A reiterative DFT to damp decaying DC and subsynchronous frequency components in fault current

This work presents a reiterative discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm for fault current filtering. First, the short-windows DFT (SWDFT)-based mimic filter is developed to damp the measurement. Then, a reiterative scheme is proposed to reconstruct the damped measurement for further damping. The proposed algorithm can sufficiently damp the decaying dc as well as the subsynchronous frequency components. Thus, the proposed algorithm is appropriate to the filtering design on both the conventional and series-compensated transmission lines. Meanwhile, the recursive form is developed to reduce the computational burden. The simulation results illustrate that the algorithm significantly reduces the time to obtain the accurate fundamental phasor and that it has a better performance than the conventional DFT algorithm.     

基于改进递归小波变换的超高压线路边界保护元件算法

在分析输电线路边界频率特性的基础上,提出了一种基于改进递归小波变换的超高压输电线路边界保护元件算法。采用改进递归小波变换分别提取高频和次高频2个不同中心频率的故障暂态电流分量,利用母线对地杂散电容和阻波器对高频暂态分量的衰减作用,根据2个不同频率分量的暂态能量比值来识别保护区内外的故障。采用PSCAD/ EMTDC对某500 kV超高压输电线路模型进行仿真,结果表明该算法基本不受故障位置、故障过渡电阻、故障类型和故障初始角的影响,能准确识别保护区内外故障。改进递归小波变换算法只采用历史数据信息,实时性好,计算量少,因此基于改进递归小波变换的超高压输电线路边界保护元件算法可提高计算速度,能够满足超高压输电系统高速保护的要求。     

Fourier Transform-Based Modified Phasor Estimation Method Immune to the Effect of the DC Offsets

This paper proposes a Fourier transform-based modified phasor estimation method to eliminate the adverse influence of the exponentially decaying dc offsets when discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used to calculate the phasor of the fundamental frequency component in a relaying signal. By subtracting the result of odd-sample-set DFT from the result of even-sample-set DFT, the information of dc offsets can be obtained. Two dc offsets in a secondary relaying signal are treated as one dc offset which is piecewise approximated in one cycle data window. The effect of the dc offsets can be eliminated by the approximated dc offset. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by using computer-simulated signals and Electromagnetic Transients Program-generated signals. The algorithm is also tested on a hardware board with TMS320C32 microprocessor. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can estimate the accurate phasor of the fundamental frequency component regardless of not only the primary decaying dc offset but also the secondary decaying dc offset caused by CT circuit itself including its burden.      

改进递归小波变换在变压器保护中的应用研究

从小波变换的基本理论出发,构造出适于电力系统故障信号分析的基本小波,同时,为了满 足电力系统的实时性需求,提出了改进递归小波变换,并利用其进行了鉴别变压器励磁涌流 的研究。研究结果表明该方法是可行的。     

基于递归小波的相量测量算法

传统傅里叶变换算法在电网处于非稳定情况时,会由于异步采样产生栅栏效应和频谱泄漏的问题,为相量测量带来很大的误差。而小波变换是以频带的方式处理信息,对非平稳信号具有良好的识别能力。递归小波由于构造特点,通过z变换后,可以进行递归运算,便于相量估计的实现。为此提出一种自适应调节小波尺度因子的方法,利用递归小波解决电力信号的相量测量问题。主要针对电网中常见的谐波干扰、频率偏移以及故障时电力信号含有直流衰减分量等情况,应用理想信号以及PSCAD/EMTDC仿真信号检验算法的性能。大量仿真分析表明:该算法在电网频率偏移时能够精确地对信号进行相量测量,具有良好的自适应性,对含有各种干扰的电力信号也具有良好的测量能力。     

Removal of decaying DC in current and voltage signals using amodified Fourier filter algorithm

Protecting transmission lines frequently involves applying distance relays. Protective relays must filter their inputs to reject unwanted quantities and retain signal quantities of relevant interest. Accuracy and convergent speed of filter algorithm are essential for protective relays. A widely applied filter algorithm, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) can easily remove integer harmonics using simple calculation. However, the voltage and current signals contain serious harmonics and decaying DC during the fault interval. In addition, the decaying DC and higher order harmonics seriously decrease the precision and convergence speed of fundamental frequency signal from DFT. In this investigation, the authors derive a novel algorithm which combines the appropriate analog low pass filter and modified full cycle DFT (FCDFT) or half cycle DFT (HCDFT) algorithm to remove the decaying dc in a voltage or current signal. Using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) simulates the transient responses of transmission lines during the fault period. Applying the proposed algorithm in distance relays effectively suppresses the decaying DC and quickly decomposes the accurate fundamental frequency components     

