无铅焊料在NaCl-Na_2SO_4-Na_2CO_3模拟土壤溶液中的腐蚀浸出行为

研究了Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu和Sn-0.75Cu焊料合金在NaCl-Na_2SO_4-Na_2CO_3模拟土壤溶液中的腐蚀浸出行为,并与Sn-37Pb焊料合金的腐蚀浸出行为对比分析。研究表明,这3种焊料合金中Sn的浸出量随时间的延长趋于平缓,且Sn-0.75Cu焊料合金中Sn的浸出量最高,添加Ag元素后明显抑制了Sn-3·5Ag-0·75Cu焊料合金中Sn的浸出;Ag,Cu,Pb的浸出量随时间的延长呈线性增加,且Ag,Cu的浸出量较少。3种焊料合金浸出后表面产物层较厚,主要由Sn_4(OH)_6Cl_2和SnO组成,其中Sn-0.75Cu焊料合金的表面产物层有裂纹和孔洞,Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu焊料合金的表面产物相对致密,而Sn-37Pb焊料合金的表面产物局部出现剥落现象。这3种焊料合金浸出动力学行为存在差异,主要与表面产物的相组成和形貌有关。     

人工模拟海洋大气环境下Sn-0.7Cu无铅焊料的点蚀行为及微量Ga的影响

通过人工海水的盐雾干-湿实验模拟海洋大气环境,研究了Sn-0.7Cu和Sn-0.7Cu-0.01Ga合金的腐蚀行为.采用SEM和XPS分析了合金表面腐蚀形貌及腐蚀产物成分,采用XRD分析了腐蚀产物的结构.结果表明:Sn-0.7Cu合金腐蚀初期发生明显的点蚀,点蚀易于在富Cu区萌生,且以触须状向外扩展;腐蚀后期腐蚀产物分层,龟裂且易于剥落,此时腐蚀产物不具有保护性.XRD分析表明.腐蚀产物主要为非晶态Sn的氧化物,同时有少量的SnCl_2·2H_2O;微量元素Ga能显著提高Sn-0.7Cu合金的抗盐雾腐蚀性能.XPS分析表明,微量元素Ga在表面存在明显的富集行为,并形成一种致密的保护性氧化膜,它是提高Sn-0.7Cu合金抗盐雾腐蚀性能的主要原因.     

Sn-0.75Cu钎料接头在NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为(英文)

采用动电位极化及浸出方法研究Sn-0.75Cu钎料及Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。极化曲线测试结果表明Sn-0.75Cu钎料的腐蚀速率比Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头的低。在特殊电位时的形貌观察及相分析表明,在Sn-0.75Cu钎料表面活化溶解区形成腐蚀产物Sn3O(OH)2Cl2。从活化/钝化区开始,Sn-0.75Cu钎料的表面完全被腐蚀产物Sn3O(OH)2Cl2覆盖,并且在极化测试后出现蚀坑。与Sn-0.75Cu钎料合金相比,Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头的钎料表面在活化区形成较多的Sn3O(OH)2Cl2,在极化测试结束时腐蚀坑的尺寸较大。浸出实验结果证实了Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头较快的电化学腐蚀速率引起较多的Sn从中接头中释放出来。     

Sn-9Zn共晶型无铅焊料的大气腐蚀行为

    采用户外大气暴露和人工模拟溶液的方法.研究了Sn-9Zn合金在大气环境和腐蚀性溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,在户外大气暴露12天,合金表面已发生明显的腐蚀;腐蚀产物的微观形貌主要有刺球状和针状两种;除Zn与Sn以外,腐蚀产物中还含有大量的O,分析认为可能是一种Sn-Zn的氢氧化物;在实验条件范围内,合金在腐蚀溶液中腐蚀速度相对较快,在15天内平均腐蚀质量损失达到0.20 mg/dm²～0.25 mg/dm²,表面腐蚀速度与腐蚀溶液中盐的浓度关系不大.     

