不平衡电网电压下基于串联网侧变换器的DFIG控制策略

电网电压不平衡会导致双馈感应发电机组(DFIG)定、转子电流出现较大不平衡,使发电机功率和电磁转矩发生振荡,从而恶化机组运行状况.分析了串联网侧变换器抑制不平衡电网电压对DFIG系统影响的机理,利用并联网侧变换器的控制及静止坐标系下的比例谐振控制器,提出了基于串联网侧变换器的DFIG在不平衡电网电压条件下的控制策略;在实现DFIG电磁转矩、直流母线电压及系统总输出有功功率无2倍频波动的同时,使DFIG定、转子三相电流平衡.所述方法具有不改变转子侧变换器的控制策略、无需求解复杂高阶矩阵的特点.对一台基于串联网侧变换器的2 MW DFIG系统进行了仿真,验证了所提出控制策略的正确性和有效性.     

An Enhanced LVRT Scheme for DFIG-based WECSs under Both Balanced and Unbalanced Grid Voltage Sags

Due to the latest grid codes, wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are required to remain connected to grid under grid voltage sags and supply reactive power into the grid. So, this paper proposes an enhanced scheme to improve low-voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WECSs under both balanced and unbalanced grid voltage sags. The proposed scheme is composed of active and passive LVRT compensators. The active compensator is performed by controlling the rotor- and grid-side converters of the DFIG to decrease the stator flux oscillations and inject reactive power into the grid. The passive compensator is based on a three-phase stator damping resistor (SDR) located in series with the stator windings. The proposed scheme decreases the negative effects of grid voltage sags in the DFIG system including the rotor over-currents, electromagnetic torque oscillations, and DC-link over-voltage and also injects reactive power into grid to support the grid voltage. So, the LVRT capability of DFIG is enhanced and new grid code requirements are addressed. Simulation results on a 1.5-MW DFIG-based WECS using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LVRT scheme under both balanced and unbalanced grid voltage sags.     

Modeling and enhanced control of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage conditions

This paper presents a mathematical model of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based on stator voltage orientation (SVO) in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The oscillations of the DFIG electromagnetic torque and the stator active and reactive powers are fully described during grid voltage unbalance. A new rotor current controller implemented in the positive synchronous reference frame is proposed. The controller consists of a proportional integral (PI) regulator and a harmonic resonant (R) compensator tuned at twice the grid frequency. Thus, the positive and negative sequence components of DFIG rotor currents are directly regulated by the PI + R controller without the need of involving positive and negative sequence decomposition, which indeed improves the dynamic performance of DFIG-based wind power generation system during small steady-state and relatively larger transient network unbalances. The theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the proposed unbalanced control scheme are validated by simulation studies on a 1.5-MW wind-turbine driven DFIG system. Compared with conventional single PI current control design, the proposed control scheme results in significant elimination of either DFIG power or torque oscillation under unbalanced grid voltage conditions.     

适用于电网不对称故障的双馈风力发电机虚拟同步控制策略

双馈感应发电机(DFIG)虚拟同步控制策略可使DFIG为电网提供频率与电压支撑,改善其并网特性。现有虚拟同步控制策略的主要目标是模拟同步发电机机电动态特性,未深入探讨电磁暂态过程中如何对DFIG进行控制。分析了电网发生不对称故障时,基于虚拟同步控制的DFIG的故障特性;得出了现有虚拟同步控制策略难以抑制DFIG故障电流与电磁转矩振荡的结论。在此基础上,提出了一种适用于电网不对称故障的DFIG电压补偿虚拟同步控制策略,该策略通过补偿转子电压的故障分量来改善DFIG转子电压的响应速度,抵消或削弱转子反电势故障分量的影响。仿真对比了现有虚拟同步控制策略与所提出策略的控制效果,验证了所提策略能够显著降低DFIG转子故障电流,抑制电磁转矩的暂态冲击与持续振荡,有效提高DFIG不对称故障穿越能力。     