An Innovative Decaying DC Component Estimation Algorithm for Digital Relaying

We propose a new decaying dc component estimation algorithm for digital relaying. Fault currents tend to include a dc decaying component. This component decreases the accuracy and speed of the protection relay operation. The proposed algorithm can estimate and eliminate the dc decaying component from fault current signals after one cycle from the fault instant. Also, it can be applied to a conventional discrete Fourier transform to calculate phasor quantities of fault currents in a digital protection relay. In the proposed algorithm, the dc decaying magnitude and time constant are estimated exactly by integrating fault currents during one cycle. The dc decaying component is eliminated by subtracting the dc value at each sampling instant. To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, we performed a dc component estimation test and distance protection test using PSCAD/EMTDC. The results of the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation showed that the proposed algorithm can estimate dc components exactly from fault currents and can be applied to digital protection relays for phasor extraction.      

基于改进递归小波变换识别故障与雷击

提出了一种利用改进递归小波变换识别输电线路故障和雷电干扰的新方法.该方法首先通过改进递归小波变换提取本线路以及相邻线路直击雷、短路故障等暂态分量,在比较他们不同特征的基础上,提出了一种利用透射和反射系数衰减规律,以及模极大值的不同构成的雷击判据.利用此判据可以区分出本线路重型雷击和轻型雷击.ATP仿真结果表明,雷击判据不仅可以对本线路雷击是否造成线路故障做出正确判断,同时,还可以解决雷击相邻线路时本线路保护误动的问题.     

适用于同步相量测量的DFT算法研究

讨论了用于同步相量测量的离散傅氏变换DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform)算法。传统DFT算法计算量大,不适于采样率高且测量量多的场合。给出了一种递归傅氏变换算法,可减少计算量,并由此算法而推出一种频率测量方法,可以灵敏、准确地反映系统频率变化。将该算法用于所开发的同步相量测量装置中,实验结果表明该算法正确,且能满足精度要求。     

基于改进递归小波的电力系统频率测量

信号复小波变换的相位谱包含了信号变化的丰富信息,利用电压信号的复小波变换相位信息检测电力系统频率,具有不受电压信号畸变影响、抗噪声能力强、精度高等特点.通过电压信号在特定尺度的改进递归小波变换(IRWT)系数的相位变化周期,可得到电压信号的频率.对理想信号和畸变信号的仿真计算结果验证了该算法具有精度高、速度快、鲁棒性强等特点,市电电压的频率实测结果表明该方法可用于实际电力系统频率的测量.     

消除暂态过程影响的滤波算法及其在故障测距中的应用

电力系统故障暂态过程中,电压、电流信号包含着衰减直流等暂态分量,这必然对故障暂态过程电气量的获取精度产生影响.通过构建精确求解基频及整次谐波分量的非线性方程以及将其转化为线性方程进行求解,并针对离散化积分引入的误差进行修正,提出一种能完全滤除衰减直流分量的高精度、高稳定的滤波算法.通过对各种典型信号及幅频特性的分析,验证了该算法计算精度高、稳定性好,且对非整次谐波等故障暂态分量具有较强的抗干扰能力和抑制作用,其在故障测距中的应用表明该算法能有效提高故障暂态过程中的测距精度.     

Recursive algebraic method of computing power system harmonics

Ensuring power quality in power systems demands fast calculation of harmonics. In this paper, a recursive algebraic approach to the calculation of current transformer (CT)‐derived current signal frequency and harmonics is proposed that is based on a fast but accurate recursive algorithm whereby in any stage of sampling in a given cycle the variables are calculated on the basis of their values in the previous stage. Comparison with the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) approach shows the superiority of the proposed approach. It is shown that when the number of samples used in the DFT approach is increased, the results obtained approach those of the proposed recursive algebraic method. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于傅里叶变换的高精度频率及相量算法

离散傅里叶变换(DFT)是电力系统中频率及相量测量的基本算法,作者首先从理论上分析了传统的离散傅里叶算法存在的测量误差,并在传统的离散傅里叶算法的基础上提出了一种前向递推的DFT算法,该算法利用3点DFT数据进行频率及相量的测量,有效减小了运算量,仿真试验验证了所提算法的正确性。仿真结果还表明,该算法能有效地减小由傅里叶算法引起的测量误差,具有测量精度高的优点。     

Distance protection using a wavelet-based filtering algorithm

This paper presents a novel filter design technique based on the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT). Time and frequency response of the designed filters are compared to the ones of traditional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based filters. The obtained results show improvements on response speed when comparing to full cycle traditional filters and improvements on frequency response when compared to half cycle traditional filters. According to these characteristics, the designed filter may be used in secure high-speed distance protection, since it provides fast relay operating times, without compromising their frequency response.     

