基于广域测量系统的状态估计研究综述

广域测量系统（WAMS）的逐步发展给电力系统在线分析方法提供了一个新思路。针对WAMS测量精度高、具有同步相量测量功能以及数据传输快等特点，分别从引入高精度节点电压相量量测的状态估计算法、引入高精度支路电流相量量测的算法、引入全部WAMS量测的算法以及其他与WAMS状态估计相关的问题等4个方面，介绍了目前引入WAMS量测的各种状态估计算法；并详细分析了各种算法的优缺点和适用范围，从工程应用出发研究其可行性，对部分算法给出了改进措施。讨论了WAMS的不良数据检测与辨识问题、相量测量装置（PMU）的最优配置问题以及基于PMU的动态状态估计和谐波状态估计等与WAMS状态估计相关的其他问题。     

Evaluation and measurement of magnetic field exposure over human body near EHV transmission lines

Power frequency (50/60 Hz) magnetic field exposure still draws the attention of many researchers worldwide to investigate its harmful effects on living bodies. In light of this attention, as the population increases, the overlap between the power transmission lines and the settlement areas causes a problem (as in the case of exposure in random, residential, commercial and other areas, which lie very near or under the power transmission lines). In this paper, the power frequency magnetic fields, over a human body, at different positions, near extra high voltage (EHV) transmission lines are demonstrated, both analytically and practically. For the analytical part, the human body is approximately simulated as a parallelepiped. Two different positions for a human are selected near 500 and 220 kV power transmission lines. The magnetic field intensity along the vertical center line of the human is calculated. The effects of two different line configurations (for 220 and 500 kV power systems) and human positions, with respect to the transmission line, are considered. The paper also presents the actual practical magnetic field values measured near actual power transmission lines (220 and 500 kV) using a magnetic field measuring instrument. These transmission lines represent parts of the transmission network of the Egyptian united power system, near Cairo and El-Asher of Ramadan, under the actual loads. The results obtained, from the analytical studies and practical measurements, are compared with the international standards of the magnetic field exposures.     

Measurement of the parameters and the resonance frequency in semiconductor controlled Tesla transformer

This paper presents the equivalent circuit and the parameters of a Tesla transformer. The resonance frequency to generate a high test voltage in the air-cored transformer is determined.An experimental Tesla transformer system is designed by using a few simple tools such as a Tesla coil, function generator and ultra-fast semiconductor switch. By using high frequency DC chopper, a resonance voltage induced between the primary and secondary coils. Result is a power supply that generates test voltages in the level of 200.000–250.000 V. The paper presents the input/output relations of the Tesla transformer and properties of semiconductor controlled driver system.     

广域阻尼控制延迟特性分析及其多项式拟合补偿

基于广域测量系统(WAMS)的互联电网区间阻尼控制能够有效抑制区间低频振荡,提高互联系统的传输容量.采用远方反馈信号的广域阻尼控制系统需要解决的工程问题之一是研究数据传输过程中引入的延迟对控制性能的影响及其补偿方法.文中根据我国部分WAMS工程的通信延迟实测数据分析了WAMS延迟的特点,并针对广域阻尼控制设计了基于多项式拟合的预测方法补偿滞后的远方反馈信号.以一个典型的2区域4机系统为例研究了不同延迟条件对阻尼控制的影响和补偿效果.仿真表明:所提出的延迟补偿方法能够在一定延迟范围内有效地维持采用远方反馈信号的广域阻尼控制效果,为其工程应用奠定了基础.     

Grid capacity and efficiency enhancement by operating medium voltage AC cables as DC links with modular multilevel converters