双馈风力发电机虚拟同步控制策略研究

双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)可通过虚拟同步控制方法为电网提供电压及频率支撑,优化机组并网特性。传统的虚拟同步控制技术以模拟同步发电机机电动态特性为主要目标,未对电磁暂态的DFIG控制进行深入分析。当电网发生不对称故障时,分析虚拟同步控制DFIG的故障特性,发现传统控制方法无法抑制电磁转矩振荡与DFIG故障电流。因此,基于电网不对称故障,本文提出DFIG电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法,通过对转子电压故障分量进行补偿,提高DFIG转子电压响应速度,减少其反电动势故障分量。通过对传统及电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法控制效果的仿真对比可知,电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法可对电磁转矩的持续振荡及暂态冲击进行有效抑制,明显降低了DFIG转子的故障电流,提高了DFIG不对称故障穿越能力。     

电网谐波条件下双馈感应风力发电机的建模与控制

从电网谐波条件下双馈感应发电机(DFIG)转子侧变流器的控制入手,通过严格的理论推导,构建了正转同步速(dq)+参考坐标系、反转5倍速(dq)5-和正转7倍速(dq)7+参考坐标系下基于定子磁链定向的DFIG数学模型.通过重新定义这种运行条件下的定子有功、无功功率及电磁转矩,分析和解释了它们产生波动的原因;进而提出4个可供选择的控制目标,给出相应的转子基波和谐波电流指令算法,设计了正转(dq)+坐标系下由单比例-积分(PI)调节器和谐振频率为6倍电网频率的单谐振(R)调节器构成的新型PI-R电流控制器,避免了复杂的相序分离处理和相应的时延影响,实现了对转子电流5次、7次谐波分量的动态抑制.对1台2 MW商用DFIG风力发电机组的仿真研究表明,所述控制方法能显著消除电网谐波条件下DFIG运行时瞬时功率的波动和转矩的脉动,验证了所提出的DFIG数学模型的正确性和改进控制方案的有效性.     

Operation and control of a grid-connected DFIG-based wind turbine with series grid-side converter during network unbalance

This paper proposes a control scheme of a grid-connected doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine with series grid-side converter (SGSC) to improve the control and operation performance of DFIG system during network unbalance. The behaviors of DFIG system with SGSC under unbalanced grid voltage conditions are described. The SGSC is controlled to inject voltage in series to balance the stator voltage. Therefore, the adverse effects of voltage unbalance upon the DFIG such as large stator and rotor current unbalances, electromagnetic torque and power pulsations are removed and the conventional vector control strategy for the rotor-side converter (RSC) remains in full force under unbalanced conditions. Meanwhile, three selective control targets for the parallel grid-side converter (PGSC), such as eliminating the oscillations in total active or reactive power, or no negative-sequence current injected to the grid are identified and compared. Besides, the proportional resonant controllers in the stationary reference frame are designed for both the SGSC and PGSC to further improve the dynamic performance of the whole system. Finally, the ratings and losses of the SGSC and the injected transformer are discussed and the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by the simulation results of a 2 MW DFIG-based wind turbine with SGSC under steady state and small transient grid voltage unbalance.     

电网对称故障下双馈风力发电机的虚拟同步控制策略

将虚拟同步控制策略运用于双馈感应发电机(DFIG)变频器控制,可使DFIG为电网提供有惯量的频率与电压支撑。但现有虚拟同步控制策略主要关注DFIG对同步发电机机电动态特性的模拟,未考虑DFIG的电磁暂态过程。分析了基于虚拟同步控制的DFIG在电网对称故障下的电磁暂态特性,指出了现有虚拟同步控制策略存在的两大缺陷:无法完全模拟同步电机故障暂态下的电磁关系,且无法抑制转子过电流。提出了一种适用于电网对称故障的DFIG暂态电压补偿虚拟同步控制策略,即通过补偿转子控制电压的暂态分量来抵消或削弱转子暂态反电势对转子过电流的影响。通过仿真对比了现有虚拟同步控制策略与所提策略对DFIG的控制效果,证明了所提虚拟同步控制策略不仅具备更好的惯性支撑能力,同时可显著抑制DFIG转子过电流与电磁转矩暂态冲击,并对系统进行无功支撑,有效提高了DFIG不间断运行能力与电网故障恢复能力。     

