Grid integration of single stage SPV-STATCOM using cascaded 7-level VSC

A multi-functional single-stage grid-tied solar photovoltaic (SPV) system with STATCOM (Static Compensator) capabilities using a cascaded three phase seven level voltage source converter (VSC) is presented in this paper. PS-PWM (Phase Shifted Pulse Width Modulation) technique with a low switching frequency (450 Hz) is used to operate the VSC. The proposed SPV-STATCOM system works in three modes i.e. in Mode-1, only active power is supplied to the grid; in Mode-2, both active and reactive powers are supplied to the grid and in Mode-3, only reactive power is supplied to the grid thereby utilizing the proposed system to its fullest capacity in 24 h of a day. To extract the maximum power from the SPV array, the incremental conductance maximum power point tracking scheme is utilized. To synchronize the SPV-STATCOM power to the grid and to maintain power factor close to unity, a decoupled current controller, feed-forward term and positive sequence detector dq phase locked loop (PSD-dqPLL) control approach are used. Lower switching losses, harmonic distortions, high output voltage and power are some of the advantages of using a single-stage 7-level cascaded H-bridges. The design and the control scheme performances in all modes are simulated in MATLAB and validated through real time hardware in loop (HIL) system.     

Photovoltaic-grid hybrid power fed pump drive operation for curbing the intermittency in PV power generation with grid side limited power conditioning

Existing pump drive systems are fed from the grid. In case grid fails, it takes time to restart the pump drive, and unnecessarily power is wasted in restarting. Moreover, to reduce the burden on the grid and also to curb the intermittency a hybrid configuration is proposed in which PV system is integrated with grid to cater the pump load operation. Even if the grid fails, the PV system works in islanded mode to cater the pump load at the permissible limit depending on the generation by PV system alone in the absence of storage systems. To establish a bidirectional power flow a voltage source converter (VSC) based grid coupling is considered which also provide limited power conditioning to utilize the capacity of VSC at maximum to solve Grid power quality issues like unbalance current, harmonics, etc. The synchronous reference frame (SRF) method is used for current decomposition for determining the limited compensation to be provided by the grid coupled VSC, based on its unutilized capacity. MATLAB based simulation and experimental results show the efficient working of hybrid configuration in both grid connected mode and islanded mode with limited power conditioning.     

300kW光伏并网系统优化控制与稳定性分析

本文基于系统精确建模进行了300kW的光伏并网系统优化控制设计与稳定性分析,应用三相二电平电流控制电压源型的SVPWM逆变器以及LCL滤波器作为光伏阵列与电网之间的接口,具有前馈补偿的同步矢量电流PI控制器对三相光伏并网系统公共点的并网电流实现闭环控制,能够平滑快速地实现文中提出的光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪算法,同时使并网电能质量符合IEEEStd929—2000标准。仿真结果与实验结果验证了所提算法的有效性,充分表明了所提出的控制系统具有良好的动态与稳态性能。     

基于电压控制特性的电压源型多端直流/交流系统潮流求解

由于基于电压源型换流器的高压直流(VSC-HVDC)输电技术具有良好的可控性,对负荷中心供电、风电消纳、孤岛电力传输等适应能力强,电压稳定性好,因此具有良好的应用前景。当前对VSC-HVDC系统主要基于定功率控制模式进行潮流计算,而很少考虑到实际的换流器电压控制能力。为了更加精确地反映实际电网中VSC的电压控制特性,文中建立了基于VSC的电压控制模型,考虑了换流器损耗、交流滤波器、换流器容量限制等的影响,并基于电压控制特性提出了VSC多端直流/交流系统的通用潮流求解方法。对直流电网功率分布变化和N-1故障以及多端直流/交流系统的潮流算例分析表明,所提的潮流算法能够反映直流换流器的电压控制调节能力,验证了基于VSC的多端直流/交流系统在考虑换流器电压控制特性后的潮流方法的有效性、合理性以及算法的快速性。     

Wavelet technique based islanding detection and improved repetitive current control for reliable operation of grid-connected PV systems

