对其表面微观组织进行观察,用洛氏硬度计对其表面硬度进行测量,用砂带摩擦磨损试验机对其表面耐磨性进行评价,用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损形貌进行观察。最后,利用错配度理论对M7C3的细化机理进行分析。结果过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金由初生M7C3和共晶组织(共晶M7C3、奥氏体及部分马氏体)组成。未添加Y2O3的堆焊合金初生M7C3比较粗大,其平均尺寸在22μm,硬度为55HRC,磨损量为0.85mg/mm2。经纳米Y2O3改性之后,堆焊合金的初生M7C3尺寸变小,其平均尺寸为16μm,硬度为57HRC,磨损量减少为0.59 mg/mm2,Y2O3的(001)面与正交M7C3的(100)面之间的二维错配度为8.59%。结论 Y2O3可以成为M7C3的非均质形核核心,从而细化了过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金的初生M7C3碳化物,提高了过共晶Fe-Cr-C堆焊合金表面耐磨性。     

Effect of power on microstructure and properties of laser cladding NiCrBSi composite coating

A laser clad NiCrBSi composite coating was fabricated on the surface of 42CrMo steel using 6?kW fibre laser. The morphology and composition of the composite coating formed under different powers were studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The microhardness and wear resistance were measured with a MICROMET-5103 digital microhardness tester and a MM-200 ring-block wear testing machine, respectively. The results showed that the cladding layer and the substrate have good metallurgical bonding. The microstructure nearing the fusion line is a columnar grain and that of the cladding layer is mainly a cellular grain. The main phases of the laser cladding layer are γ-Ni, (Fe,Ni), M₇C₃, M₂₃C₆ and CrB. The dilution rate of the laser cladding layer increased with the increase of laser power. The microhardness of the cladding layers decreased with the increase of laser power, and wear resistance of the cladding layer first increased and then decreased with the increase of laser power. When the laser power was 2000?W, the wear resistance of the composite coating was at its highest.     

Carbide Precipitation Behavior and Wear Resistance of a Novel Roller Steel

High speed steel, which contains more alloy elements, cannot be used to manufacture the forged work roll. Therefore, a novel roller steel was designed on the basis of W6Mo5Cr4V2 (M2) steel. In this study, the carbide precipitation behavior and wear resistance of the novel roller steel were investigated. The Fe-C isopleths were calculated by Thermo-Calc to determine the carbide types, which were precipitated at different temperatures. The phase transformation temperatures were measured by differential scanning calorimeter and then the characteristic temperatures were designed. The phase structures quenched from the characteristic temperatures were measured by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The typical microstructures were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy with Energy Disperse Spectroscopy. The hardness and wear resistance of the novel roller steel were measured. The results show that the precipitation temperatures of austenite, MC, M₆C, M₂₃C₆, and ferrite are 1360, 1340, 1230, 926, and 843 °C respectively. When the specimen is quenched from 1300 °C, only MC precipitates from the matrix. At 1220 °C, MC and M₂C precipitate. At 1150 °C, all of MC, M₂C and M₆C precipitate. Relationship between mass fraction of different phases and temperature were also simulated by Thermo-Calc. The hardness of the novel roller steel is a little lower than that of M2 steel, however, the wear resistance of the novel roller steel is a little higher than that of M2 steel with the increase of wear time.