Low voltage ride-through enhancement of DFIG-based wind turbine using DC link switchable resistive type fault current limiter

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines utilise small-scale voltage sourced converters with a limited overcurrent withstand capability, which makes the DFIG-based wind turbines very vulnerable to grid faults. Often, modern DFIG systems employ a crowbar protection at the rotor circuit to protect the rotor side converter (RSC) during grid faults. This method converts the DFIG to a squirrel cage induction generator, which does not comply with the new grid codes. The recent grid codes need wind turbines to stay connected to the utility grid during and after power system faults, especially in high penetration level of wind power. Furthermore, the crowbar switch is expensive. This paper proposes a novel DC-link switchable resistive-type fault current limiter (SRFCL) to improve the LVRT capability of the DFIG. The proposed SRFCL is employed in the DC side of the RSC. The SRFCL solves crowbar protection activation problems and eliminates subsequent complications in the DFIG system. The proposed SRFCL does not have any significant impact on the overall performance of the DFIG during normal operation. Whenever the fault, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, occurs, the SRFCL not only limits rotor over-currents but also prevents rotor speed acceleration and restricts high torque oscillations even during zero grid voltage, as recommended by some grid codes. To prove the effective operation of the SRFCL on the RSC fault current limitation, analytical analysis is performed in each switching interval. The proposed approach is compared with the crowbar-based protection method. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC software. In addition, a prototype is provided to demonstrate the main concept of the proposed approach.     

基于预测虚拟转矩控制的DFIG并网逆变方法

针对双馈风力发电机组(DFIG)高性能并网控制问题,提出一种DFIG并网逆变系统预测虚拟转矩控制方法。虚拟转矩的概念衍生于直接转矩控制中的电磁转矩,是由DFIG的转子磁链和电网虚拟磁链合成产生的。在建立DFIG并网逆变系统数学模型的基础上,分析了不同扇区中电压矢量对系统虚拟转矩、转子磁链的影响趋势,选取一个包含两个有效电压矢量和一个零电压矢量的三矢量序列,并给出功率无差拍跟踪时的矢量作用时间求取方法。最后,基于55 kW双馈风力发电实验样机对所提预测虚拟转矩方法进行性能验证。实验结果表明,该方法可实现DFIG系统平滑、无冲击并网,保证了并网接入点的动、稳态电能品质。     

不平衡电网下双馈感应发电机的虚拟同步机控制优化策略

由于虚拟同步机(VSG)控制技术的控制带宽有限,因此当电网电压不平衡时,VSG控制无法有效控制电网负序电压引起的功率二倍频波动分量。当电压长时间不平衡时将会引起双馈感应发电机(DFIG)定、转子电流畸变,功率及转矩振荡等问题,严重影响系统输出的电能质量及系统运行性能。针对此问题,文中提出一种采用二阶广义积分器对DFIG电磁转矩及无功功率二倍频脉动进行定量控制的方法,使DFIG的VSG控制系统在不平衡电网条件下可以实现3种控制目标,即定子电流正弦且平衡、定子电流正弦且有功功率恒定和定子电流正弦且无功功率及电磁转矩同时恒定。同时,可根据电网实时要求对各控制目标进行灵活切换,提高了DFIG的VSG控制系统的控制性能。最后,所提方法的有效性通过仿真结果得到了验证。     