It is anticipated that with the thrust towards use of clean energy resources such as electric vehicles, future distribution grids will face a steep increase in power demand, forcing the utility operators to invest in enhancing the power delivering capacity of the grid infrastructure. It is identified that the critical 5–20 km medium voltage (MV) underground ac distribution cable link, responsible for bulk power delivery to the inner urban city substation, can benefit the most with capacity and efficiency enhancement, if the existing infrastructure is reused and operated under dc. Quantification of the same is offered in this paper by incorporating all influencing factors like voltage regulation, dc voltage rating enhancement, capacitive leakage currents, skin and magnetic proximity effect, thermal proximity effect and load power factor. Results are presented for three different ac and dc system topologies for varying cable lengths and conductor cross-sections. The computed system efficiency is enhanced with use of modular multilevel converters that have lower losses due to lower switching frequency. A justified expectation of 50–60% capacity gains is proved along with a generalized insight on its variations that can be extrapolated for different network parameters and configurations. Conditions for achieving payback time of 5 years or lower due to energy savings are identified, while the socio-economic benefits of avoiding digging and installing new cable infrastructure are highlighted. The technical implications of refurbishing cables designed for ac to operate under dc conditions is discussed in terms of imposed electric fields, thermal profile and lifetime. A novel opportunity of temperature dependent dynamic dc voltage rating to achieve additional capacity and efficiency gains is presented.     

广域测量技术在电力系统分析及控制中的应用综述

综述了广域测量系统(wide-Area Measurement System,WAMS)在电力系统稳态分析、全网动态过程记录和事后分析、电力系统动态模型辨识和模型校正、暂态稳定预测及控制、电压和频率稳定监视及控制、低频振荡分析及抑制、全局反馈控制、故障定位及线路参数测量等方面的应用.通过这些应用可以看到,WAMS给电力系统分析与控制提供了新的视角和解决方法,值得深入研究.     

考虑时滞影响的电力系统稳定分析和广域控制研究进展

计算机技术、网络技术和通信技术的快速发展及其在电力系统中的广泛应用,使得电力系统的监测、分析和控制方式向着广域化、网络化和智能化方向发展。在此发展过程中,一个不容忽视的问题就是信号传输和处理过程中时滞的影响。文中首先对广域测量系统的时滞特性进行了分析,接着对国内外考虑时滞影响的电力系统建模、稳定分析和广域控制3个方面的最新研究成果进行了综述,指出常规电力系统稳定分析方法与考虑时滞的状态估计方法相结合具有工程实践价值,并认为在电力系统时滞特性的定量分析、信息和电力网络综合建模、考虑时滞的状态估计以及基于时滞电力系统动力模型的稳定控制方面仍需进一步深入研究。最后展望了时滞电力系统稳定分析和广域控制可能的研究方向。     

基于广域测量系统的电力系统低频振荡分析及抑制综述

随着电力工业的迅猛发展,电力系统的规模越来越大,在获得更高的可靠性和经济性的同时,大型互联电力系统的低频振荡严重危及了系统的安全运行。而基于全球定位系统(GPS)的广域测量系统(WAMS)的发展和应用为在线分析区间低频振荡模式乃至控制提供了新契机。简要介绍了电力系统广域测量系统的特点,低频振荡的产生机理以及基于WAMS的低频振荡在线分析和抑制方法,并指出了未来的研究发展方向,构建基于WAMS技术的大规模互联电力系统的广域安全监测及控制系统将是很有意义的研究方向。     

WAMS在电力系统分析和控制中应用的新进展

基于PMU/APMU的广域测量系统WAMS的出现,主要源自电力系统安全稳定控制对于量测量在时间上同步以及监控范围在空间上广域的需求。为提高电网安全稳定监控水平,利用综合法、分析法归纳和分析了暂态稳定预测及控制、静态电压稳定控制和基于轨迹的暂态稳定分析方法的最新进展。研究表明,采用相对功角或角速度判别系统的暂态功角稳定性并实施控制策略,能很好反应系统电力系统本质及运行情况。     

Performance of printable supercapacitors in an RF energy harvesting circuit

We report the fabrication of a supercapacitor on a plastic substrate with mass-production-compatible methods and its characterisation using galvanostatic and voltammetric methods. The supercapacitor is prepared in ambient conditions using activated carbon and an aqueous, non-acidic electrolyte. The obtained capacitances are 0.45 F and 0.21 F for device sizes of 4 cm² and 2 cm², respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate the utilisation of the supercapacitor in an autonomous energy harvesting and storage system. The RF energy harvester comprises a printed loop antenna and a half-wave organic diode rectifier operating at 13.56 MHz frequency. The harvested energy is stored in two supercapacitors connected in series to increase the maximum operating voltage. In order to power a device such as a sensor or a small indicator display, voltage regulation is needed. A voltage regulator, implemented as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), was designed for this purpose, and fabricated commercially. We demonstrate the ability of the harvester storage unit to power the regulator for hours with a constant regulator output voltage and power. The effect of supercapacitor charging time on the actual supercapacitor charging state is also discussed, as a slower charging rate is found to have a significant effect on the output of the supercapacitor.     