A new method for decaying dc offset removal for digital protective relays

Voltage and current signals used in protection devices may contain harmonics and decaying dc offset in transient states. Because of this, protection devices must contain filters to remove the part of the signal which is not of interest and estimate the value of the component or components which are to be used for protection functions.Traditionally, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) filter has been used in digital protection devices. This filter has the advantage of being easily applied, but the disadvantage that when an exponentially decaying component is present the results obtained are incorrect. Because of this, different algorithms based on the DFT have been developed in order to remove the decaying dc offset and reduce digital processing errors.This paper describes a new method for removing the exponential component associated with electrical signals in transient states. Its ease of application results in a low computational load as compared with other methods. This characteristic, together with the accuracy of results, makes this new method suitable for application in real time on protection devices.     

Neuro-evolutionary approaches to power system harmonics estimation

This paper focuses on exploiting two computational intelligence techniques such as artificial neural network and evolutionary computation techniques in estimation of harmonics in power system. Accurate estimation of harmonics in distorted power system current/voltage signal is essential to effectively design filters for eliminating harmonics. No standard design is available for handling of local minima and training of NN but Evolutionary Computation (EC) techniques are capable of resolving local minima. Neural Network and Evolutionary Computing (Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO)) are combined to achieve accurate estimation of different harmonics components of a distorted power system signal. First estimation of unknown parameters are carried out using BFO, then optimized output of BFO are taken as initial values of the unknown parameters for Adaline. Amplitude and phase of fundamental and harmonics components are determined from final updated values of unknown parameters using Adaline. This Adaline based Bacterial Foraging Optimization (Adaline-BFO) hybrid estimation algorithm addresses the problems of slow convergence and reduction of time generation of off-springs happening in Genetic Algorithm (GA), and to avoid local minima in Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed Adaline-BFO algorithm has been applied for estimation of harmonics of the voltage obtained across the inverter terminals of a prototype Photovoltaic (PV) system. From the obtained results, it is confirmed that the proposed Adaline-BFO algorithm provides superior estimation performance in terms of improvement in % error in estimation, processing time in computation and performance in presence of inter and sub-harmonic components when compared with the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Kalman Filter (KF) and BFO algorithms.     

基于小波变换的电力系统谐波频率测量算法

提出了一种基于离散Meyer小波和数字微分的电力系统频率及其谐波频率的测量算法。首先利用离散Meyer小波来构造一组低通和高通滤波器,从含有高次谐波的非线性信号中分解出基波分量和高次谐波分量。根据分解出的基波分量和高次谐波分量具有纯正正弦波这一特性来构建相应的基波和谐波信号,然后利用数字微分对基波分量和各次谐波分量的频率进行测算。仿真数据结果表明,这种算法具有计算量小、耗时短、精度高和动态性能好等特点。     

基于小波变换的电力系统谐波频率测量算法

提出了一种基于离散M eyer小波和数字微分的电力系统频率及其谐波频率的测量算法。首先利用离散M eyer小波来构造一组低通和高通滤波器,从含有高次谐波的非线性信号中分解出基波分量和高次谐波分量。根据分解出的基波分量和高次谐波分量具有纯正正弦波这一特性来构建相应的基波和谐波信号,然后利用数字微分对基波分量和各次谐波分量的频率进行测算。仿真数据结果表明,这种算法具有计算量小、耗时短、精度高和动态性能好等特点。     

电力系统频率新的跟踪算法

在许多电力系统保护和控制策略中必须精确测量和计算系统的频率。更重要的是在线计算系统的频率和它的变化，并必须认真处理系统频率的波动来解释测量的准确性。传统的方法是假设被分析的波形是纯正弦，该文提出一种利用数字滤波思想的新的频率跟踪和计算新方案，但不做任何波形假设。所提方案不采用二维富立叶变换、最小二乘和正交滤波。利用数字全通滤波器，该文提出一种新的、有效的电力系统频率计算方法。基于基本滤波器和设备，可以得到精确的电力系统频率而不受任何频率变化的影响。该算法不需要昂贵的如数字信号处理器等处理器。仿真实例和实际测量结果证明了算法的有效性。     

一种基于离散小波变换的谐波分析方法

在离散小波变换的基础上,结合加窗插值FFT,提出了一种组合式谐波分析算法。该算法先用加窗插值FFT计算基波频率,然后对加窗信号进行频率调制,将谐波分量变换成直流或近似直流分量。用离散小波变换分离出这些分量后用于计算谐波幅值和相位。计算机仿真和实验结果表明,该算法可在高噪声污染情况下,准确计算谐波参数,尤其谐波相位角。DSP评估板上的实现证明了该算法可用于实时谐波分析。