采用条件风险方法的含风电系统安全经济调度

针对风电等新能源发电和负荷的随机性,引入条件风险方法,构建了电力系统条件风险调度模型。为了量化随机性因素所引起的不确定性,以电网安全条件风险价值(conditional value-at-risk,CVaR)作为电网安全指标,取代一般调度模型中的安全约束。由于含随机性变量概率密度的函数积分计算困难,因此将电网安全CVaR函数进行变换和离散化处理,并采用蒙特卡罗模拟和解析法相结合的方法进行计算。含风电随机出力的系统算例表明,采用条件风险约束的电力系统安全调度模型可在不同的电网安全CVaR值、不同的置信水平下,获取相应的侧重经济性或安全性的系统最优调度结果。     

旋转备用辅助服务的需求与调度

备用辅助服务关系到电力系统的安全运行和可靠性。旋转备用与能量市场有很强的耦合关系,其容量需求和调度分配受到了人们的广泛关注。该文采用和能量市场解耦的旋转备用辅助服务模式,提出了以系统旋转备用社会效益最大的最优备用容量确定原则和基于竞争的备用分配调度模型。文中采用启发式算法求解,算例的仿真结果说明了该方法的有效性。     

The effect of demand elasticity on security prices for the PoolCoand multi-lateral contract models

Optimum power flows and security constrained power flows assume that customer demand is a fixed quantity. In the new competitive environment, it is necessary to assume that demand is elastic and will vary as a function of price. A critical element in any competitive model, whether it be a PoolCo or a multi-lateral contract model, is for a system operator to ensure reliability and feasibility of the power system operating point. Security pricing for feasibility was first advanced by Schweppe et al for the case of line flow constraints for a PoolCo model. Using geometry, this paper generalizes the approach to include any security constraint for a general competitive model. The paper discusses interpretations of security pricing and its possible implementation in energy management systems     

Power flow control approach to power systems with embedded FACTS devices

This paper focuses on developing an approach to steady-state power flow control of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) device-equipped power systems. Based on a power-injection model of FACTS devices and an optimal power flow model, a novel versatile power flow control approach is formulated, which is capable of implementing power flow control incorporating any FACTS device flexibly. Different from existing FACTS device control approaches, the active and (or) reactive power injections are taken as independent control variables. Therefore, using this method, Jacobian matrix need not be changed, although various FACTS devices possess different physical models and different control parameters. Furthermore, it enables the integration of FACTS devices into the existing power system analysis and control programs efficiently. Physical limits of the FACTS devices are also considered in the model. Numerical results on a reduced practical system and a 1500-bus practical system with various FACTS devices are presented to illustrate the vigorousness of the proposed approach.     

电力市场稳定安全约束下的经济代价最小数学模型

基于归一化能量裕度对电力系统可控参数的二阶灵敏度算法,提出了电力系统以经济代价最小为目标函数,以动态安全为约束条件的数学规划模型.该模型同时适用于单一类型和合同与非合同混合类型两种市场模型,既可用于市场交易管理又可用于在线安全控制.最后通过新英格兰10机典型电力系统上的算例说明了它在电力市场安全管理中的应用方法.     

Linearization threshold condition and stability analysis of a stochastic dynamic model of one-machine infinite-bus (OMIB) power systems

With the increase in the proportion of multiple renewable energy sources, power electronics equipment and new loads, power systems are gradually evolving towards the integration of multi-energy, multi-network and multi-subject affected by more stochastic excitation with greater intensity. There is a problem of establishing an effective stochastic dynamic model and algorithm under different stochastic excitation intensities. A Milstein-Euler predictor-corrector method for a nonlinear and linearized stochastic dynamic model of a power system is constructed to numerically discretize the models. The optimal threshold model of stochastic excitation intensity for linearizing the nonlinear stochastic dynamic model is proposed to obtain the corresponding linearization threshold condition. The simulation results of one-machine infinite-bus (OMIB) systems show the correctness and rationality of the predictor-corrector method and the linearization threshold condition for the power system stochastic dynamic model. This study provides a reference for stochastic modelling and efficient simulation of power systems with multiple stochastic excitations and has important application value for stability judgment and security evaluation.     