Recent years have witnessed a thrust towards the use of solar energy as the major renewable energy source for distributed power generation. The proposed system requires reliable detection technique and suitable current control strategy for proper operation. This paper focuses on plug-in repetitive current (RC) control strategy for grid connected inverter system and wavelet technique for electrical grid status identification. The performance of proposed current control technique employed for grid connected inverter system under distorted and unbalanced grid voltage is compared with the existing conventional methods like PI and PR controller. This controller uses the feedback control system for attenuating periodic disturbances, improving high quality sinusoidal output current and high power factor. The proposed scheme employs fourth order infinite impulse response (IIR) filter for maintaining its resonance frequency, output frequency matching with grid fundamental frequency and reduction of harmonics. The DC-DC boost converter implements incremental conductance based (INC) maximum power point tracker (MPPT) algorithm. The effects of LCL filter for improving disturbance rejection capability and dynamic performance of the proposed system is also demonstrated. Grid connected PV inverter employs wavelet technique for an islanding detection functionality in order to determine the status of the electrical grid. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, modeling and simulation for grid connected PV system is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK and its PowerSim toolbox.     

级联式光伏电站直流并网拓扑及其控制策略

为解决光伏电站远距离输送并网问题,同时提高光伏电站并网系统稳定性,将光伏电站与电压源型高压直流(Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage Direct Current,VSC-HVDC)输电系统相结合,设计了一种光伏电站通过级联直流变换器经VSC-HVDC输电线路并网拓扑方案。研究了光伏发电模块均压特性,分析了光伏发电模块控制策略和VSC换流站直流电压控制策略,提出了改进的直流电压-功率偏差斜率控制策略。在PSCAD/EMDTC电磁暂态软件下进行了不同光照强度仿真分析。仿真结果验证了系统可行性,表明了所提出控制策略有效保持光伏电站系统电压稳定性。     

具有改进最大功率跟踪算法的光伏并网控制系统及其实现

光伏并网控制系统输送到电网的功率随着光照强度、环境温度以及光伏阵列输出电压的不同而变化,控制光伏阵列的工作点使其连续稳定地向电网输出最大功率非常必要。该文提出了基于同步旋转坐标变换实现光伏阵列最大功率跟踪与电流控制的电压源型逆变器相结合的三相光伏并网控制系统,该系统主要包括光伏阵列、直流母排电容、电压源型逆变器、滤波电感、数字信号控制器与电网。提出的改进最大功率跟踪方法,根据光伏阵列dP/dU-U的特性曲线,利用Newton-Raphson方法快速计算光伏阵列输出功率对电压的微分值,由此进一步形成光伏阵列工作在最大功率点的参考电压值。整个控制系统为双环控制,外环为电压控制环,利用一个PI调节器使光伏阵列输出电压工作在最大功率工作点;内环为电流控制环,利用2个PI调节器分别对d-q轴电流进行解耦控制,使逆变器输出电流与参考电流一致。根据所提出的控制算法,研制了一台三相光伏并网系统原理性样机,仿真与实验结果一致,系统具有良好的动稳态性能,说明了所提出的控制方案是非常有效的。     

基于LCL滤波的光伏并网逆变器电流滞环控制

并网型逆变器是太阳能光伏并网发电的关键部件,提出的光伏并网逆变器通过LCL滤波器并入电网,采用非线性的电流滞环控制策略,建立光伏模块和LCL滤波器的数学模型,将基于电导增量算法的最大功率跟踪(MPPT)控制和有源阻尼算法集成在滞环控制系统中,实现了光伏模块最大功率输出,并有效抑制了LCL滤波器的自然谐振。提出了集成统一的电流滞环控制策略。仿真结果验证了光伏模块数学模型和MPPT算法的有效性,对光伏并网逆变器受外界环境变化影响的动态响应仿真表明,集成统一的电流滞环跟踪控制应用于光伏并网逆变器能改善注入电网的电流品质,提高系统的稳定性。     

Active power flow control in a distribution system using discontinuous voltage controller

This paper proposes a hybrid discontinuous control methodology for a voltage source converter (VSC), which is used in an uninterrupted power supply (UPS) application. The UPS controls the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC). An LC filter is connected at the output of the VSC to bypass switching harmonics. With the help of both filter inductor current and filter capacitor voltage control, the voltage across the filter capacitor is controlled. Based on the voltage error, the control is switched between current and voltage control modes. In this scheme, an extra diode state is used that makes the VSC output current discontinuous. This diode state reduces the switching losses. The UPS controls the active power it supplies to a three-phase, four-wire distribution system. This gives a full flexibility to the grid to buy power from the UPS system depending on its cost and load requirement at any given time. The scheme is validated through simulation using PSCAD.     