基于双馈风电场低电压穿越的高温超导故障限流器建模及其参数优化

针对电网故障下的双馈风力发电机组(Doubly-Fed Induction Generations, DFIG)的低电压穿越问题,提出装设电阻型高温超导故障限流器(High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current limiter, HTS-FCL)的低电压穿越保护策略。基于HTS-FCL的电特性与温度特性,采用热电类比法建立了详细的HTS-FCL仿真模型。基于DFIG的暂态模型,推导了电网故障下的DFIG暂态响应,分析了HTS-FCL保护投入后其参数对DFIG暂态响应的影响,采用模糊优化与粒子群算法相结合的方法优化了HTS-FCL的主要参数。仿真结果表明,HTS-FCL参数优化结果有较好的适用性,所提策略能够实现电网严重故障下的DFIG低电压穿越。     

用于DFIG风电场接入电网的固态变压器控制策略

固态变压器(SST)作为解决DFIG风电场接入电网所存在问题的一种新的接入方式,得到了越来越多的关注。通过对电网故障情况下DFIG定、转子电压、电流过渡过程机理的分析,提出了通过控制SST风场侧换流器电压的下降和故障切除时电压上升的斜率,来抑制电网故障过程中因电网电压突变而使双馈发电机的电压、电流以及转矩产生的冲击。分析了通过SST控制风场侧电压下降斜率与能量传递、SST直流链等效电容容值的关系,同时也分析了电网故障过程中,风场侧电压与电网电压跌落的关系。最后建立了双馈风力发电机、SST及其控制系统的模型,并针对电网三相短路故障进行了仿真计算,进一步验证了所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。     

不同电网故障情况下DFIG运行特性比较

现代风力发电的发展,对风电生产提出了新的需求,即在电网电压跌落处于一定范围内时风力发电机装置必须保持和电网相连,其中双馈式风力发电机(DFIG)的电压跌落渡过能力是目前风电研究的一个热点。为确保DFIG的低压过渡能力,通过仿真1.5 MW的双馈风力发电机,研究了对称电网电压跌落时,DFIG的定转子的电压电流、电磁转矩、转速、直流侧电压、有功、无功等量的动态响应情况;比较了不同电网电压跌落情况下,各动态响应的剧烈程度;分析了响应产生的原因并介绍了几种可行的双馈风力发电机电压跌落渡过策略。仿真结果说明DFIG在电网电压跌落对称故障下的动态响应由电网电压跌落的程度及系统控制结构决定。     

双馈风电机组在不对称电网故障下的稳定性控制研究

为避免电网电压不对称跌落导致双馈风电机组(DFIG)脱网运行,分析了电网不对称故障时双馈风力发电机组直流母线电压波动机理,直流侧过电压这一现象主要由定子侧直流分量和电网电压负序分量引起.通过参考系坐标变换导出在正负序坐标系中双馈感应发电机的电压和电流方程,建立了正、负序坐标系下DFIG数学模型,利用机、网变流器协调控制...     

应对电网电压骤降的双馈感应风力发电机Crowbar控制策略

双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)具有有功、无功功率独立调节的能力及励磁变频器所需容量小等优点,在风力发电系统中得到了广泛应用,但由于励磁变频器的容量较小,使其在电网故障下的控制能力受到限制。为保护励磁变频器,需要采用Crowbar装置在电压骤降时为转子浪涌电流提供通路,并限制转子电流增大。文章提出了一种Crowbar控制策略,能有效抑制转子过电流、直流母线过电压以及电磁转矩的振荡,并可向电网注入无功电流以帮助电网电压的恢复。仿真结果验证了这种控制方式能使DFIG在大幅电压骤降故障下实现不间断运行,有效提高了DFIG风电机组运行的可靠性。     

A novel control scheme for DFIG-based wind energy systems under unbalanced grid conditions

