高硫重质原油加工路线研究

以索鲁士原油作为高硫重质原油代表油种,采用不同重油加工技术组合工艺路线,分别实现生产油品和化工品方案,对比不同方案的产品结构并进行经济效益分析.结果表明:在低油价情景下,相同的重油加工方案对应的化工品方案高于生产油品方案的效益,在高油价情景下,化工品方案更高的装置投资和操作费用将导致总体效益明显下降.在本研究各方案中,浆态床渣油加氢+催化裂解路线生产化工品方案的盈利能力最为突出,通过提升渣油转化能力并改善催化裂解进料性质,同时增产低碳烯烃和芳烃产品,是能够帮助企业实现化工转型升级的有效技术路线.     

委内瑞拉原油加工方案探讨

由于常规石油资源的可利用量日益减少,在全世界资源中数量相当可观的重质原油将成为21世纪的重要能源。委内瑞拉重质原油由于其粘度大,胶质、沥青质含量高,重金属含量高,使其在输送及加工过程中都存在着与常规原油不同的技术问题。本文介绍了委内瑞拉原油的性质以及加工方案的探讨。     

我国延迟焦化技术及其发展趋势

经济增长依赖于充足的石油供给,近几年我国对外石油依赖度维持在60%以上。我国的原油资源相对偏重,近年来开发出来的多以重质原油为主;考虑到油价等因素,进口的原油也大多是重质原油,而且是含硫甚至是高硫原油。因此,我国炼油工业面临着加工重质原油和含硫原油的严峻挑战。笔者分析了目前重质油的加工工艺,认为在现在原油特点的情况下,延迟焦化是最合适的重油加工工艺。在实际生产中,通过反应温度、压力,循环比等条件的优化调节,以及消泡剂和阻焦剂的应用,可实现工艺效益的最大化。最后对延迟焦化的发展趋势做了论述,为延迟焦化技术的进一步发展指明了方向。     

委内瑞拉渣油生产重交道路沥青实验研究

目前委内瑞拉已经成为了我国最大的石油供应国。而大多数委内瑞拉原油属于高硫环烷基重质原油。这种非常规劣质原油不适用于生产轻质油品,但适于生产重交道路沥青。考察委内瑞拉渣油的性质,探究出其用于生产重交道路沥青的切割方案对于我国公路交通事业以及重质委内瑞拉原油的综合利用具有积极意义。     

原油在常减压装置的硫分布及加工工艺设备防腐措施

针对目前高硫等劣质原油在炼厂加工所占比例越来越大的趋势,介绍了原油中硫的分布规律及其危害性,含硫原油的腐蚀机理及影响硫腐蚀的各种因素.阐述近年来高硫原油的加工方法及防护措施,着重介绍了茂名分公司作为高硫原油加工基地常减压装置加工高硫原油的经验,并提出了炼厂加工高硫原油的防腐措施和建议.     

劣质原油加工及其主要环境问题与对策研究

在渣油中,如果硫含量与金属含量较低,催化裂化是第一选择。对于油渣中,金属含量不高,而硫的含量又较高的油渣,就需要选用固定床加氢工艺,对于在油渣中,除了硫含量高以外,金属含量同样很高的油渣,就需要用到延迟焦化与溶剂脱沥青等技术。主要阐述了劣质原油加工工艺的选择、原油中硫在加工过程的分布、重金属在原油加工过程的分布,并提出了针对以上情况的主要环保对策。     

原油电脱盐技术研究进展

高硫高酸等重质原油比例越来越大,且炼制的原油品种更换频繁,给原油电脱盐装置带来很大的冲击。只有通过开发新的电脱盐工艺装置,评选最佳的工艺条件、应用高效的脱盐助剂等,才能得到脱盐脱水合格的原油。作者介绍了原油电脱盐的原理,装置的电极形式,影响电脱盐效果的多种工艺因素,和一些原油电脱盐的新技术,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