网络结构视角下的中国电力系统生产效率研究

电力系统在国家能源安全战略中占据重要地位,综合评估电力系统及其发电、输电、配电子部门生产效率对于社会经济高质量发展具有重要意义。采用网络数据包络分析方法(data envelopment analysis, DEA)模型对2014—2017年间中国电力系统生产效率进行分析。相比于传统DEA模型,网络DEA模型可通过上网电量、配电量等连接变量对系统内部联系进行建模并探索系统效率低下的内部因素。研究表明：中国电力系统生产效率区域差异性明显,新一轮电力体制改革对于电力系统的发展具有促进作用。外界环境的异质性导致区域电力系统各部门发展情况不同,生产绩效的提升应根据区域实际情况有所侧重。     

Dynamic security issues in autonomous power systems with increasing wind power penetration

Technical requirements set by the network operators nowadays include various aspects, such as fault ride-through capability of wind turbines during faults, voltage-reactive power control and overall control of the wind farms as conventional power plants. Detailed models for the power system as well as for the wind farms are therefore essential for power system studies related to these issues, especially when applied to non interconnected systems with high wind power penetration. Detailed generic models for three different wind turbine technologies - Active Stall Induction Generator (ASIG), Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generator (DFAG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) - are applied and issues regarding interaction with the power system are investigated. This paper provides conclusions about the dynamic security of non-interconnected power systems with high wind power penetration based on a complete model representation of the individual components of the system; three different types of conventional generators are included in the model, while the protection system is also incorporated. The load shedding following faults is finally discussed.     

Applications of Ellipsoidal Approximations to Polyhedral Sets in Power System Optimization

The paper presents a computational method that approximates feasible sets specified by linear or convex inequalities. This numerically efficient approach to power system optimization is based on computational geometry of multidimensional ellipsoids and is potentially applicable to problems with high dimensions, as it builds on recent advances in convex optimization. In an important application, it provides ranges in which nodal (generator) injections can vary without violating operational constraints in security analysis. The model is applied to two important problems in deregulated power systems: optimal economic dispatch (OED) and calculation of locational marginal prices (LMPs) in a day-ahead power market. Optimization problem with convex (ellipsoid-based) constraints is solved by a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based procedure. The method is verified on the benchmark example with 68 buses, 16 generators, and 86 lines.      

电力市场条件下电力系统可靠性问题

在竞争的电力市场中,发电机组投资的决策取决于项目的回报,而不是预期的备用率,因此,与发电系统有关的可靠性是由电能价格来维持的;在电力市场环境下,电力交易瞬息万变,电力调度既要保证公平竞争,又要保证安全运行,因而必须全面审定并研究和制订新的安全运行导则,并开发新的为运行服务的软件;辅助服务是电力市场最重要的特征之一,关系电力系统的安全运行与可靠性;现代继电保护已发展为非常可靠的系统,但原有的保护原则     

考虑综合需求响应不确定性的电-气综合能源系统优化运行

为有效分析综合需求响应（integrated demand response,IDR）不确定性给系统安全稳定运行带来的影响,以电-气综合能源系统（integrated electricity-gas system,IEGS）为例,提出一种考虑IDR不确定性的IEGS优化运行模型。首先,根据基于能源价格的IDR项目实施特点,分析出IDR中的模糊性和概率性变量,建立相应的IDR不确定性模型;然后,以点估计法计算系统概率能量流,并将其计算结果作为机会约束,使在最小化IEGS运行成本的同时,保证系统运行的安全性。最后,以改进的IEEE-33节点电力系统和比利时20节点天然气系统构成的IEGS为例,验证所提模型和方法的有效性,并评估不确定性环境下系统的风电消纳能力。     

