一步法制二甲基烷基胺

叙述了月桂醇、二甲胺一步催化胺化反应制二甲基十二烷基胺的基本原理和工艺条件试验结果。月桂醇的一次转化率在95％左右,二甲基十二烷基胺的选择性达95％以上。新工艺用于C_10～C_18醇制取不同品种的二甲基烷基叔胺,同样得到了高收率,因此新工艺有广泛的应用范围。新工艺具有工艺简单、收率高、成本低、无三废等优点。     

二甲胺歧化对脂肪醇催化胺化反应的影响

双长链烷基甲基叔胺是脂肪醇和二甲胺催化活化反应的主要副产物。对月桂醇和二甲胺催化胺化反应体系中主要副产物双十二烷基甲基叔胺的生成量和循环气相所含三甲胺的量进行跟踪分析，发现前者的量和后者的量之间成正变关系，直接证明了二甲胺的歧化和双十二烷基甲基叔胺生成之间的联系。脂肪醇胺化反应物选择性主要取决于二甲胺的歧化程度。二甲胺的歧化除引起副产物的生成之外，还会影响到反应体系工艺参数的控制并会对环境有不利的影响。     

三长链烷基叔胺的合成

专题开发了醇一步常压催化胺化制备三长链烷基叔胺新工艺。研究过程中制备了高效多元固体催化剂,解决了三长链烷基叔胺制备的放大问题,设计了相应的胺化工艺流程和设备。新工艺的催化剂选择性≥95.5％,醇转化率≥98.8％。专题还完成了300t/a的中试生产。     

用于脂肪醇胺化的三元催化剂Cu-Ni-La的研究

脂肪醇胺化制备单长链叔胺工艺的技术关键之一在于催化剂的选择性。以月桂醇与二甲胺反应评价了以Cu和Ni为活性组分,碳酸钙为载体的负载型三元催化剂Cu-Ni-La的选择性,并对该催化剂进行了XPS研究。结果发现,在相同的铜镍比条件下,稀土元素La的加入降低了产物中高沸物双长链叔胺的生成量,La的加入对氧化态Cu的还原无明显影响,但抑制了氧化态Ni的还原,而催化剂的选择性与催化剂中的Ni的还原程度密切相关。     

固体超强酸催化合成谷氨酸月桂醇酯表面活性剂

以谷氨酸和月桂醇为原料,用固体超强酸ZrO2-SO∧2-4为催化剂合成谷氨酸月桂醇酯表面活性剂,探讨了反应温度、反应时间、物料配比和催化剂用量对合成反应的影响,结果表明该类催化剂催化效果良好,月桂醇转化率高,可达96%以上。     

元素量比对Cu-Ni二元脂肪醇胺化催化剂性能的影响

制备了Cu、Ni元素量比不同的以CaCO3为载体的9个催化剂,进行了各催化剂样品对月桂醇催化胺化的评价实验,用XPS进行催化剂还原后Cu、Ni价态的分析,通过XPS谱峰的计算机拟合得到了催化剂还原后Cu、Ni元素还原程度的定量结果。实验结果表明,催化剂的选择性(主要表现为胺化副产物双长链烷基叔胺的含量)和催化剂中Ni的还原性能密切相关。当催化剂中Ni2+不易还原时,胺化评价产物中双长链烷基叔胺的质量分数小于2 1%,当催化剂中x(Ni0)分别为22 7%、20 4%、14 8%及7 9%时,催化剂胺化评价产物中双长链烷基叔胺的质量分数分别为13.0%、11.7%、10.8%及5.2%。催化剂还原后Ni0的比例越大,则胺化反应产物中双长链烷基甲基叔胺的质量分数越高,催化剂的选择性越差。     

脂肪醇的胺化反应

本文对长链脂肪醇胺化反应的热力学和反应途径作分析，在此基础上研究了改进铜镍胺化催化剂选择性的方法，发现某些稀土元素有显著的抑制高沸物生成的作用，分析了催化剂失活的原因，新开发的铜镍／载体催经剂能够达到醇转化剂≥９９％，选择性≥９８％，叔胺收率≥９７％水平。     

N,N-二甲基月桂酰胺催化加氢制备N,N-二甲基月桂胺

以N,N-二甲基月桂酰胺和氢气为原料,在Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂作用下,采用高压釜进行催化加氢反应合成N,N-二甲基月桂胺。研究了温度、压力、催化剂用量和二甲胺的通入等对N,N-二甲基月桂酰胺转化率,N,N-二甲基月桂胺选择性及产率的影响。结果表明,在220℃,2.0 MPa,催化剂用量为N,N-二甲基月桂酰胺质量的2.5%,通入二甲胺,反应7 h的条件下,N,N-二甲基月桂酰胺转化率,N,N-二甲基月桂胺选择性及产率分别为97.9%,99.5%和97.4%,二甲胺的通入抑制了副反应的发生,提高了目标产物N,N-二甲基月桂胺的产率。     