重视含硫原油加工

分析了世界石油资源形势和国际油价的走势,针对含硫／高硫原油比例增加、高油价下低硫原油和高硫原油价差增大的趋势,指出炼油企业应充分重视含硫原油加工,抓紧提高加工含硫原油的适应性,解决好环境保护和不断升级的清洁燃料生产问题,同时获取较高的加工效益。     

常压蒸馏装置加工重质塔河原油

针对常压蒸馏装置由加工常规性质的中原、塔里木等原油转向全部加工重质塔河原油这一变化，从原油分析评价入手，指出了生产方案调整及采取的技术措施，总结了常压装置全炼塔河原油的经验，为今后装置加工重质原油提供了操作依据。     

低凝重质原油电脱盐影响因素及操作工艺参数分析

针对辽河低凝重质原油具有黏度大、密度高、酸值高、胶质沥青质含量高等特点,根据多年来加工辽河低凝油运行电脱盐设备的生产实践经验,对原油电脱盐的影响因素和操作工艺参数进行分析总结,结果表明:原油密度为911.1~965.9 kg/m3、混合阀适宜压差为30~80 Pa、水溶性破乳剂用量为8~10μg/g、温度为135~140℃、压力控制在0.8~1.2 MPa、注水量取5%(体积分数)、电场强度为700~1000 V/cm、停留时间为2~3 min符合加工辽河低凝原油电脱盐技术标准要求。     

Resid Hydroprocessing at Amoco

Future worldwide crude supply projections indicate a shortage of high-quality, low-sulfur crudes. Figure 1 shows that the sulfur, gravity, and l000+°F material will continue to degrade the quality of crude oil for U.S. refiners [1]. The availability of more plentiful, heavier high-sulfur crudes creates several problems for the refiner. First, processing facilities are required to remove sulfur from the various fractions in the crude, and secondly, conversion facilities are required to convert the concentrations of 1000 + °F resid to more valuable products such as gasoline and distillates. In a conventional refinery, the vacuum resid (1000 + °F) is sold either as residual fuel or as asphalt, or it is thermally processed in cokers to produce coker liquids for further processing, and low-value petroleum coke. Because of the reduced markets for residual fuel, asphalt, and coke, refiners have had to install expensive conversion facilities to deal with the larger volumes of vacuum resids from poorer quality crudes.     

Resid Hydroprocessing at Amoco

Future worldwide crude supply projections indicate a shortage of high-quality, low-sulfur crudes. Figure 1 shows that the sulfur, gravity, and l000+°F material will continue to degrade the quality of crude oil for U.S. refiners [1]. The availability of more plentiful, heavier high-sulfur crudes creates several problems for the refiner. First, processing facilities are required to remove sulfur from the various fractions in the crude, and secondly, conversion facilities are required to convert the concentrations of 1000 + °F resid to more valuable products such as gasoline and distillates. In a conventional refinery, the vacuum resid (1000 + °F) is sold either as residual fuel or as asphalt, or it is thermally processed in cokers to produce coker liquids for further processing, and low-value petroleum coke. Because of the reduced markets for residual fuel, asphalt, and coke, refiners have had to install expensive conversion facilities to deal with the larger volumes of vacuum resids from poorer quality crudes.     

不同基属高酸原油催化裂化反应

以石蜡基的苏丹达尔原油和环烷基的绥中36-1原油为原料,在固定流化床装置上进行了催化裂化实验,考察了反应温度、剂油比和重时空速对重油转化率和汽柴油产率的影响。结果表明,虽然基属不同,两种高酸原油催化裂化脱酸率都在99%以上,但是重油转化率和产物分布有明显区别。达尔原油裂化性能好,转化率高,但柴油产率较低,焦炭产率太高;绥中原油裂化性能差,重油转化率只有72.78%,但柴油收率较高。反应条件对两种高酸原油催化裂化的影响差别较大,反应温度和剂油比的改变对石蜡基的达尔原油影响较大,而重时空速对环烷基的绥中原油影响较大。     

Deep desulfurization of full range and low boiling diesel streams from Kuwait Lower Fars heavy crude