考虑综合需求响应不确定性的电-气综合能源系统优化运行

为有效分析综合需求响应（integrated demand response,IDR）不确定性给系统安全稳定运行带来的影响,以电-气综合能源系统（integrated electricity-gas system,IEGS）为例,提出一种考虑IDR不确定性的IEGS优化运行模型。首先,根据基于能源价格的IDR项目实施特点,分析出IDR中的模糊性和概率性变量,建立相应的IDR不确定性模型;然后,以点估计法计算系统概率能量流,并将其计算结果作为机会约束,使在最小化IEGS运行成本的同时,保证系统运行的安全性。最后,以改进的IEEE-33节点电力系统和比利时20节点天然气系统构成的IEGS为例,验证所提模型和方法的有效性,并评估不确定性环境下系统的风电消纳能力。     

割集功率空间上静态电压稳定域的实用边界

提出了电力系统在割集功率空间上静态电压稳定域边界的实用表达方法。用临界割集将系统分为地理上互不连通的两部分,即相对集中的弱节点区域和非弱节点区域,利用连续潮流,搜索大量的电压稳定临界点,以临界割集上线路的有功和无功潮流为坐标,并通过最小二乘法,将获得的临界点以超平面的形式拟合出电压稳定域的边界,其误差可满足工程应用的要求。这种方法既达到了使复杂电力系统降维的目的,又方便了运行人员监视系统稳定性。同时,电压稳定域边界以超平面形式表示,为电力系统的在线安全分析、评估和优化提供了简明、方便的解析工具。该方法在IEEE 14节点、IEEE 39节点、IEEE 118节点等系统和EPRI 1000节点系统的算例中得到了很好的验证,均以较小误差满足工程需要。     

An optimal pricing scheme in electricity markets by parallelizing security constrained optimal power flow based market-clearing model

To improve economic efficiency of electricity markets, the market-clearing model must be designed to give transparent information for pricing system security and to quantify the correlation between the market operations and the power systems operations, which is an immensely provocative and challenging issue in electricity markets. This paper sets out to propose a novel approach to pricing the system security by parallelizing the security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) based market-clearing model, while providing market solutions as a function of complying with the required voltage security margin and N-1 contingency criteria. The proposed SCOPF based market-clearing framework also takes into consideration the bilateral transaction information and, at the same time, optimal pricing expressions through computing locational marginal prices (LMPs) and nodal congestion prices (NCPs) for ensuring voltage security are derived. The results from a 129-bus model of the Italian HV transmission system turn out to be the validity of the proposed market-clearing model for managing and pricing the system security.     

A GA approach to compare ORPF objective functions including Secondary Voltage Regulation

In the past, with vertically integrate utilities, Optimal Reactive Power Flow (ORPF) procedures were designed to minimize power system losses, keeping the voltage profile in an acceptable range. Nowadays, in the market environment, a new formulation of the ORPF, aimed at the system security maximization, is necessary. In particular, as congestions and overloads are usually taken into account by the energy market rules, voltage security could become the main goal of ORPFs. Voltage problems are caused by the increase in power transfer among areas of interconnected systems, by the lack of reactive power support and by the increasing limitations of transmission networks. In this paper, an analysis of several ORPF Objective Functions (OFs) is reported, where the goal considered is the network security maximization. To solve the optimization problem for the considered OFs, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach has been adopted, together with a particular formulation of the Power Flow (PF) taking into account the Secondary Voltage Regulation (SVR). Tests are performed on a detailed model of the Italian power system, comparing the results in terms of system losses, reactive power required, loadability limits and voltage collapse indices. Furthermore, the improvements achievable with the adoption of the SVR in the new market environment have been investigated.     