沈阳大气环境下纯铜的初期腐蚀行为

通过1年的遮雨和未遮雨大气暴露实验,研究了在沈阳大气环境下纯铜的初期腐蚀行为.不同暴露环境下,纯铜的大气腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物组成及其保护性都存在差异.未遮雨暴露条件下,纯铜的大气腐蚀速率较高,尤其在降雨较多的暴露期间,雨水冲刷使纯铜经历了更长的润湿周期,从而显著加速了纯铜的大气腐蚀.不同暴露条件下,纯铜表面形成的大气腐蚀产物主要为Cu2O.遮雨条件下,腐蚀产物的组成还有Cu4SO4(OH)6·H2O和Cu4SO4(OH)6;而未遮雨条件下,雨水的冲刷、溶解作用延缓了Cu4SO4(OH)6·H2O的形成,因而在6个月时腐蚀产物仅为Cu2O;随着暴露周期的延长,12个月后逐渐有Cu4SO4(OH)6·H2O形成.未遮雨暴露的纯铜表面形成了致密的厚腐蚀产物膜,有效地抑制了大气腐蚀的阴极反应,具有更好的保护性.     

不同环境对AZ61镁合金大气腐蚀的影响

AZ61镁合金大气腐蚀的评估不但能为材料设计提供依据,还能为实验室大气模拟腐蚀实验提供对比参数。利用XRD、SEM、EDS和XPS研究AZ61镁合金板材在万宁、西双版纳和江津三地挂片(2个月)的腐蚀速度、表面腐蚀形貌及产物构成,结果表明,AZ61镁合金板材在3种气候环境下的腐蚀速度排序为:万宁江津西双版纳,且近海大气(万宁)的腐蚀速度成倍增加,年腐蚀率达到17μm/a;AZ61合金在万宁的近海大气环境中形成的表面腐蚀层较厚且疏松,表面龟裂明显,表面腐蚀产物中有来自于含盐大气结晶的氯离子存在;AZ61合金在西双版纳大气中形成的腐蚀产物层较薄;AZ61合金在江津工业大气中的腐蚀产物层的厚度介于西双版纳和万宁之间;表面腐蚀层综合分析表明,万宁挂片中有水合碱式碳酸镁存在。     

海军黄铜HSn62-1的长期大气腐蚀行为

通过在3种典型大气环境中进行为期20年的现场暴露试验,研究海军黄铜HSn62-1的腐蚀质量损失和力学性能损失,采用扫描电子显微镜和XRD观察和分析腐蚀外貌、横截面和腐蚀产物。结果表明:HSn62-1的长期大气腐蚀质量损失随暴露时间的关系遵循C=KT n,腐蚀质量损失在工业酸雨大气环境中最大,在海洋大气环境中最小;腐蚀速率在工业酸雨和海洋大气环境中随时间逐渐降低,而在半乡村大气中逐渐升高;暴露20年后,HSn62-1的力学性能损失在工业酸雨大气环境中最大,在半乡村环境中最小;HSn62-1在3种典型大气环境中均发生脱锌腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要为Cu2O和ZnO。     

Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu在高体积分数SiC_p/Al复合材料Ni-P(-SiC)镀层上的润湿性（英文）

基于化学镀Ni工艺,研究Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu合金在Ni-P(-SiC)镀层/SiCp/Al基体上的润湿行为,分析镀层的显微结构和Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu/Ni-P(-SiC)镀层/SiCp/Al体系的润湿和界面行为。结果表明,SiC颗粒均匀地分布在镀层中,且Ni-P(-SiC)镀层与SiCp/Al复合材料之间没有界面反应。Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu对Ni-P、Ni-P-3SiC、Ni-P-6SiC和Ni-P-9SiC镀层/SiCp/Al基体对应的最终接触角分别为~19°、29°、43°和113°。在Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu/Ni-P-(0,3,6)SiC镀层/SiCp/Al界面处形成含有Cu、Ni、Sn和P的反应层,其主要包含Cu-Ni-Sn和Ni-Sn-P相。此外,熔融的Sn-Ag-Cu合金可以通过Ni-P/SiC界面渗入Ni-P(-SiC)复合镀层与SiCp/Al基体接触。     

Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu/Cu界面的显微结构

研究了热-剪切循环条件下Sn-3．5Ag-0．5Cu钎料／Cu界面的显微结构，分析了界面金属间化合物的生长行为，并与恒温时效后的Sn-3．5Ag-0．5Cu／Cu界面进行了对比。结果表明：恒温时效至100h，Sn-3．5Ag-0．5Cu／Cu界面上已形成Cu6Sn5和Cu3Sn两层金属间化合物；而热-剪切循环至720周Sn-3．5Ag-0．5Cu／Cu界面上只存在Cu6Sn5金属间化合物层，无Cu3Sn层生成，在界面近域的钎料内，颗粒状的Ag3Sn聚集长大成块状；在热-剪切循环和恒温时效过程中，界面金属间化合物的形态初始都为扇贝状，随着时效时间的延长逐渐趋于平缓，最终以层状形式生长。     

Sn-3.5Ag-2Bi-0.7Cu无铅焊料压入蠕变性能的研究

对Sn-3.5Ag-2Bi-0.7Cu无铅焊料在温度为50～100 ℃,应力为16.7～43.2 MPa条件下的压入蠕变性能进行研究.得到压入蠕变的应力指数n=3.181、蠕变激活能Q=59.189 kJ/mol、材料的结构常数A=0.423.获得Sn-3.5Ag-2Bi-0.7Cu无铅焊料稳态压入蠕变速率本构方程:(ε)=0.423σ3.181exp(-59189/RT).随着温度和应力的增加,Sn-3.5Ag-2Bi-0.7Cu无铅焊料的压入蠕变速率明显增加,蠕变后Ag3Sn、Cu6Sn5相明显变粗变短.Ag3Sn和Cu6Sn5可强化基体,提高(-Sn基体的抗压入蠕变性能.     

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Pb-free Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-XGa and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloys in chloride containing aqueous solution

The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Pb-free Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-XGa and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloys was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution by using potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results obtained from polarization studies revealed that there was a negative shift in the corrosion potential with increase in Ga content from 0.02 to 0.2 wt% in the Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-XGa alloy. These changes were also reflected in the corrosion current density (I_corr) value, corrosion rate and linear polarization resistance (LPR) of the four element alloy. However, for Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloy a significant increase in the corrosion rate and corrosion current density was observed as compared to the four element alloys. SIMS depth profile results established that ZnO present on the outer surface of Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-0.05Ga alloy played a major role in the formation of the oxide film. Oxides of Sn, Al and Ga contributed a little towards the formation of film on the outer surface of the alloy. On the other hand, Ag₂O was primarily responsible for the formation of the oxide film on the outer surface of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloy.     

Improving the shear strength of Sn–Ag–Cu–Ni/Cu–Zn solder joints via modifying the microstructure and phase stability of Cu–Sn intermetallic compounds

This study focuses on the correlation between high-speed impact tests and the interfacial reaction in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu (wt%) and Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu-15Zn solder joints. Adding Ni into the Sn–Ag–Cu solder alters the interfacial morphology from scallop type to layer type and exhibits high shear strength after reflow in both solder joints. However, the shear strength of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu solder joints degrades significantly after thermal aging at 150 °C for 500 h. It is notable that Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu-15Zn solder joints still present higher shear strength after aging at 150 °C. The weakened shear strength in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu solder joints is due to stress accumulation in the interfacial (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ compound induced by the phase transformation from a high-temperature hexagonal structure (η-Cu₆Sn₅) to a low-temperature monoclinic structure (η'-Cu₆Sn₅). However, doping small amounts of Zn into (Cu,Ni)₆(Sn,Zn)₅ can inhibit the phase transformation during thermal aging and maintain strong shear strength. These experiments demonstrate that Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.1Ni/Cu-15Zn solder joints can act as a stable connection in the micro-electronic packaging of most electronic products at their average working temperatures.     