Information on feed quality and, in particular, various types of sulfur compounds present in the diesel (gas oil) fractions produced form different crudes and their HDS reactivities under different operating conditions are of a great value for the optimization and economics of the deep HDS process. This paper deals with deep desulfurization of gas oils obtained from a new heavy Kuwaiti crude, namely, Lower Fars (LF) which will be processed in the future at Kuwaiti refineries. Comparative studies were carried out to examine the extent of deep HDS, and the quality of diesel product using two gas oil feeds with different boiling ranges. The results revealed that the full range diesel feed stream produced from the LF crude was very difficult to desulfurize due to its low quality caused by high aromatics content (low feed saturation) together with the presence of high concentrations of organic nitrogen compounds and sterically hindered alkyl DBTs. The low-boiling range gas oil showed better desulfurization compared with the full range gas oil, however, deep desulfurization to 50 ppm sulfur was not achieved even at a temperature as high as 380 °C for both feeds. The desulfurized diesel product from the low-boiling gas-oil feed was better in quality with respect to the S, N and PNA contents and cetane index than the full-range gas-oil feed.     

CONCENTRATED VISCOUS CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORT

The need to utilize viscous crude oils will increase in the next decade. One means to facilitate pumping of heavy crudes in pipelines is to transport them as concentrated oil-in-water emulsions. Stable emulsions could be prepared by alkali treatment with four of seven viscous crudes studied. Surfactants are formed by reaction of natural acids in the crude with alkali. At crude volume fractions of 60%, emulsion apparent viscosity was lowered as much as 10,000 times.

Viscosities of crude emulsions formed by alkali treatment varied with the nature of the crude and with the ratio of base added to the TAN of the crude. Emulsion viscosities and particle diameters reach extrema close to the equivalence point.

The addition of tall oil enhanced the emulsification ability of some of the crudes with alkali treatment, but one crude required non-ionic surfactant to form an emulsion.     

常减压装置腐蚀分析与防护

湛江东兴石油化工有限公司5.0 Mt/a常减压设计加工利比亚和尼日利亚混合原油,硫含量0.208%(m)。从05年掺炼含硫(或高硫)原油(如阿曼原油,硫为1.327%)后,装置的腐蚀加重,低温、高温部位都出现了比较严重的腐蚀,影响了装置的安全平稳运行。文章阐述了装置的腐蚀现状,并对低温腐蚀、高温硫(或酸)腐蚀、加热炉露点腐蚀、循环水垢下腐蚀和Cl-引起的腐蚀问题进行分析,找出了腐蚀原因。并从工艺和材质升级等方面提出相应的防腐措施。     

两种石油焦利用方案的综合比较

针对重油加工产生的高硫石油焦在炼厂的利用方案进行讨论.从石油焦制取氢气、蒸汽、发电等产品的物料平衡,设备配置,产品供给的安全性,环保,经济性等角度对 IGCC 和 POX+CFB 方案进行分析比较.对具体设计工作具有一定的指导意义.     

Effect of processing on the composition and oxidative stability of coconut oil

The effect of various processing procedures on the composition and oxidative stability of coconut oil has been studied. The crude oil is relatively stable but major reductions in oxidative stability occur during the bleaching of oil degummed with phosphoric acid; during alkali refining; during the deodorization of oil degummed with citric acid and bleached; and during the deodorization of oil processed with a combined phosphoric acid degumming and bleaching operation. The reasons for the loss of oxidative stability during processing are discussed with reference to changes in the composition of the oil. Residual traces of citric acid or phosphoric acid play an important role in stabilizing processed oils. The tocopherol content is also important, although no additional stabilization of the oil occurs on adding levels of tocopherol above those present naturally in the crude oil. A combined phosphoric acid degumming and bleaching process leads to smaller losses of tocopherols than sequential treatments.     

优化总工艺加工流程合理安排乙烯原料

以加工800万吨／年原油的某大型炼化一体化企业为例,从炼油化工一体化、原油的选择、蜡油和重油的加工方案选择以及工艺装置的长周期运行等多角度对乙烯原料进行了优化安排,工业运行结果达到预期目标。