A3、20#和X70钢室内模拟流动海水腐蚀试验

设计并建立了实验室模拟流动海水腐蚀试验装置。对A3、20#、X70钢挂片和20#钢管路在流动人工海水中全浸暴露2、4、8、16、32天的腐蚀行为进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,流动海水中碳钢的腐蚀速率先降后升,然后趋于稳定;在动水试验中,锈层分为两层,底层以Fe3O4为主,表层以Fe2O3为主;在静水试验中,锈层以Fe2O3为主。     

多相流动状态下温度对X70钢CO2腐蚀的影响

目的提高多相流动状态下温度对X70钢CO2腐蚀机理的认识。方法采用自制实验装置和挂片实验,模拟起伏管路段塞流动条件下X70钢的CO2腐蚀状态,通过电子显微镜和电化学在线监测等手段对试样表面形貌、腐蚀速率以及在线腐蚀情况进行观察和分析,侧重研究多相流动状态下温度对X70钢CO2腐蚀速率的影响。结果当温度达到90~98℃时,由于腐蚀产物膜的影响,CO2分压对腐蚀速度影响甚微,腐蚀速度降至较低水平。当温度在60~80℃之间时,腐蚀挂片表面的腐蚀状态不稳定,出现局部腐蚀或均匀腐蚀,当CO2分压较低时(如0.15 MPa),易形成均匀腐蚀;当CO2分压较高时(如0.6 MPa),易形成局部腐蚀。当温度在40~80℃之间时,随着CO2分压的增加,腐蚀速率达到最高值的温度越来越高,腐蚀速率达到最高值的温度范围一般保持在40~80℃之间。结论温度对X70钢CO2腐蚀的影响与CO2分压密切相关,相同温度下,随着CO2分压的增加,腐蚀速率增大,相应的腐蚀速率达到最高值的温度也越来越高;孤立地说某一温度值下,CO2腐蚀速率达到最高值这一说法不准确。     

注蒸汽管道在CO2/O2/SO2环境中的腐蚀行为

目的 揭示45#钢、3Cr钢在高温高压CO2/O2/SO2体系中的腐蚀行为及力学性能规律,为新疆油田注蒸汽管道的安全运行提供理论支撑。方法 基于注蒸汽管道现场运行工况,结合高温高压釜、结合扫描电子显微镜、3D显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段,进行失重测试、产物表征及拉伸测试试验。结果 随着温度(100~250 ℃)升高,45#钢、3Cr钢的腐蚀速率呈减小的趋势;随着O2含量(物质的量分数,0~3%)升高,45#钢、3Cr钢的腐蚀速率呈先增大后减小的趋势,在O2含量2%~3%时腐蚀受到抑制。XRD测试结果表明45#钢在CO2/O2/SO2体系中腐蚀产物主要包括FeSO4.H2O、FeCO3、Fe2O3,3Cr钢的腐蚀产物主要有Cr2O3、FeSO4.H2O、FeCO3、Fe2O3。3D显微镜结果显示45#钢基体表面存在较为明显的局部腐蚀缺陷,3Cr钢未出现局部腐蚀现象;力学性能结果显示45#钢腐蚀后抗拉强度减小1.36%,延伸率减小6.85%,3Cr钢腐蚀后抗拉强度减小0.39%,延伸率减小21.34%。结论 在高温高压CO2/O2/SO2环境中,SO2在腐蚀过程中占据主导地位;高温(100~250 ℃)下腐蚀产物膜致密,抑制腐蚀;O2参与阴极反应,在低浓度氧(0~2%)时腐蚀产物膜被破坏从而促进腐蚀,高浓度氧(2%~3%)时钢材基体钝化抑制腐蚀;腐蚀后钢材力学性能退化,腐蚀对钢材延伸率影响较大,对抗拉强度影响较小。     

常用集输管线钢在CO_2多相流中的腐蚀行为

用高温高压釜考察了动态条件下温度、CO2分压和油水比等因素对X65、Q235B、16Mn三种钢的CO2腐蚀行为的影响;用扫描电镜对腐蚀试样进行了表面形貌观察,对腐蚀产物进行了能谱分析与X射线衍射分析。结果表明,钢在CO2多相流腐蚀介质中的耐蚀顺序为:16Mn,Q235B,X65。随着含水量、压力的增加,三种钢的腐蚀速率增加;随着温度的升高,钢的腐蚀速率先升高,60℃时最大,90℃时腐蚀速率最小。     