烷基二甲基叔胺的清洁生产

使用新型高选择性胺化催化剂、回收再利用蒸馏残渣和废胺化催化剂后,每生产1t叔胺,脂肪醇消耗减少至940kg,二甲胺消耗降低至240kg,副产物蒸馏残渣减少至30kg,80％可再利用,反应时间缩短至4h,使得脂肪醇催化胺化工艺变得更加清洁。     

新型催化剂在没食子酸月桂酯合成中的应用

以自制壳聚糖硫酸盐为催化剂，1，4-二氧六环作溶剂，由没食子酸和月桂醇合成没食子酸月桂酯，研究了影响催化酯化合成的各种因素，获得了最佳反应条件：月桂醇与没食子酸摩尔比取1.25：1，催化剂与没食子酸摩尔比0．40：1，反应温度126～128℃，反应时间10-12h，收率98.6％。以10倍60％乙醇重结晶可得到白色片状晶体没食子酸月桂酯。     

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水的治理技术

乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。     

几种乙炔加压设备性能的比较

阐述并比较了几种加压设备在乙炔加压清净过程中的性能和特点。     

三种煤样燃烧热的测定

本文通过三个厂家提供的三种煤样燃烧热的测定,由测定结果综合得出3号煤样燃烧最完全、燃烧热也最大,是三个煤样中最好的一种。     

Semi-empirical equation of state of metals. Equation of state of aluminum

A semi-empirical equation of state for metals is described. Its capabilities are demonstrated by the example of the equation of state for aluminum. New experimental data are presented on the location of the isentrope of aluminum for unloading from the state at p = 229.71 GPa on the shock adiabat to an aerogel (SiO₂) of density 0.08 g/cm³. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 61–75, March–April, 2008.     

水泥水化热测定方法综述

水泥水化热是中、低热水泥和核电工程用水泥的一项关键的技术指标。全球范围内测定水泥水化热的方法有溶解法、直接法/半绝热法、等温传导量热法三种。本文总结了中、美、欧相关方法标准,对其测试原理、仪器设备、试验过程等方面进行了比对,并对其在领域的应用做了简单的概括。     

小议汽车涂装工艺设计对涂装成本的影响

论述了涂装工艺设计对涂装设备投资、涂装生产成本的影响。     

Calorimetric and Computational Study of Enthalpy of Formation of Diperoxide of Cyclohexanone

A thermochemical rather simple experimental technique is applied to determine the enthalpy of formation of Diperoxide of ciclohexanone. The study is complemented with suitable theoretical calculations at the semiempirical and ab initio levels. A particular satisfactory agreement between both ways is found for the ab initio calculation at the 6–311G basis This set level. Some possible extensions of the present procedure are pointed out.     

Measurement of the gradient of viscosity with composition of mixtures of non-ideal gases

A perturbation viscometer is a differential capillary viscometer that measures the logarithmic viscosity gradient of the viscosity-composition curve for gas mixtures. Measurements are made at different gas mixture compositions. Integration of the logarithmic viscosity gradients measured over the full composition range gives the mixture viscosity relative to the viscosity of one of the pure components of the gas mixture. This method is attractive because, for measurements of equal precision, integration of the gradients is potentially an order of magnitude more precise than measurement of the viscosities directly. It can also work at high and low temperatures and perhaps high pressures.The perturbation viscometer has been used to make measurements on ideal gas mixtures at ambient and elevated temperatures. The situation is more complicated when the gas mixtures are non-ideal. Extra effects due to density differences, molar volume change on mixing and differential thermal expansion may be measured in addition to the desired viscosity change producing systematic errors in the results. Thus, a more sophisticated apparatus is required. The standard perturbation viscometer has been modified to separate out the extra effects to permit measurement of the true change in viscosity. In addition, the theoretical operation of the modified apparatus has been revised to account for the design changes to permit calculation of the viscosity-composition profiles from the results.The apparatus has been tested using helium-HFC-125 mixtures and two new viscosity-composition profiles are presented for these mixtures at 23 and . Internal consistency tests have been used to confirm that the data produced are of high quality with an estimated uncertainty in the viscosity ratio data at of 0.9% and at of 1.5%.     

塔设备改造选型的分析

就当前扩产增容中塔设备设计和改造时板式塔和填料塔的选型问题加以分析。在评述目前国内常用的几种塔板和新型填料之后，着重介绍一种新型塔板（导向梯形浮阀塔板）和一种新型填料（波环填料——乾隆帕克）。     

Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites

In the present article, chitin from crab shell was systematically deacetylated using a NaOH treatment with control of the reaction time. The degree of deacetylation, monitored using solid-state NMR, revealed that the reaction was pseudo-first order. Based on this, swollen and NaOH-saturated particles are proposed as the reaction system. The weight loss of the partially saponified and neutralized samples after HCl hydrolysis increased linearly with the degree of deacetylation. The crystallinity of the samples was found to increase after acid hydrolysis. According to conductimetric titration, the surface charge density of the crystallites, after acid hydrolysis, was found to increase with base treatment time. The effect of surface charge on the formation of a chiral nematic phase, due to the rodlike nature of the crystallites, was explored. These results show that because the contribution of charged particles to the ionic strength was significant the double layer compression was affected, especially since the surface charge density was close to the Manning limit. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65:373–380, 1997