国产Nisin部分特性的研究

研究温度、pH、蛋白酶、保存条件对国产Nisin抑菌活性的影响,以及抑菌谱等,结果表明温度、pH会显著影响Nisin活性,在酸性条件下,Nisin对温度较稳定,随PH值的增加,温度越高,Nisin活性下降越显著,温度越低越有利于保存,干制品比溶液易保存,国产Nisin对胃蛋白酶不敏感,但对胰蛋白酶敏感,国产Nisin对革兰氏阳性细菌有抑制作用,而对革兰氏阴性细菌、霉菌和酵母没有作用。     

玉米淀粉基脂肪替代物低脂再制干酪的研究

研究了玉米淀粉基脂肪替代物在低脂再制干酪中应用的关键影响因素,并对低脂再制干酪的融化性、硬度和感官指标进行了评定.在单因素试验的基础上,运用响应面分析法,建立了玉米淀粉基脂肪替代物低脂再制干酪的因素影响模型,确定了最佳工艺条件为:玉米淀粉基脂肪替代物添加量4.1％,水分质量分数51％,pH值5.9,在此条件下产品感官可接受性较高.     

几种主要防腐剂抑菌性和肉品保鲜的作用研究

我国肉制品发展迅速,但在发展过程中出现了诸如肉类腐败、产品质量安全等问题。本文旨在研究肉制品中应用的防腐剂,实验选取化学合成防腐剂山梨酸钾、双乙酸钠,天然生物防腐剂Nisin、纳他霉素。实验结果显示:山梨酸钾对霉菌、酵母菌和好氧性细菌有抑制作用,对乳酸菌等革兰氏阳性菌没有抗菌效果;双乙酸纳对毛霉菌的抗菌效果好,对革兰氏阳性菌及酵母菌抗菌效果差;Nisin对乳酸菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果突出,对革兰氏阴性菌抗菌效果差,对真菌无作用;纳他霉素对霉菌有良好抗性,对酵母菌的抗菌效果稍差,对细菌类几乎没有抗性。四种防腐剂对肉的保鲜时间顺序为:Nisin(16~17d)、纳他霉素(15d)、双乙酸钠(13d)、山梨酸钾(11d)。     

乳清蛋白可食用膜抑菌性、溶解性的研究

主要研究了Nisin、纳塔霉素和溶菌酶不同组合添加下乳清蛋白可食用膜的抑菌性和溶解性,结果表明:随着抑菌剂浓度的增加,膜的抑菌效果增强,不同抑菌剂组合下膜的抑菌效果不同,0.35%Nisin和0.08%溶菌酶组合下抑菌效果更好。在酸性环境中,当添加0.03%溶菌酶和0.25%纳塔霉素时,可有效降低膜的溶解性;在中性环境中,各组膜的溶解性几乎相当,在碱性环境中,大部分膜的溶解性要低于其在酸性环境中。     

滚揉腌制液中添加Nisin对川香鸡柳的保鲜效果

在川香鸡柳滚揉腌制液中添加不同含量的Nisin(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4g/kg,按鸡小胸质量计),结合托盘包装技术对其进行保鲜研究。通过测定其在(4.0±0.5)℃条件下贮藏期间的菌落总数、水分活度、pH值、色差值、贮藏损失各项指标,分析Nisin对川香鸡柳的保鲜效果。结果表明:滚揉腌制液中添加Nisin能显著抑制川香鸡柳中菌落总数的增长(P<0.05),贮藏第8天时最明显,与对照组相比,处理组菌落总数可降低3.32 lg(CFU/g);Nisin可显著提高川香鸡柳贮藏后期色泽亮度和黄度;显著延缓第8天后pH值的升高(P<0.05);但对水分活度影响不显著。综合各因素,添加0.3g/kg Nisin保鲜效果最佳。在滚揉腌制液中添加Nisin对川香鸡柳具有良好的保鲜效果。     

柑橘皮渣粗提物的抑菌研究

用柑橘皮渣粗提物对常见的微生物进行抑菌研究.结果表明,此粗提物对细菌具有良好的抑菌效果,对酵母菌和霉菌无效.对于细菌的最低抑菌浓度为0.5g/mL,活性pH范围是5～6,原液经高温处理后仍然具有抑菌能力.经与氯胺T对照,证实了柑橘皮渣粗提物抑制细菌的效果超过了0.3%氯胺T的抑菌效果.     

