大气污染对城市人体健康影响的经济损失分析

介绍了世界银行使用的人体健康评价模式,并结合四川盆地及盆周山地的实际情况,应用修正人力资本法估算了该区域主要城市市区的人体健康损失。计算年四川盆地及盆周山地人体健康受大气污染影响的经济损失为28393．50万元。     

浅谈食品化学与人类健康

“民以食为天”,随着人民生活水平不断提高,人们关心食品不仅仅是“食以果腹”,更多地是关心食品的营养、安全卫生、贮藏、综合利用等问题。本文在描述“食品化学”的定义的基础上,说明食品化学在食品安全、打击伪劣食品、食用产品加工质量、食品资源的综合利用中所起的作用,论述了食品化学对人类健康的重要性。     

人体健康与化学元素

介绍了人体必需的11种宏量元素和14种微量元素,以及有毒元素对人体健康的影响和作用机理。指出控制环境污染是人体健康的重要决定因素。     

Impacts of Gut Bacteria on Human Health and Diseases

Gut bacteria are an important component of the microbiota ecosystem in the human gut, which is colonized by 10¹⁴ microbes, ten times more than the human cells. Gut bacteria play an important role in human health, such as supplying essential nutrients, synthesizing vitamin K, aiding in the digestion of cellulose, and promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. However, they can also be potentially harmful due to the change of their composition when the gut ecosystem undergoes abnormal changes in the light of the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits, and lifestyle. Dysbiosis of the gut bacteria communities can cause many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, cancer, and autism. This review summarizes and discusses the roles and potential mechanisms of gut bacteria in human health and diseases.     

Human Papillomaviruses as Infectious Agents in Gynecological Cancers. Oncogenic Properties of Viral Proteins

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which belong to the Papillomaviridae family, constitute a group of small nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. HPV has a small genome that only encodes a few proteins, and it is also responsible for 5% of all human cancers, including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV types may be classified as high- and low-risk genotypes (HR-HPVs and LR-HPVs, respectively) according to their oncogenic potential. HR-HPV 16 and 18 are the most common types worldwide and are the primary types that are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. The activity of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which interfere with critical cell cycle points such as suppressive tumor protein p53 (p53) and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), is the major contributor to HPV-induced neoplastic initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. In addition, the E5 protein might also play a significant role in tumorigenesis. The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancers is still not fully understood, which indicates a wide spectrum of potential research areas. This review focuses on HPV biology, the distribution of HPVs in gynecological cancers, the properties of viral oncoproteins, and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.     

Essential Oil-Based Bioherbicides: Human Health Risks Analysis

In recent years, the development of new bio-based products for biocontrol has been gaining importance as it contributes to reducing the use of synthetic herbicides in agriculture. Conventional herbicides (i.e., the ones with synthetic molecules) can lead to adverse effects such as human diseases (cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, reproductive perturbations, etc.) but also to disturbing the environment because of their drift in the air, transport throughout aquatic systems and persistence across different environments. The use of natural molecules seems to be a very good alternative for maintaining productive agriculture but without the negative side effects of synthetic herbicides. In this context, essential oils and their components are increasingly studied in order to produce several categories of biopesticides thanks to their well-known biocidal activities. However, these molecules can also be potentially hazardous to humans and the environment. This article reviews the state of the literature and regulations with regard to the potential risks related to the use of essential oils as bioherbicides in agricultural and horticultural applications.     

Farm Animal Serum Proteomics and Impact on Human Health

Due to the incompleteness of animal genome sequencing, the analysis and characterization of serum proteomes of most farm animals are still in their infancy, compared to the already well-documented human serum proteome. This review focuses on the implications of the farm animal serum proteomics in order to identify novel biomarkers for animal welfare, early diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of infectious disease treatment, and develop new vaccines, aiming at determining the reciprocal benefits for humans and animals.     

Bioprospecting of Natural Compounds from Brazilian Cerrado Biome Plants in Human Cervical Cancer Cell Lines

Cervical cancer is the third most common in Brazilian women. The chemotherapy used for the treatment of this disease can cause many side effects; then, to overcome this problem, new treatment options are necessary. Natural compounds represent one of the most promising sources for the development of new drugs. In this study, 13 different species of 6 families from the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation biome were screened against human cervical cancer cell lines (CCC). Some of these species were also evaluated in one normal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The effect of crude extracts on cell viability was evaluated by a colorimetric method (MTS assay). Extracts from Annona crassiflora, Miconia albicans, Miconia chamissois, Stryphnodendron adstringens, Tapirira guianensis, Xylopia aromatica, and Achyrocline alata showed half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values < 30 μg/mL for at least one CCC. A. crassiflora and S. adstringens extracts were selective for CCC. Mass spectrometry (Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (ESI FT-ICR MS)) of A. crassiflora identified fatty acids and flavonols as secondary compounds. One of the A. crassiflora fractions, 7C24 (from chloroform partition), increased H2AX phosphorylation (suggesting DNA damage), PARP cleavage, and cell cycle arrest in CCC. Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and oleic acid were bioactive molecules identified in 7C24 fraction. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating bioactive molecules from natural sources for developing new anti-cancer drugs.     