LCL滤波的双馈式风电网侧变流器在不平衡电网电压条件下的控制策略

为了提高LCL滤波的双馈式风电网侧变流器在电网电压不平衡情况下的工作性能,通过对变流器在上述条件下的数学模型进行理论分析,提出了基于LCL滤波器的不平衡电流指令算法,并提出了在同步旋转dq坐标系下采用PI和重复控制器并联结构的电流复合控制方案.利用所提控制策略,可有效降低电网电流中的低次谐波含量,实现正负序电流的无差跟...     

Experimental verification of PV based Dynamic Voltage Restorer (PV-DVR) with significant energy conservation

In this paper, a novel photovoltaic fed Dynamic Voltage Restorer (PV-DVR) is proposed to mitigate deep voltage sags, voltage swells and outages on a low voltage residential distribution system during both daytime and night time. In addition to the voltage regulation, the proposed PV-DVR reduces the energy consumption from the utility grid by disconnecting the utility grid from the load through the semiconductor switches, when the PV system generates excessive or equal power to the required load demand during the day time. However, the reduction of energy consumption is always desirable for the reduction of panel tariff and global warming gasses. Further, the use of low step-up DC–DC converter with fuzzy based Perturb & Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm eliminates the drawback of conventional PV based DVR by tracking maximum power point of the PV array. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the advantage of the proposed system.     

光伏分布式MPPT机理分析与仿真研究

采用目前常用的光伏电池模型对光伏阵列进行建模时,或者需要多个模块进行串并联,仿真电路规模较大,增加了仿真复杂性,或者由于参数简化影响精度。将建立光伏阵列模型的方法分为计算法和查表法,计算法容易收敛,但需要明确的光伏阵列输出电压电流方程,查表法比较灵活,只需知道输出电压电流的数据源,可以仿真任意规模的光伏阵列。之后基于查表法和实际产品数据实现与功率变换器进行组合连接的电路仿真,并解决建模过程的若干技术问题。?结合模型和阻抗分析,对单模块、组串和阵列等典型配置分布式MPPT机理进行分析,并得出相应控制表达式。最后针对相应配置分别设计算例进行仿真研究,并与集中式MPPT结果进行对比分析,为显著提高光伏阵列输出效率建立理论基础。     

多端电压源型直流输电系统的控制策略

以提高多端电压源型直流输电系统的运行可靠性为目的,提出了基于直流电压 — 有功功率调节特性的多端直流输电系统控制策略。在系统负荷发生突变或任一换流站故障退出后,所有具备功率调节能力的换流站根据给定的调制方式在一定程度上分担系统功率的缺额,这样既维持了系统内的功率平衡,又避免了单个换流站承担功率过大的情况。最后通过数字仿真验证了所提出的控制策略设计的正确性和可行性。     

基于预测电流控制的光伏并网系统最大功率点跟踪算法

针对光伏发电的突变性及昼发夜停特性提出一种新型的基于预测电流控制的光伏并网系统最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法。根据实际情况考虑光伏阵列的非线性特性,最大功率点周围光伏电压的振荡及逆变器、滤波器的设计等。为了确保系统采用控制算法的稳定性,MPPT的设计应运而生,在此基础上通过改进算法从光伏系统的电压与电流预测基准电流进而控制光伏并网系统。通过与传统的波动相关控制方法对比给出了仿真结果。仿真结果表明:在光照发生突变时,与传统的波动相关控制法相比,提出的改进算法的跟踪速度较之提升9.3%,并能够准确跟踪光伏并网系统最大功率点,且性能稳定可靠。     

基于两象限DC/DC变换器的光伏发电系统

传统MPPT电路串联在光伏组件和负载之间.光伏板产生的所有电能都要经过DC/DC变换器进行处理.因此.整个光伏发电系统的效率就要依赖于DC/DC变换器的效率.针对离网型光伏发电系统提出一种两象限DC/DC变换电路,并将最大功率跟踪电路与其并联,主要能完成蓄电池充放电,升降压电路的功能.由于与主电路并联,仅有少部分能量通...     