乳酸链球菌素对酸奶品质影响的研究

将Nisin按不同浓度的添加量添加到牛乳中制成酸奶,测定酸奶在发酵过程及4℃贮存过程中的酸度、粘度、pH、乳酸菌活菌数、霉菌以及酵母菌的变化趋势。结果表明,添加Nisin可有效抑制酸奶的后酸化,酸奶在保质期内酸度变化在68～78°T之间,pH在4.33～4.53之间,乳酸菌活菌数在2.1×106～2.08×108CFU/mL之间。添加Nisin延长了酸奶的发酵时间,酸奶在保质期内粘度较低,在抑制霉菌和酵母方面无差别。Nisin含量为60IU/mL时对酸奶品质影响不明显,可有效抑制酸奶后酸化进程,延长酸奶保质期。     

稻米油对涂抹再制干酪品质的影响

为研究不同比例的稻米油取代黄油对涂抹再制干酪品质的影响。测定稻米油各取代比例的再制干酪的pH、硬度、可涂抹性及感官品质,并进行比较分析。结果表明,不同稻米油添加量样品pH均在正常范围,样品硬度与可涂抹性随稻米油添加量增大而减小。切达干酪味及奶香味感官评分于稻米油添加量75%时最小,不同添加量稻米油样品感官总评分无显著性差异(P0.05)。稻米油替代黄油作为涂抹再制干酪的原料油脂具有可行性。     

低脂再制和模拟干酪中脂肪替代物——麦芽糖醇的应用研究

目的:研究麦芽糖醇在低脂干酪中作为脂肪替代物的应用潜力,探究其对低脂再制马苏里拉干酪和低脂模拟干酪的功能特性及微观结构的影响。方法:通过测定由不同含量的麦芽糖醇(0%,1%,2%,3%)制成的低脂再制马苏里拉干酪和低脂模拟干酪的基本组分、质构特性、功能特性、微观结构及疏水作用力,研究不同添加量麦芽糖醇对上述干酪的影响。结论:麦芽糖醇作为脂肪替代物效果较好,能够提高酪蛋白分子间疏水作用力,降低干酪硬度,改善低脂干酪的功能特性。本研究表明麦芽糖醇可作为一种良好的脂肪替代物应用于低脂干酪。     

复合防腐剂对低硝灌肠制品抑菌效果的研究

对复合防腐剂(乳酸钠、山梨酸钾、Nisin、EDTA-2Na)在低硝灌肠制品中抑菌效果进行了研究.试验结果表明,在低硝灌肠制品中亚硝酸盐添加量为80mg/kg,加入2.0%乳酸钠,0.05%山梨酸钾,0.05%Nisin,0.025%EDTA-2Na抑菌效果最佳.     

Utilisation of water extract of green chilli pepper in the manufacture of low‐fat fresh cheese

The effect of the water extract of green chilli pepper (WECP) on some properties of low‐fat fresh cheese was studied. Cheese was manufactured from a mixture of reconstituted skim milk powder, whey protein concentrate and sodium chloride and fortified with WECP at concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 3%. The addition of WECP significantly decreased the total and lactic acid bacteria counts as well as the yeasts and moulds counts in the fortified cheeses. The flavour was improved in cheeses made using 1 and 2% WECP, and the cheese manufactured with 2% WECP had the highest flavour and total scores.     