饮用水中腐植酸对人体健康的影响及去除方法

在概述腐植酸的结构及其在水处理中的应用的基础上,着重阐述了腐植酸可与水处理中的氯反应生成致癌物质及其对人体的危害,并详细介绍了目前国内外去除腐植酸的主要方法,包括活性炭吸附法、光化学催化氧化法、光电化学法、强化混凝、臭氧氧化、膜技术等。对比可知,膜分离技术净化去除效果最好,已成为目前的研究热点,同时指出了使用单一处理法的一些不足之处。     

Salivary Redox Homeostasis in Human Health and Disease

Homeostasis is a self-regulatory dynamic process that maintains a stable internal environment in the human body. These regulations are essential for the optimal functioning of enzymes necessary for human health. Homeostasis elucidates disrupted mechanisms leading to the development of various pathological conditions caused by oxidative stress. In our work, we discuss redox homeostasis and salivary antioxidant activity during healthy periods and in periods of disease: dental carries, oral cavity cancer, periodontal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, systemic sclerosis, and pancreatitis. The composition of saliva reflects dynamic changes in the organism, which makes it an excellent tool for determining clinically valuable biomarkers. The oral cavity and saliva may form the first line of defense against oxidative stress. Analysis of salivary antioxidants may be helpful as a diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic marker of not only oral, but also systemic health.     

Short Peptides Make a Big Difference: The Role of Botany-Derived AMPs in Disease Control and Protection of Human Health

Botany-derived antimicrobial peptides (BAMPs), a class of small, cysteine-rich peptides produced in plants, are an important component of the plant immune system. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated their powerful antimicrobial activity. Besides in plants, BAMPs have cross-kingdom applications in human health, with toxic and/or inhibitory effects against a variety of tumor cells and viruses. With their diverse molecular structures, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, multiple mechanisms of action, and low cytotoxicity, BAMPs provide ideal backbones for drug design, and are potential candidates for plant protection and disease treatment. Lots of original research has elucidated the properties and antimicrobial mechanisms of BAMPs, and characterized their surface receptors and in vivo targets in pathogens. In this paper, we review and introduce five kinds of representative BAMPs belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family, dissect their antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer mechanisms, and forecast their prospects in agriculture and global human health. Through the deeper understanding of BAMPs, we provide novel insights for their applications in broad-spectrum and durable plant disease prevention and control, and an outlook on the use of BAMPs in anticancer and antiviral drug design.     

饮用水氯化消毒副产物对人体健康的影响及处理技术研究进展

文章介绍日常饮用水氯化消毒副产物种类与形成因素、对人体健康的危害,并综述了处理技术的研究进展。     

Recent Advances in the Discovery of Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents

The treatment of cancer has been one of the most significant challenges for the medical field. Further research on the signal transduction pathway of tumor cells is driving the rapid development of antitumor agents targeting tyrosine kinases. However, most of the currently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors based on the “single target/single drug” design are becoming less and less effective in the treatment of complex, heterogeneous, and multigenic cancers; this also results in resistance to chemotherapy. In contrast, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MT-TKIs) can effectively block multiple pathways of intracellular signal transduction. Therefore, they have therapeutic advantages over single-targeted inhibitors and have become a hotspot in antitumor drug research in recent years. This minireview summarizes recent advances in the discovery of MT-TKIs based on their chemical structures. In particular, we describe the kinase inhibitory and antitumor activity of promising compounds, as well as their structure – activity relationships (SARs).     

Discovery of Aporphine Analogues as Potential Antiplatelet and Antioxidant Agents: Design,Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships,Biological Evaluations,and in silico Molecular Docking Studies

To explore the potential of aporphine alkaloids, a novel series of functionalized aporphine analogues with alkoxy (OCH₃, OC₂H₅, OC₃H₇) functional groups at C1/C2 of ring A and an acyl (COCH₃ and COPh) or phenylsulfonyl (SO₂Ph and SO₂C₆H₄‐3‐CH₃) functionality at the N6 position of ring B of the aporphine scaffold were synthesized and evaluated for their arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced antiplatelet aggregation inhibitory activity and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free‐radical‐scavenging antioxidant activity, with acetylsalicylic acid and ascorbic acid as standard references, respectively. The preliminary structure–activity relationship related to AA‐induced platelet aggregation inhibitory activity results showed that the aporphine analogues 1‐[1,2,9,10‐tetramethoxy‐6a,7‐dihydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,g]quinolin‐6(5H)‐yl]ethanone and 1‐[2‐(benzyloxy)‐1,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6a,7‐dihydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,g]quinolin‐6(5H)‐yl]ethanone to be the best compounds of the series. Moreover, the DPPH free‐radical‐scavenging antioxidant activity results demonstrated that the aporphine analogues 1,2,9,10‐tetramethoxy‐6‐(methylsulfonyl)‐5,6,6a,7‐tetrahydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,g]quinoline, 2‐ethoxy‐1,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6‐(methylsulfonyl)‐5,6,6a,7‐tetrahydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,g]quinoline, 1‐ethoxy‐2,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6‐(methylsulfonyl)‐5,6,6a,7‐tetrahydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,g]quinoline, 2,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6‐(methylsulfonyl)‐1‐propoxy‐5,6,6a,7‐tetrahydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,g]quinoline, and 1‐(benzyloxy)‐2,9,10‐trimethoxy‐6‐(methylsulfonyl)‐5,6,6a,7‐tetrahydro‐4H‐dibenzo[de,g]quinoline were the best compounds of the series. Moreover, in silico molecular docking simulation studies of the active analogues were also performed.     

