基于最优潮流的无功定价方法探讨

电力市场环境下精确可行的无功服务定价是近年来研究的热点问题。将无功发电机会成本和无功补偿设备的投资加入到最优潮流的目标函数中,并考虑旋转备用的重要性,加入旋转备用约束条件,提出了新的基于最优潮流的无功功率实时定价模型。并对IEEE4-57节点系统进行了测试,所得的无功电价既能涵盖大部分的无功生产费用,又能提供足够的经济信息。     

计及发电机调节能力的电压稳定约束最优潮流

考虑了正常工况与重负荷工况下的系统静态安全运行约束,以及系统由正常工况转移到重负荷工况时的发电机调节能力约束,提出了一种计及电压稳定裕度的最优潮流模型。采用非线性原对偶内点法求解该模型,可以同时得到正常工况下的最优发电机出力分配,以及重负荷工况下的可行发电机出力分配。经IEEE14节点系统的仿真计算,验证了本文提出的模型与算法。     

原-对偶内点法最优潮流在电力系统中的应用

结合电力系统的特性，提出了一种基于稀疏技术的原－对偶内点法求解最优潮流问题，它在处理等式约束和变量型不等式约束时，能够同时处理函数型不等式约束，并且没有新的注入元注入系统。提出了一种新的迭代步长和中心方向的修改策略，同经典的牛顿法最优潮流比较表明，不需要预估有效约束集和进行试验迭代，易于编程实现。     

含离散变量的大规模电力系统无功优化

针对实际电力系统的数学模型包含离散变量和连续变量的特点,提出了一种精确求解电力系统无功优化的方法——内点分支定界法。通过把离散变量连续化,采用原始对偶内点法在可行域内进行全局寻优,结合广度优先遍历的分支定界法对离散变量进行归整处理等办法,找到了比传统无功优化更加合理的全局最优解。为了解决大规模系统计算耗时的问题,又提出了简化的分支定界法以加快求解速度。IEEE-118和IEEE-300系统的计算结果表明:所提出的算法对于求解大规模电力系统的无功优化问题是有效的。     

基于蚁群算法和内点法的无功优化混合策略

基于蚁群优化算法与内点法,提出了一种新颖的混合策略来求解电力系统无功优化问题：不考虑无功优化中的离散约束,采用内点法求解得到初始解;根据优化变量的不同性质将无功优化问题分解为离散优化和连续优化2个子问题,并采用蚁群优化算法和内点法交替求解,使两者的优化结果互为基础、相互利用,从而保证了混合策略的整体寻优效率。最后以IEEE 30和IEEE 118节点作为试验系统,与常规的离散优化算法做比较,验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

一种计算电力系统电压稳定临界点新模型

对有载调压变压器模型进行修正,在有载可调变压器模型中引入虚拟节点,并通过该节点的电压来表示理想变压器对功率、电压的转换关系,建立了有载调压变压器的二次型模型,由此在直角坐标系中提出了新型电压稳定临界点非线性规划模型。该模型的二阶导数是常数,其海森矩阵是精确的常系数矩阵,在预测校正原对偶内点法迭代过程中只需要计算一次,不需每次迭代都进行更新,从而缩短了每次迭代的计算时间。基于标准IEEE14、30、118、300和模拟1338节点系统(S-1338)的5个测试系统进行了仿真计算,算例结果表明:所提模型的迭代次数和计算结果与常规模型一致,但计算速度却有较大提高。     

离散粒子群与内点法结合的电力系统无功优化

基于离散粒子群优化算法与内点法,提出了一种新颖的混合策略来求解电力系统无功优化问题：不考虑无功优化中的离散约束,采用内点法求解得到初始解;根据优化变量的不同性质将无功优化问题分解为离散优化和连续优化2个子问题,并采用离散粒子群优化算法和内点法交替求解,使两者的优化结果互为基础、相互利用,从而保证了混合策略的整体寻优效率。以IEEE30和IEEE118节点作为试验系统,与常规的离散优化算法做比较,验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

基于电压稳定的区域电网无功能力评价

区域电网无功能力作为电力网络安全运行的一个重要指标,直接关系到电力系统的经济性、安全性和可靠性.但目前研究主要集中在无功优化等方面,缺乏一种直接评价电网无功能力的方法.因此,结合静态能量函数提出了区域电网无功能力评估的新方法.首先,在保证电压稳定的情况下,通过内点法求出稳定运行状态情况下各节点参数以及在极限情况下的系统崩溃点数据,然后运用静态能量函数的思想获得各个运行状态下的能量函数值,最后建立表征区域电网无功能力的指标.阐述了新方法的应用背景和实现原理,并对IEEE-30 标准测试系统进行仿真分析,仿真结果证实了该方法的准确性和有效性.     