Effect of natamycin-containing coating on the evolution of biochemical and microbiological parameters during the ripening and storage of ovine hard-Gruyère-type cheese

The effect of a coating containing natamycin on the ripening course of the hard-Gruyère-type cheese Graviera Kritis was assessed. A single treatment at an early stage of ripening was carried out; samples from natamycin-treated (NT) and control cheeses (CTR) were then taken throughout a 12 month ripening and storage period. Coating gave a statistically significant reduction in the yeasts and moulds counts in the cheese rind. It did not influence the counts and the evolution of the thermophilic bacteria related to starter or of the propionic acid bacteria, nor did it affect the associated aminopeptidase activities. Gross composition of NT cheeses did not differ significantly from that of the control cheeses; the same was also true for proteolysis. Natamycin in the cheese rind after the removal of coating was lower than 0.1 mg dm⁻² at all stages of ripening and no migration to the cheese interior was observed.     

Effect of liquid whey protein concentrate–based edible coating enriched with cinnamon carbon dioxide extract on the quality and shelf life of Eastern European curd cheese

Fresh unripened curd cheese has long been a well-known Eastern European artisanal dairy product; however, due to possible cross-contamination from manual production steps, high moisture content (50–60%), and metabolic activity of present lactic acid bacteria, the shelf life of curd cheese is short (10–20 d). Therefore, the aim of this study was to improve the shelf life of Eastern European acid-curd cheese by applying an antimicrobial protein-based (5%, wt/wt) edible coating. The bioactive edible coating was produced from liquid whey protein concentrate (a cheese production byproduct) and fortified with 0.3% (wt/wt, solution basis) Chinese cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia) CO₂ extract. The effect of coating on the cheese was evaluated within package-free (group 1) and additionally vacuum packaged (group 2) conditions to represent types of cheeses sold by small and big scale manufacturers. The cheese samples were examined over 31 d of storage for changes of microbiological (total bacterial count, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms, enterobacteria, Staphylococcus spp.), physicochemical (pH, lactic acid, protein, fat, moisture, color change, rheological, and sensory properties). The controlled experiment revealed that in group 1, applied coating affected appearance and color by preserving moisture and decreasing growth of yeasts and molds during prolonged package-free cheese storage. In group 2, coating did not affect moisture, color, or texture, but had a strong antimicrobial effect, decreasing the counts of yeasts and molds by 0.79 to 1.55 log cfu/g during 31 d of storage. In both groups, coating had no effect on pH, lactic acid, protein, and fat contents. Evaluated sensory properties (appearance, odor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability) of all samples were similar, indicating no effect of the coating on the flavor of curd cheese. The edible coating based on liquid whey protein concentrate with the incorporation of cinnamon extract was demonstrated to efficiently extend the shelf life of perishable fresh curd cheese, enhance its functional value, and contribute to a more sustainable production process.     

High-pressure processing of Turkish white cheese for microbial inactivation

High-pressure processing (HPP) of Turkish white cheese and reduction of Listeria monocytogenes, total Enterobacteriaceae, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total molds and yeasts, total Lactococcus spp., and total Lactobacillus spp. were investigated. Cheese samples were produced from raw milk and pasteurized milk and were inoculated with L. monocytogenes after brining. Both inoculated (ca. 10(7) to 10(8) CFU/g) and noninoculated samples were subjected to HPP in a high-pressure food processor at 50 to 600 MPa for 5 and 10 min at 25 degrees C. Reductions in L. monocytogenes, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Lactococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. in both pasteurized- and raw-milk cheese samples and reductions in total molds and yeasts and total Enterobacteriaceae counts in raw-milk cheese samples increased with increased pressure (P < or = 0.05). The maximum reduction of the L. monocytogenes count, ca. 4.9 log CFU/g, was obtained at 600 MPa. Because of the highly inhibitory effect of pasteurization, the total molds and yeasts and total Enterobacteriaceae counts for the cheese samples produced from pasteurized milk were below the detection limit both before and after HPP. There was no significant difference in inactivation of L. monocytogenes, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Lactococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. under the same treatment conditions for the raw milk and pasteurized milk cheeses and for 5- and 10-min treatment times (P > 0.05). No significant change was detected in pH or water activity of the samples before and after HPP. Our findings suggest that HPP can be used effectively to reduce the microbial load in Turkish white cheese.     