Sn-6Bi-2Ag(Cu, Sb)无铅钎料合金微观组织分析

利用差示扫描量热计 (DSC)测定了Sn 6Bi 2Ag ,Sn 6Bi 2Ag 0 .5Cu ,Sn 6Bi 2Ag 2 .5Sb三种新无铅钎料合金的熔化温度。结果表明 ,少量Cu的加入能降低Sn Bi Ag系无铅钎料合金的熔化温度 ,而Sb的加入使合金的熔化温度升高。利用光学显微镜 (OM )、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM )、能谱分析 (EDX)对合金的微观组织进行了分析与比较 ,钎料合金的微观组织与冷却条件和合金元素的含量有关 ,Sb的加入使析出相的尺寸细化。硬度测定表明Sn Bi Ag(Cu ,Sb)无铅钎料合金的硬度远大于纯Sn的硬度 ,加入少量的Cu(0 .5 % ) ,Sb(2 .5 % )对Sn Bi Ag系钎料合金的硬度影响较小     

Interfacial Reactions and Bonding Strength of Sn-xAg-0.5Cu/Ni BGA Solder Joints

The present study details the microstructure evolution of the interfacial intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layer formed between the Sn-xAg-0.5Cu (x = 1, 3, and 4 wt.%) solder balls and electroless Ni-P layer, and their bond strength variation during aging. The interfacial IMCs layer in the as-reflowed specimens was only (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ for Sn-xAg-0.5Cu solders. The (Ni,Cu)₃Sn₄ IMCs layer formed when Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solders were used as aging time increased. However, only (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMCs formed in Sn-1Ag-0.5Cu solders, when the aging time was extended beyond 1500 h. Two factors are expected to influence bond strength and fracture modes. One of the factors is that the interfacial (Ni,Cu)₃Sn₄ IMCs formed at the interface and the fact that fracture occurs along the interface. The other factor is Ag₃Sn IMCs coarsening in the solder matrix, and fracture reveals the ductility of the solder balls. The above analysis indicates that during aging, the formation of interfacial (Ni,Cu)₃Sn₄ IMCs layers strongly influences the pull strength and the fracture behavior of a solder joint. This fact demonstrates that interfacial layers are key to understanding the changes in bonding strength. Additionally, comparison of the bond strength with various Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solders for various Ag contents show that the Sn-1Ag-0.5Cu solder joint is not sensitive to extended aging time.     

微量添加In对Ag-Sn合金粉末氧化机理的影响

采用雾化法分别制备了Ag-9.5Sn和Ag-7.6Sn-0.87In合金粉末,使用热重分析仪研究了相关合金在900℃氧化动力学曲线;并分析了合金粉末氧化前后的粉末颗粒形貌及表面成分。结果表明:Ag-7.6Sn-0.87In合金粉末氧化时,其快速氧化增重过程分为两阶段,且第1阶段快速增重速率比第2阶段快;微量添加In能促进第1段快速氧化增重,In与Sn氧化后形成一层均匀致密的氧化膜阻碍了第2阶段快速氧化增重。     

Evolution of Ag3Sn at Sn-3.0Ag-0.3Cu-0.05Cr/Cu joint interfaces during thermal aging

The intermetallic compounds (IMC) in the solder and at the interface of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC)/Cu and Sn-3.0Ag-0.3Cu-0.05Cr (SACC)/Cu joints were investigated after isothermal aging at 150 °C for 0, 168 and 500 h. Different shaped Ag₃Sn phases were found near the IMC layer of the latter joint. Interestingly, fine rod-shaped and branch-like Ag₃Sn were detected near the interface after soldering and long Ag₃Sn changed into shorter rods and small particles during aging. It is investigated that the Cr addition and thermal aging have effect on the evolution of Ag₃Sn morphologies and it is controlled by interfacial diffusion. Energy minimization theory and the redistribution of elements are used to explain the morphological evolution of Ag₃Sn. Small Ag₃Sn particles were also found on the IMC layer after aging, unlike the large Ag₃Sn at that of SAC/Cu joints. In conclusion, a favorable morphology of the joint interface leads to better bonding properties for SACC/Cu joints against thermal aging than that for SAC/Cu.