This paper presents an analysis and a novel control scheme for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy generation under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The control objectives are: (i) to limit the rotor currents, (ii) to suppress ripples in the torque and (iii) to suppress the dc-link voltage fluctuation through converter controls. Negative sequence compensation techniques by one of the converters, namely, the rotor side converter (RSC) or the grid side converter (GSC) in a DFIG are discussed and their limitations are presented. A coordinated control scheme with a concise structure compared to the conventional dual sequence control structure is proposed in this paper. The RSC is controlled to suppress ripples in the torque and the rotor currents while the GSC is controlled to suppress ripples in the dc-link voltage by considering the rotor power effect. The major contributions of the paper include: (i) the presentation of the limitation of negative sequence compensation using one converter; (ii) development of a concise coordination control scheme which is free of low pass filters and uses a reduced number of reference frame transformation. Matlab/Simulink tests for a 2MW DFIG demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme.     

A flexible power control strategy for rotor-side converter of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage sags

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely applied in variable-speed wind energy conversion system. The disconnection of a substantial amount of DFIG may arouse the instability problem of power system, thus wind power generators have to remain connected during short-time grid faults. As a result, the voltage sag will lead to overcurrent and overvoltage in the rotor winding of a DFIG, moreover the unbalanced voltage sags will also cause serious fluctuations in its electromagnetic torque and output power. This paper studies the relationship of the stator instantaneous powers with the three-phase stator voltage and rotor current of a DFIG under unbalanced grid voltages. A generalized formula of current reference for the rotor-side converter of DFIG is constructed by introducing continuous adjustment coefficients. Meanwhile, the analytical equations of rotor peak current, stator active and reactive power fluctuations are derived to characterize the operating performance of DFIG. The impacts of adjustment coefficients on DFIG control performance and the feasible region of coefficients restrained by the rotor current constraint are discussed. In consideration of the rotor current limit, the flexible power control strategy for DFIG in unity power factor mode (UPFM) and reactive power supporting mode (RPSM) is presented. The correctness of proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment tests of single-DFIG and multi-DFIG systems.     

双馈电机电压跌落暂态过程分析

为了便于研究并网双馈风力发电机组低电压穿越运行的控制策略,有必要对电压跌落时双馈风电机组的暂态特性进行分析.本文利用双馈发电机定转子磁链的暂态变化机理,推导并提出了双馈风电机组在电网电压骤降时的定子暂态电流和电磁转矩的解析表达式.在此基础上,通过对表达式的分析得到影响电压跌落电磁过渡过程的本质因素.在理论分析基础上,为了验证所提电磁过渡过程的正确性,建立了1.5MW双馈电机低电压穿越控制模型,仿真结果表明:电网电压跌落时,双馈电机定子侧电流和电磁转矩与理论分析基本一致,因而可以说明本文电压跌落的分析方法能够正确地反映电压跌落过程中的电磁现象,可以为双馈电机LVRT控制策略的研究提供足够的理论依据     

电网电压不平衡下采用串联网侧变换器的双馈感应风电系统改进控制

为进一步提高电网电压不平衡下采用串联网侧变换器的双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)风电系统的运行性能,研究了适用于该系统的改进运行控制策略。提出电网电压不平衡下采用串联网侧变换器的DFIG系统的3种可选运行方案,以此为基础提出串联网侧变换器与并联网侧变换器的协调控制策略,并建立了在双同步dq旋转坐标轴系下两者的控制模型。所提系统协调控制方案无需改变电网电压不平衡下转子侧变换器的控制策略,在实现发电机输出功率无二倍频波动、电磁转矩无二倍频波动以及定、转子三相电流平衡的同时,可实现电网电压不平衡下整个系统或总输出有功功率无二倍频波动(同时可实现直流链电压无二倍频波动)或总输出无功功率无二倍频波动或整个系统无负序电流注入电网的不同运行功能,进一步增强了不平衡电压下DFIG风电系统的运行能力。对一台采用串联网侧变换器的DFIG风电模拟系统在不平衡电压条件下的运行进行了相关实验,实验结果验证了该文所提改进控制策略的可行性。