Decomposition-coordination interior point method and its application to multi-area optimal reactive power flow

A decomposition-coordination interior point method (DIPM) is presented and applied to the multi-area optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) problem in this paper. In the method, the area distributed ORPF problem is first formed by introducing duplicated border variables. Then the nonlinear primal dual interior point method (IPM) is directly applied to the distributed ORPF problem in which a Newton system with border-matrix-blocks is formulated. Finally the overall ORPF problem is solved in decomposition iterations with the Newton system being decoupled. The proposed DIPM inherits the good performance of the traditional IPM with a feature appropriate for distributed calculations among multiple areas. It can be easily extended to other distributed optimization problems of power systems. Numeric results of five IEEE Test Systems are demonstrated and comparisons are made with those obtained using the traditional auxiliary problem principle (APP) method. The results show that the DIPM for the multi-area OPRF problem requires less iterations and CPU time, has better stability in convergence, and reaches better optimality compared to the traditional auxiliary problem principle method.     

A multiphase optimal power flow algorithm for unbalanced distribution systems

This paper describes a new methodology for the optimization of an n-conductor electrical system, in which the phase imbalances, different types of loads, neutral cables, groundings and other inherent characteristics of distribution systems are taken into account. In addition, the methodology is useful for the detailed analysis required for smart grids. A formulation for the optimal power flow of an n-conductor system was developed using a primal–dual interior point method and the n-conductor current injection method in rectangular coordinates. Distribution and transmission systems were analyzed to verify the generality and efficiency of the proposed methodology.     

基于电压稳定的区域电网无功能力评价

区域电网无功能力作为电力网络安全运行的一个重要指标,直接关系到电力系统的经济性、安全性和可靠性。但目前研究主要集中在无功优化等方面,缺乏一种直接评价电网无功能力的方法。因此,结合静态能量函数提出了区域电网无功能力评估的新方法。首先,在保证电压稳定的情况下,通过内点法求出稳定运行状态情况下各节点参数以及在极限情况下的系统崩溃点数据,然后运用静态能量函数的思想获得各个运行状态下的能量函数值,最后建立表征区域电网无功能力的指标。阐述了新方法的应用背景和实现原理,并对IEEE-30 标准测试系统进行仿真分析,仿真结果证实了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

基于Filter集合的内点最优潮流新算法

基于Filter集合的内点算法(FIPM),提出了一种最优潮流新算法(FIPOPF),该算法可针对最优潮流问题的实际情况对可行方向进行自适应校正,即在不可行情况下通过求解仅含"硬约束"的优化问题进行可行方向调整,从而可使系统在无可行解时收敛至一个对系统"软约束"违反最小的稳定点.对五个IEEE标准算例和两个实际系统的分析和试算均表明,所提出的算法具有很好的收敛性,运算速度较快,满足在线最优潮流计算的时间要求.     

含广义统一潮流控制器(GUPFC)的最优潮流模型和算法研究

广义统一潮流控制器(GUPFC)作为比统一潮流控制器(UPFC)控制能力更强大的FACTS装置，其对最优潮流(Optimal Power Flow)的影响需要深入地研究。根据GUPFC的控制原理，基于功率注入法建立了含GUPFC的OPF数学模型，并采用基于信赖域内点法的最优潮流算法予以求解。该算法采用多步中心校正原一对偶内点法连续求解线性规划子问题，通过信赖域决定线性化步长的选取。对IEEE30和118节点系统作了数值计算，结果表明，GUPFC不仅可控制节点电压而且可控制多条线路潮流，显示出强大的控制能力，同时也说明了含GUPFC的OPF数学模型和算法的可行性和有效性。     

The flexibility of interior point based optimal power flow algorithms facing critical network situations

The analysis of problems associated with the optimization of the resources available in production and transmission electric networks needs calculation instruments that can identify the critical situations for which no feasible working point exists and indicate the countermeasures necessary to restore service security and quality. This paper describes the extensions of the basic optimal power flow model for the analysis of problems concerning the installations of reactive power shunt compensators and the optimization of load shedding. The procedures, tested on several real networks having various characteristics and sizes (up to 1500 nodes), proved to be more accurate than the traditional de-coupled programs of optimal power flow. The utilization of the procedures does not require a preliminary study of the network, as, differently from traditional methods, it is not necessary to provide a starting working point.     