Experimental analysis of a solar PV/diesel hybrid system without storage: Focus on its dynamic behavior

Integration of solar photovoltaic systems with diesel generators for the electrification of remote and rural areas would assist in expanding the electricity access in the sub-Saharan Africa region. In fact, countries of this region are well endowed in solar resource: their mean daily solar radiation exceeds 5.5 kWh/m²/day. They are, therefore, good locations for PV systems. This paper deals with an experimental study of the dynamic behavior of a hybrid system prototype (based on “flexy-energy” concept) set up at Kamboinsé, located at 15 km far from Ouagadougou (12, 22° N and 1, 31° W) in Burkina Faso. The prototype is composed of a 2.85 kWp PV array, a 3.3 kW single phase inverter and a diesel generator rated at 9.2 kW. Two resistive load banks of about 4 kW each are used to simulate the load profiles. Experimental results show that the PV generation leads the distribution feeder to shift toward higher voltages. The voltage rise is exacerbated when the PV generation is at its highest and the demand at its lowest. Care should then be taken to ensure that for a hybrid PV/diesel system, the PV rated power connected to each phase of the diesel generator is as equal as possible. The present study also points out that “well designed” inverters generate very small voltage harmonics and current distortions, even when high PV penetration systems are considered.     

A performance comparison of a nonlinear and a linear control for grid connected PMSG wind energy conversion system

With the increased penetration of wind energy on modern power systems all over the world, the Wind Farm Systems (WFS) are today required to participate actively in electric network operation by an appropriate generation control strategy. This paper presents a comparative study of two control strategies for wind farm based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and interconnected to the distribution network. The 4 MW wind farm consists of 2 PMSGs based on 2 MW generators connected to a common DC-bus system. Each PMSG of the WFS is connected to the DC-bus through a rectifier, but the DC-bus is connected to the grid through only one inverter system. The proposed control laws are based on a sliding mode algorithm and classical Proportional Integral (PI) controllers to regulate both generator and grid-side converters. The control strategy combines a pitch control scheme and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to maximize the total generated power of WFS. Furthermore, the aim of the control strategy is to maximize the extracted power with the lowest possible impact in the power network voltage and frequency for fault conditions as well as for normal working conditions. Finally, simulation results with Matlab/Simulink environment confirm that the proposed strategy has excellent performance.     

采用时滞广域测量信号的区间低频振荡阻尼控制器设计

针对电力系统区间低频振荡问题,基于广域测量系统和柔性交流输电系统技术,提出了一种采用时滞广域测量信号的电力系统阻尼控制器设计方法。该方法结合时滞依赖状态反馈鲁棒控制和状态观测理论,实现了广域电力系统的时滞输出反馈鲁棒控制。以四机两区域电力系统为例,设计了晶闸管可控串联补偿(TCSC)附加阻尼控制器。小信号分析和时域仿真结果都表明:所设计的控制器能显著抑制区间低频振荡,并且具有时滞不敏感性和运行条件鲁棒性。     

广域测量系统的延迟分析及其测试

简要介绍了电力系统中基于全球定位系统／相量测量单元的广域测量／监视系统(WAMS)的体系结构,分析了延迟产生的机制并指出了影响实时性的主要因素,提出广域测量系统的延迟评估模型;根据评估模型建立了基于TCP／IP协议广域网络下的WAMS通信延迟测试方法;通过实测获得了基于国家电力数据网(SPDNet)的WAMS的通信延迟特性。根据该延迟评估模型和测试体系,能够有效、合理地进行WAMS的相量测量单元优化选点和通信布局的权衡,并进一步为广域实时动态监测和控制奠定基础。     

考虑网络保护的广域测量系统通信时延分析

电力系统动态监测与实时决策系统对广域测量数据的实时性提出了很高的要求。文中分析了相量数据集中器（PDC）同步算法的特点和广域通信网时延的机理,建立了广域测量系统（WAMS）通信时延的计算模型;研究了同步数字体系（SDH）网络故障对实时通信的影响,以二纤双向复用段保护为例建立了保护倒换时间计算模型,分析了倒换过程中数据丢...     

