基于一致性协议的孤岛微网分布式二次调频

针对孤岛微网二次调频控制需求,提出了一种基于一致性协议的多代理控制方法。该方法不但能够通过稀疏通信和分布式控制实现频率同步、频率无差和功率共享目标,而且当分布式电源(DG)的输出功率达到临界值时,通过在控制器前增加逻辑判断环节,有效解决了DG的功率约束问题和饱和器控制所引发的控制目标冲突问题,在临界约束状态下也能实现一致性频率控制。通过李雅普诺夫直接法对该控制方法在系统中的稳定性进行了详细分析,结果表明控制系统是渐进稳定的。最后,在DIgSILENT/PowerFactory平台上,通过5节点孤岛微网模型,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。     

基于深度自适应动态规划的孤岛主动配电网发电控制与优化一体化算法

随着多种分布式新能源的并网,如风电与光伏发电、生物质能发电、储能与电动汽车等,传统情况下孤岛配电网的发电控制方法已很难达到高品质频率稳定控制的要求.为解决此问题,本文提出了一种新颖的深度自适应动态规划算法.该算法将自适应动态规划算法中的神经网络替换为机器学习领域中的深度神经网络,并在其中添加深度模型预测网络.所提算法能一次性完成传统模式下"发电控制算法+指令优化分配算法"共同完成的工作.最后,为验证深度自适应动态规划算法的鲁棒性,设计了多种配电网的仿真实验,即正常情况、"即插即用"启停机情况、通讯故障情况、全天扰动仿真情况、变拓扑结构的孤岛配网情况和变参数模型的仿真,设置的总仿真时长达25年.仿真结果验证了所设计的深度自适应动态规划算法有效性、可行性与强鲁棒性.     

多智能体一致性算法在孤岛微电网二次控制中的应用

当前孤岛微电网常采用分层控制结构实现系统的稳定、可靠、经济运行,其中第一层采用下垂控制.由于下垂控制会导致电压和频率偏离给定值,无法实现无功功率的合理分配,很多学者提出将多智能体一致性算法引入孤岛微电网的二次控制中,通过与相邻分布式电源的稀疏通信,可以有效解决集中控制所带来的通信网络结构复杂,计算难度大的问题.本文介绍了孤岛微电网的分层控制结构,搭建了下垂控制仿真模型,对多智能体一致性算法在孤岛微电网二次控制中的应用进行了详细阐述.分析孤岛微电网运行中的实际问题,介绍了孤岛微电网二次控制中基于多智能体的一致性算法在收敛速度、抗干扰控制、通信延迟以及事件触发控制四个方面的改进,并归纳了多智能体技术在孤岛微电网二次控制中的发展方向.     

超超临界机组AGC控制技术的研究与应用

电网的频率反映了发电有功功率和负荷之间的平衡关系,是电力系统运行的重要控制参数,AGC控制是解决电网频率波动的最有效途径之一.以华能海门电厂为例介绍了AGC功能在1000 MW超超临界机组上实际投运的效果,并对AGC功能投运的基础协调控制系统作了分析.     

糯扎渡水电厂计算机监控系统AGC与一次调频功能的配合应用与研究

糯扎渡水电厂计算机监控系统AGC对机组的功率闭环控制是通过监控系统PID调节向调速器发出脉冲指令,以增减导叶开度来实现。电网频率出现波动时,调速器一次调频功能以稳定电网频率为首要任务,必然导致机组出力与目标值出现明显偏差,产生控制矛盾。本文介绍了糯扎渡水电厂自动发电控制功能特点,AGC与一次调频功能配合存在的问题和处理方法、同时探讨通过优化监控系统PID调节策略,使机组功率闭环的自动控制取得更好效果。     

独立光柴混合微电网新的负荷频率控制研究

针对光柴混合发电的孤岛微电网,提出基于滑模控制和超级电容调节的频率控制方法。首先,建立光伏系统、超级电容和柴油发电机系统的数学模型;其次,设计滑模控制器来调节柴油机发电机的有功输出功率,减小由于光伏输出功率波动和微网中不断变化的负荷而产生的频率偏差;最后增加超级电容储能设备控制微网的频率偏差。仿真结果表明,与传统的柴油发电机速度控制策略相比,提出的方法不仅实现了光伏系统的最大输出功率控制,而且有效的减少了孤岛微网的频率偏差。     

基于一致性的并联虚拟同步发电机分布式协同控制

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)可模拟同步发电机运行机制,并为系统提供惯性和阻尼支撑.在孤岛模式下,VSG并联运行多采用分散下垂控制,不具备频率恢复以及有功出力合理分配等功能,为此,本文提出了一种基于一致性的并联VSG分布式控制方法,可改善系统频率与有功功率特性.本文首先介绍了传统VSG控制的数学模型,并在此基础上设计了VSG并联系统频率恢复及有功出力合理分配的整体方案.在分布式控制模式下,相邻VSG只需少量信息交互即可控制频率恢复到额定值,并可实现功率的按需分配,满足了不同用户的定制需求.仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性.     

互联电网自动发电控制功率分配的改进逼近于理想解的排序--Q多目标优化算法

本文提出了一种多目标决策与强化学习相结合的改进的逼近于理想解的排序(technique for order preference similar to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)-Q算法,有效解决了自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)总功率指令分配到风电、水电、火电等各类AGC机组的动态随机多目标优化问题.算法采用3个不同的目标Q值矩阵进行迭代更新,然后利用改进TOPSIS方法对Q值矩阵进行多目标决策处理,客观地给出各目标的动态最优权重系数,从而得到各状态-动作对的综合评价判据.IEEE标准两区域模型仿真研究验证了改进TOPSIS-Q算法在AGC机组功率多目标动态优化分配过程应用的可行性和有效性,在复杂随机扰动的环境中提高系统CPS性能的同时,有效降低了AGC机组调节成本和碳排放.     

微电网孤岛运行模式下改进下垂控制策略研究

传统下垂控制在微电网孤岛模式下,由于受线路阻抗影响,难以有效保证功率合理分配和系统运行频率在有效范围,造成微电网运行不稳。针对上述问题,提出了一种改进的下垂控制策略。在功率分配环节采用考虑阻感比的功率控制器,改善系统功率分配;引入了自恢复控制环节,通过PI调节,使系统具有较好的动态性能,保证了系统运行频率在合理范围。首先对该控制策略的原理进行分析,然后在MATLAB/SIMULINK平台进行仿真分析,结果验证所提方法能更好地保证功率分配及系统运行频率稳定,为低压微电网在孤岛模式下控制方法提供了参考。     

基于改进灰狼优化算法的多区域频率协同控制

微分博弈理论可以解决多区域互联电力系统中频率的协调问题,但对于带非线性约束的微分博弈问题,传统算法难以求解。针对该问题,基于微分博弈理论,建立了多区域频率协同控制模型,考虑了电力系统中常见的非线性约束,并提出了一种基于改进灰狼优化算法的协同进化算法,用于求解该模型的反馈纳什均衡解,从而得到各区域二次调频的协同控制策略。通过仿真验证了所提方法的可行性,并与协同进化遗传算法和协同进化灰狼优化算法进行了对比,结果表明该方法的控制效果更佳。同时,所提方法对系统的功率扰动变化具有稳定的动态响应性能,对机组参数变化具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。