The microbiological quality of Erzincan (Savak) Tulum cheese from Turkish retail markets

Twenty samples of Erzincan (Savak) Tulum cheese were investigated for the microbiological quality and some chemical analyses. Cheese was characterized by moisture content means = 45.0%; 3.27% sodium chloride and 2.14% acidity. Significant variation was found in the major compositional factors indicating a general lack of quality and/or extreme diversity of the manufacturing conditions. Microbiological test revealed the presence of very high count of total coliforms, psychrotrophic bacteria, yeasts and moulds, high numbers of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens but no salmonellas. Statistical relationship between growth and counts, and the presence of other indicators, pathogens, and compositional factors was investigated.     

MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF CEBRERO CHEESE FROM NORTHWEST SPAIN

Cebrero cheese is traditionally manufactured from raw cow's milk in the Cebrero mountains of Galicia (NW Spain). We report determinations of pH and a_w, and counts of total aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria, molds and yeasts, in 49 samples. E. coli count exceeded the level permitted by Spanish legislation in 51% of samples. S. aureus count exceeded the level permitted in 20% of the samples. In one sample, with pH 5.06, two species of Listeria (L. monocytogenes and L. seeligeri) were detected. Although the pH of this cheese is fairly low, it does not appear to be sufficient to prevent the occurrence of certain pathogenic microorganisms.     

The effects of starter culture on chemical composition, microbiological and sensory characteristics of Turkish Kaşar Cheese during ripening

Kaşar cheese samples were produced from raw milk and starter culture-added pasteurized milk. Chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of kaşar cheeses were analysed at certain times during the ripening periods (on the 1st, 7th, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th days). Generally, chemical parameters were not affected by starter culture. The pH, ripening index, water-soluble nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen did not show significant differences between the cheese samples. The addition of starter affected the microbiological quality of the cheeses. Starter culture-added kaşar cheeses contained low levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, moulds and yeasts, and coliforms, and achieved higher organoleptic scores than those of cheeses made from raw milk. The starter cultures contributed to acidity and microbial quality of the cheese.     

Effect of Dilute Alkaline Steeping on the Microbial Contamination,Toxicity and Diastatic Power of Sorghum Malt

Steeping in dilute alkali was investigated with the primary aim of reducing the moulds, coliforms, and preventing toxicity of sorghum malt. Red tannin‐free sorghum cultivars NK 283 and PAN 8546 were steeped in 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% NaOH and 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% Ca(OH)₂. The effects of these solutions on aerobic plate count, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, moulds, coliforms, the presence of some mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone), the cytotoxicity and diastatic power (DP) of sorghum malt was evaluated. Steeping NK 283 in 0.1% Ca(OH)₂ increased the DP from 10.5 to 16 Sorghum Diastatic Units (SDU)/g. However, it did not reduce the general levels of malt microflora. Steeping in dilute NaOH reduced the microflora on the malt. Steeping both grain cultivars with 0.2% NaOH resulted in malts with the moulds and coliforms reduced to approximately 3.5 and 2.0 log colony forming units/g, respectively and the percentages of some mould species to very low or undetectable levels. The DP of the 0.2% NaOH steeped malts increased to 16.2 and 26.9 SDU/g in the NK 283 and PAN 8546, respectively. There were no detectable amounts of mycotoxins and no indication of cytotoxicity in the 0.2% NaOH steeped samples. Steeping sorghum grains in food‐grade 0.2% NaOH is recommended as a method for the control of bacterial and fungal contamination during sorghum malting.     

Microbiological quality of ayib, a traditional Ethiopian cottage cheese

One-hundred samples of ayib, a traditional Ethiopian cottage cheese, were purchased from Awassa market and analysed for their aerobic mesophilic counts, psychrotropic counts, yeasts and molds, coliforms, spore-formers, enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, staphylococci and Bacillus cereus. The majority of the samples showed counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts and enterococci of 10⁸, 10⁷ and 10⁷ cfu/g. About 55% of the samples were positive for coliforms and faecal coliforms. Listeria spp. were not detected in any of the samples. B. cereus and S. aureus were isolated at varying frequencies but at low numbers (10²–10³). The pH value of the samples varied between 3.3 and 4.6 with about 40% having pH lower than 3.7.