计及时滞影响的水轮发电机调节系统的广域H∞控制

研究了水轮发电机调节系统的广域H∞控制,探讨利用线性矩阵不等式（linear matrix inequality,LMI）进行H∞控制器设计的方法及步骤。除计及时滞影响外,还考虑了外部扰动和建模误差等不确定因素。以联接到远方系统的水轮发电机为例,进行了存在广域测量系统（wide area measurement system,WAMS）时滞影响的水轮发电机调节系统的H∞控制器设计。仿真及分析表明,所设计的控制器在一定范围内具有对时滞的不敏感性,可以抑制外部干扰,保持电力系统的动态稳定。     

The effect of converter configurations of HVDC links on sub- and super-synchronous disturbances to turbine units

In this paper, the rotor torque disturbances to turbine–generator units arising from harmonic interactions between converters of a HVDC system are studied. It is shown that a distinct-pulse converter configuration will be a better choice for avoiding sub- or super-synchronous resonance. For an asynchronous HVDC link, the risk of electromechanical resonance could be completely got rid of on either side of the link, no matter what directions the powers flow, if an 18-pulse converter were used on the 60 Hz side and a 12-pulse converter on the 50 Hz side. Such a configuration could still perform well even under the large frequency deviations. Furthermore, it shows that power system type plays a significant role on the possible excitation of resonance and on the probably damaging sections of a turbine–generator unit. Good match of the converter configuration and power system type is significant for a HVDC link to exempt from sub- and super-synchronous resonance.     

考虑广域测量时滞的广义预测电网阻尼控制

针对大型电力系统模型的复杂性和时变性使得离线计算结果可靠度不高的问题,利用广域测量条件下数据实时同步高速采集的优点,将广义预测控制理论应用于电网阻尼控制系统,提出一种适用于广域测量条件的电力系统阻尼控制器设计方案,以实现系统的实时监测、滚动优化和反馈控制。该方案引入预估补偿器以克服远方反馈信号的时滞对控制性能的影响;通过在线辨识参数不断修正广义预测控制器模型和预估器参数进行优化控制,达到改善互联电网阻尼、抑制低频振荡的目的。基于EPRI 36节点系统和国内某实际电网的仿真试验结果证实了控制方法的有效性。     

Direct power control of a multilevel inverter based active power filter

A cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter based active power filter with a novel direct power control is proposed in this paper. It can be directly connected to medium/high voltage power line without using the bulky transformer or passive filter. Due to the limited switching frequency (typically below 1 kHz) of high-power solid-state devices (GTO/IGCT), multiple synchronous/stationary reference frame current controllers are reviewed and derived. Based on this, a novel current controller is proposed for harmonic current elimination and system power factor compensation. Furthermore, a synchronous/stationary hybrid structure can be derived with fundamental de-coupling control. The instantaneous reactive power theory and synchronous reference frame based control are compared based on mathematical models. A direct power control concept is then derived and proposed. It is equivalent as the hybrid synchronous/stationary frame current controller, but has a simpler implementation. It has clear physical meaning and can be considered as a simplified version of the hybrid frame current controller. Simulations on a 4160 V/1.2 MVA system and experimental results on a 208 V/6 kVA laboratory prototype are presented to validate the proposed active power filter design.     

Microcontroller and solar power based electrical energy management system for renewable energy applications

“Microcontroller and solar power based electrical energy management system for renewable energy applications” has its own distribution, controlling and monitoring system for the amount of electrical energy (kW h) and this system is based on smart energy metering. This hardware project measures the electrical energy (kW h) as well as controls the amount of electrical energy from supply to load during day and night automatically. It is also equipped with the control of alternative source of electricity (solar energy). The measurement can be performed up to ten lac units and controlling can be up to two lac units. In the controlling part, the mains supply is automatically tripped and the project provides the alternative power supply in the absence of the mains supply by using the renewable (solar) energy source, when the energy consumption from the mains supply exceeds the preset limit.