An optimal power flow based on safety barrier interior point method

This paper presents a method for nonlinear systems optimization based on a modified barrier function by the introduction of a safety barrier parameter into the Interior Point Method (IPM). The new parameter eliminates the existing problems of the variables proximity to the frontier improving the numerical solution process. This feature reduces the number of iterations and improves the quality of the solution even for systems having high number of active constraints and variables on the frontier of the feasible region. A tutorial three bus test system is presented to illustrate the potentialities of the Safety Barrier Interior Point Method (SFTB-IPM) method. Comparisons were also made with existing methods in the literature using the IEEE 118 and IEEE 300 buses test system to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

电压稳定约束的最优潮流研究

针对电力系统将运行在更加接近电压稳定临界点的情况,建立了一种包含电压稳定约束的最优潮流(OPF)数学模型,在常规OPF模型基础上增加了一组电压稳定裕度约束作为不等式约束。引入能正确反映系统当前电压稳定程度的L指标函数作为电压稳定约束,通过调整该约束的上限值,可以获得系统所要求的电压稳定裕度。利用基于扰动KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件的原始-对偶内点算法对问题进行求解。多个IEEE测试系统上的仿真结果表明,该模型能较好地兼顾系统对电压安全性与经济性的要求;在电压稳定约束起作用时,发电总费用会随着系统对电压稳定要求的提高而增大;L指标约束的加入对系统的调节能力有一定影响;所用算法收敛性好、鲁棒性强,能有效地处理大量等式和不等式约束。     

Optimal reactive power flow via the modified barrier Lagrangian function approach

A new approach called the Modified Barrier Lagrangian Function (MBLF) to solve the Optimal Reactive Power Flow problem is presented. In this approach, the inequality constraints are treated by the Modified Barrier Function (MBF) method, which has a finite convergence property; i.e. the optimal solution in the MBF method can actually be in the bound of the feasible set. Hence, the inequality constraints can be precisely equal to zero. Another property of the MBF method is that the barrier parameter does not need to be driven to zero to attain the solution. Therefore, the conditioning of the involved Hessian matrix is greatly enhanced. In order to show this, a comparative analysis of the numeric conditioning of the Hessian matrix of the MBLF approach, by the decomposition in singular values, is carried out. The feasibility of the proposed approach is also demonstrated with comparative tests to Interior Point Method (IPM) using various IEEE test systems and two networks derived from Brazilian generation/transmission system. The results show that the MBLF method is computationally more attractive than the IPM in terms of speed, number of iterations and numerical conditioning.     

基于内点法和改进粒子群算法的无功优化混合策略

基于内点法与粒子群算法,提出了一种混合策略来求解电力系统无功优化问题。根据优化变量的不同性质将无功优化问题分解为离散优化和连续优化两个子问题,采用改进的粒子群优化算法和内点法交替求解,使两者的优化结果互为基础,提高了混合策略的整体寻优效率;根据粒子运动趋势及目标函数中网损与节点电压无功的相关性,对基本粒子群算法进行改进,自适应调整惯性权重和罚因子;以IEEE30节点系统和某实际地区电网作为试验系统,验证了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

Adjusted optimal power flow solutions via parameterized formulation

This work proposes a parameterized formulation of the optimal power flow (OPF) problem, which is aimed at preventing the divergence of the OPF iterative process. A parameter, whose function is to adjust the power demand and/or operational limits in case of absence of feasible solutions, is added to the objective function of the original optimization problem. This modified problem is solved through the nonlinear version of the predictor–corrector interior point method. Besides indicating the potential reasons for non-convergence of the iterative process, the proposed methodology also provides the possible actions that could be taken to determine an operational solution. Numerical results obtained with test systems of different sizes illustrate the application of the proposed strategy.     

基于预测-校正原对偶内点法的无功优化新模型

在有载可调变压器模型中引入虚拟节点，并通过该节点的电压来表示理想变压器对功率、电压的转换关系，由此在直角坐标系中建立了无功优化问题的二阶新模型。该新模型的海森矩阵是精确的常系数矩阵，在内点法迭代过程中只需要计算一次，从而缩短了每次迭代的计算时间。利用AMD算法对内点法修正方程的系数矩阵进行节点优化编号，减少了其LU分解所产生的注入元。通过存储海森矩阵的非零元素值、其行、列号及对应的拉格朗日乘子编号，提出了一种新的非零元素存储方式，极大地减少了海森矩阵与乘子线性组合的计算量。基于节点数从14到1338的7个测试系统进行了仿真计算，结果验证了所建模型与方法的正确性与有效性。这种建立模型的思想还可以应用到需要计算海森矩阵的动态无功优化、最优潮流以及状态估计等问题的算法中，以提高其计算速度。