基于支路势能信息的电网脆弱性评估

随着电网互联进程的推进,电网支路运行经常逼近输电能力极限,导致电网脆弱性问题越来越突出。文中从能量函数的观点出发,构建了支路势能函数模型,在此基础上提出了支路脆弱性评估指标,以此计算各支路当前输送值偏离初始值的距离,确定系统的脆弱区。在IEEE30母线系统中通过多种系统事件下的仿真结果及与最优潮流计算结果的对比,证明了该方法在评估电力系统脆弱性时的有效性和可行性,可望用于系统的在线安全监测。     

计及N-1安全准则的能量枢纽优化配置

多种能源系统通过集成和优化而形成的综合能源系统(IES)为解决能源与环境问题提供了新途径。能量枢纽(EH)作为多种能源系统的耦合环节,其设备组成与容量配置对IES的安全经济运行至关重要。在此背景下,提出了一种计及N-1安全准则的含电力系统、天然气系统和热能负荷的EH优化配置方法。首先,在EH架构下,对IES的能源耦合部分进行建模;然后,以年综合运行费用最小为目标函数,考虑能源耦合部分约束、电力系统运行约束、天然气系统运行约束和电力系统的N-1安全约束,建立了EH优化配置的混合整数二阶锥规划模型,并利用商业求解器YALMIP/GUROBI求解;最后,采用一个IES算例对所构建的优化模型与求解方法进行了说明。     

高比例清洁能源并网的跨国互联电力系统多时间尺度储能容量优化规划

高比例清洁能源并网对电力系统的灵活调节能力提出了更高要求。储能是构成系统灵活调节能力的关键要素,系统对储能的需求与系统的灵活性稀缺程度紧密相关,而单纯依靠储能来提供系统所需灵活性将造成电力系统投资成本极大增加、设备利用率降低等问题。储能与互联电网、清洁能源布局协同规划并发挥彼此间的互补效益是提升未来清洁电力系统安全经济性的重要途径。该文从技术经济性的角度出发,考虑多种灵活性资源协同参与的跨国互联电力系统优化规划与运行。首先基于已有研究对各类灵活性资源建模,将年度8760h全景时序运行模拟纳入优化模型,然后提出了面向高比例清洁能源电力系统、考虑多种灵活性资源参与的规划模型并基于东北亚跨国互联电网进行实证分析,量化评估了电网互联、清洁能源布局对储能优化配置的影响,给出了基于不同灵活性资源规划模型的2035—2050年东北亚地区规划结果。算例表明,通过电网互联与多区域风电、光伏清洁能源协同规划可有效减少各区域内储能装机、降低系统的度电成本。算例还进行了储能装机容量、系统度电成本与线路互联容量间的灵敏度分析。     

Stochastic optimal power flow incorporating offshore wind farm and electric vehicles

In this paper, an optimal power flow model of a power system, which includes an offshore wind farm and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) connected to grid, is presented. The stochastic nature of wind power and the uncertainties in the EV owner’s behavior are suitably modelled by statistical models available in recent literatures. The offshore wind farms are assumed to be composed of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) having reactive power control capability and are connected to offshore grid by HVDC link. In order to obtain the optimal active power schedules of different energy sources, an optimization problem is solved by applying recently introduced Gbest guided artificial bee colony algorithm (GABC). The accuracy of proposed approach has been tested by implementing AC–DC optimal power flow on modified IEEE 5-bus, IEEE 9-bus, and IEEE 39-bus systems. The results obtained by GABC algorithm are compared with the results available in literatures. This paper also includes AC–DC optimal power flow model, implemented on modified IEEE-30 bus test system by including wind farm power and V2G source. It has been shown that the uncertainty associated with availability of power from wind farm and PEVs affects the overall cost of operation of system.     

电力通信系统可靠性模型研究

电力通信系统在电力系统运行控制和安全保护等方面起着不可替代的作用,其可靠性研究是电力系统可靠性研究的重要组成部分。从非冗余系统、完全冗余系统、部分冗余系统以及备用系统的可靠性模型出发,分析建立了典型电力通信系统的可靠性模型,对电力通信系统的可靠性评估提供了依据,并为完善电网可靠性评估方法提供了帮助。