5种小檗科植物多糖含量及抗氧化活性分析

应用苯酚-硫酸比色法测定了南天竹(Nandina domestica)、日本绿叶小檗(Berberis thunbergii)、红叶小檗(Berberis thunbergii var.atropurpurea)、十大功劳(Mahonia fortunei)和阔叶十大功劳(Mahonia bealei)的多糖含量,应用ABTS[2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐]和DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)方法分析了5种小檗科植物多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明,南天竹、日本绿叶小檗、红叶小檗、十大功劳和阔叶十大功劳的多糖含量平均值分别为27.82%、14.52%、12.14%、14.44%和16.80%,清除ABTS·+自由基的EC50值分别为0.168 8、0.543 6、0.160 4、0.399 1和0.168 9 g/L,清除DPPH自由基的EC50值分别为0.067 8、0.376 9、0.210 4、0.291 7和0.222 4 g/L。相同属植物多糖的含量无显著差异,不同种植物多糖的含量及抗氧化活性差异较大。多糖样品的抗氧化活性存在明显的剂量依赖性,基于量效关系建立的数学模型具有较高的拟合度。南天竹、阔叶十大功劳多糖含量较高且抗氧化活性较强,具有一定的开发利用价值。     

The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Multifunctionalised Derivatives of Noscapine as Cytotoxic Agents

Noscapine, a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid derived from Papaver somniferum, is a well‐known antitussive drug that has a relatively safe in vitro toxicity profile. Noscapine is also known to possess weak anticancer efficacy, and since its discovery, efforts have been made to design derivatives with improved potency. Herein, the synthesis of a series of noscapine analogues, which have been modified in the 6′, 9′, 1 and 7‐positions, is described. In a previous study, replacement of the naturally occurring N‐methyl group in the 6′‐position with an N‐ethylaminocarbonyl was shown to promote cell‐cycle arrest and cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines. Here, this modification has been combined with other structural changes that have previously been shown to improve anticancer activity, namely halo substitution in the 9′‐position, regioselective O‐demethylation to reveal a free phenol in the 7‐position, and reduction of the lactone to the corresponding cyclic ether in the 1‐position. The incorporation of new aryl substituents in the 9′‐position was also investigated. The study identified interesting new compounds able to induce G2/M cell‐cycle arrest and that possess cytotoxic activity against the human prostate carcinoma cell line PC3, the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF‐7, and the human pancreatic epithelioid carcinoma cell line PANC‐1. In particular, the ethyl urea cyclic ether noscapinoids and a compound containing a 6′‐ethylaminocarbonyl along with 9′‐chloro, 7‐hydroxy and lactone moieties exhibited the most promising biological activities, with EC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range against all three cancer cell lines, and these derivatives warrant further investigation.     

高校化学实验室职业健康与防护

高校化学实验室是高校教学、科研的重要基地。化学实验室存放的化学试剂种类繁多,使用的教学、科研仪器种类多样,同时化学实验室也是火灾高发区域,这都对实验室工作人员构成了一定潜在危险。本文就化学实验室存在的职业危害进行分析,并提出了相应的防护措施和看法。旨在提示高校重视实验室安全管理,加强实验室职业健康安全意识,减少职业危害。     

Natural Compounds as Therapeutic Agents: The Case of Human Topoisomerase IB

Natural products are widely used as source for drugs development. An interesting example is represented by natural drugs developed against human topoisomerase IB, a ubiquitous enzyme involved in many cellular processes where several topological problems occur due the formation of supercoiled DNA. Human topoisomerase IB, involved in the solution of such problems relaxing the DNA cleaving and religating a single DNA strand, represents an important target in anticancer therapy. Several natural compounds inhibiting or poisoning this enzyme are under investigation as possible new drugs. This review summarizes the natural products that target human topoisomerase IB that may be used as the lead compounds to develop new anticancer drugs. Moreover, the natural compounds and their derivatives that are in clinical trial are also commented on.     

溴系阻燃剂与环境保护及人类健康

阐述了溴系阻燃剂（BFR）,特别是多溴二苯醚（PBDPO）对环境保护及人类健康的影响和危害,包括BFR从阻燃材料中的逸出、在环境中的滞留、在生物体内的积累、燃烧产物的毒性等有关问题,并介绍了有关十溴二苯醚应用前景的最新信息。