温度对P110钢腐蚀行为的影响

模拟油气田环境,采用高温高压釜进行失重法腐蚀实验,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能散X射线谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)技术研究油管钢P110在不同温度下的CO₂ 腐蚀产物。结果表明：静态和流速为5 m/s时,随着温度的升高,P110钢的腐蚀速率先增大后减小,前者在100 ℃时达到最大,后者在60 ℃时达到最大,且在160 ℃时,两者腐蚀速率趋同;温度大于140 ℃时,流速对腐蚀速率的影响已不再明显,随着温度的继续升高,腐蚀速率变化趋于平缓。温度通过影响腐蚀产物膜的形貌、结构、化学组成、产物膜因子和膜的厚度等,进而影响材料的腐蚀速率。     

模拟CO2驱环境下3Cr和20#集输管线钢防腐性能对比

利用高压反应釜模拟了陕北某油田CO2驱油环境进行了不同温度和不同CO2分压3Cr和20#集输管线钢的腐蚀行为以及三种缓蚀剂对其缓蚀性能进行了研究,计算并对比了其腐蚀速率及缓蚀效率,分析了腐蚀产物膜表面形貌,对两种材质经济性能进行了对比。结果表明,相同CO2分压下,20#钢55℃时的腐蚀速率明显大于3Cr钢甚至接近3倍,但较低温度30℃时3Cr和20#钢的腐蚀速率较接近;咪唑啉缓蚀剂能较好控制CO2腐蚀;低合金钢3Cr相对于20#钢具有更显著的经济效益。     

高温高压CO_2环境介质中X60钢的腐蚀

利用高温高压釜,通过失重法、SEM、XRD以及电子探针微观结构分析等方法,研究了X60钢在不同高温条件下及2MPa分压的饱和CO2的环境介质中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:在90℃、120℃、150℃温度下,X60钢发生了严重的CO2腐蚀,表现出高的腐蚀速率,且腐蚀速率随着温度的升高呈先上升再下降的趋势,120℃时最大,表面腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为Fe3C和FeCO3.腐蚀过程显示局部腐蚀特征,为不同程度的点蚀和条状腐蚀.研究发现,Clˉ为点蚀的"激发剂",促进了点蚀的发生和发展.CO2腐蚀受温度、腐蚀产物膜、钢的显微组织、Clˉ等影响,是各种因素相互作用的结果.     

温度对N80钢在CO_2/O_2共存环境中腐蚀行为的影响

采用高温高压反应釜、失重法、X射线衍射法、扫描电镜观察及能谱分析等方法研究了N80钢在CO2与O2共存环境中不同温度下的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在CO2与O2共存环境中,N80钢的腐蚀速率随温度的升高呈现先急剧增大后缓慢减小的趋势,在90℃时腐蚀速率最大。XRD结果表明,三个温度条件下腐蚀产物均由FeCO3,Fe3O4和Fe2O3多种腐蚀产物共同组成。在低温时,N80钢表面主要由FeCO3紧密地覆盖在试样表面,阻碍腐蚀过程的进行;随着温度的升高,腐蚀产物中氧化物逐渐增多,且疏松多孔,保护作用减弱;温度达到120℃时,高温氧化铁产物逐渐变得致密,具有一定保护作用。     

温度对X80管线钢CO2腐蚀行为的影响

在模拟实际工况下,利用高温高压反应釜对X80管线的CO2腐蚀行为进行了研究,通过质量损失法、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段,研究了温度对X80管线钢腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高,实验钢的平均腐蚀速率和点蚀速率均是先增大后减小.在30℃时,试样表面未形成完整的腐蚀产物膜,此时环境温度较低,平均腐蚀速率和点蚀速率也最小;在60℃时,平均腐蚀速率达到最大值,此时腐蚀产物膜脱落严重,但点蚀现象并不明显;当温度到达90℃时,实验钢的点蚀速率达到最大值,并且点蚀速率与平均腐蚀速率相差程度最大;在120℃时,腐蚀产物膜与基体以及内外层之间的结合最为紧密,对基体的保护作用增强,所以此时的腐蚀速率比60、90℃的腐蚀速率均低.     

某油田地面集输管道用材腐蚀行为研究

模拟油田现场腐蚀环境,利用高温高压实验设备辅以失重法研究了某油田地面集输管道正在使用中的管材20G钢、L245钢、5Cr钢、316L不锈钢和板材16Mn钢在不同温度和CO_2分压下的腐蚀行为,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子能谱(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对腐蚀产物的形貌及成分进行分析。结果表明:20G钢、L245钢、5Cr钢、16Mn钢和316L不锈钢均在温度一定的情况下,随CO2分压的增大,平均腐蚀速率先增大后减小;在CO_2分压一定的情况下,平均腐蚀速率随温度的升高先增大后减小。在温度为80℃,CO_2分压为0.5 MPa时,均达到最大平均腐蚀速率。20G钢、L245钢、5Cr钢和16Mn钢的腐蚀形貌为不均匀的全面腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要为FeCO_3,316L不锈钢由于在腐蚀介质中发生钝化,腐蚀形貌为轻微的点蚀。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.