Nonlinear Adaptive Backstepping Controller Design for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems

A cascaded control structure is proposed in this paper for injecting active and reactive power in a three-phase grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system by considering external disturbances. In the proposed cascaded control structure, there are two control loops—the outer loop voltage controller is used to ensure a continuous balance in power flow between the PV arrays and electrical power grid whereas the inner loop current controller controls the output current of the inverter. Moreover, the DC-DC boost converter is controlled to achieve a constant voltage at the input of the inverter. In order to obtain the power balance and extract maximum power, an incremental conductance (IC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method is used in this paper. The current controller is designed using a nonlinear adaptive backstepping technique to regulate the active and reactive components of the grid current. The regulation of these currents towards desired values which in turn control the active and reactive power delivered into the grid. The overall stability analysis of the system is performed based on the formulation of control Lyapunov functions (CLFs). Finally, the performance of the designed controller is tested on three-phase grid-connected PV systems with single as well as multiple PV units under different environmental conditions and compared with an existing sliding mode controller. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive backstepping control scheme and demonstrate the superior performance over the sliding mode controller.     

基于LCL滤波器的光伏并网逆变器控制策略

在并网逆变器中引入LCL滤波器取代单个电感滤波器.并针对采用LCL滤波器对并网逆变器系统带来的不稳定性,分别对比了以并网电流作为反馈变量和逆变器侧电流作为反馈变量的电流内环控制方法,提出了基于桥臂输出电流闭环与电压外环的双环控制策略.由于以并网电流为反馈变量的控制系统为三阶系统,所提控制系统稳定性和鲁棒性较好.搭建了三...     

Experimental analysis of a solar PV/diesel hybrid system without storage: Focus on its dynamic behavior

Integration of solar photovoltaic systems with diesel generators for the electrification of remote and rural areas would assist in expanding the electricity access in the sub-Saharan Africa region. In fact, countries of this region are well endowed in solar resource: their mean daily solar radiation exceeds 5.5 kWh/m²/day. They are, therefore, good locations for PV systems. This paper deals with an experimental study of the dynamic behavior of a hybrid system prototype (based on “flexy-energy” concept) set up at Kamboinsé, located at 15 km far from Ouagadougou (12, 22° N and 1, 31° W) in Burkina Faso. The prototype is composed of a 2.85 kWp PV array, a 3.3 kW single phase inverter and a diesel generator rated at 9.2 kW. Two resistive load banks of about 4 kW each are used to simulate the load profiles. Experimental results show that the PV generation leads the distribution feeder to shift toward higher voltages. The voltage rise is exacerbated when the PV generation is at its highest and the demand at its lowest. Care should then be taken to ensure that for a hybrid PV/diesel system, the PV rated power connected to each phase of the diesel generator is as equal as possible. The present study also points out that “well designed” inverters generate very small voltage harmonics and current distortions, even when high PV penetration systems are considered.     

LCL滤波并网逆变器的控制策略

把LCL滤波器作为电压源型并网逆变器与电网的接口已受到广泛关注。与单电感L滤波器相比,利用电感值较小的LCL滤波器对入网电流的高次谐波具有显著的衰减效果,特别是在低开关频率的大功率并网逆变系统应用中更具明显优势,但是仅采用直接入网电流控制时,LCL滤波器接口的并网逆变器系统存在稳定性问题。该文采用电网侧电感电流和逆变侧电感电流双闭环控制策略对并网电流进行直接控制,电网侧电感电流作为外环更容易抑制并网电流的谐波因素,且可以直接控制入网电流的单位功率因数,采用逆变器侧电感电流作为内环可以增加系统阻尼,从而可抑制系统振荡,增加系统稳定性。对该方案进行系统建模,并深入分析了滤波器参数、控制器参数及系统稳定性之间的精确量化关系。仿真和实验结果表明,该控制策略既可有效抑制入网电流谐振和实现进网电流的高功率因数运行,同时又具有良好的稳态和动态性能。     

采用滑模变结构控制MPPT的三相光伏并网发电系统

光伏并网发电系统的传统外环控制通过最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)算法给出直流母排参考电压,利用PI调节器调节输出并网有功参考电流.鉴于滑模变结构控制的快速响应和强鲁棒性,提出了一种基于滑模变结构控制的直接电流MPPT算法.在建立系统稳态模型的基础上,由MPPT控制算法直接给定并网有功参考电流.电流内环为LCL滤波三相电压型...