Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars, we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability, using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that, under a coal pillar, vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases. We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars. Based on this, we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar, such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support, cable reinforcement support,single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock, which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.     

Feasibility analysis of gob-side entry retaining on a working face in a steep coal seam

Based on the decline in exploitation of coal resources, steep coal seam mining and mining face tensions continue to explore the feasibility analysis of steeply inclined faces in the gob. One of the key factors in utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in steep coal seams is to safely and effectively prevent caving rock blocks from rushing into the gob-side entry by sliding downwards along levels. Using theoretical analysis and field methods, we numerically simulated the mining process on a fully-mechanized face in a steep coal seam. The stress and deformation process of roof strata has been analyzed, and the difficulty of utilizing the technology is considered and combined with practice in a steep working face in Lvshuidong mine. The feasibility of utilizing the technology of gob-side entry retaining in a steep coal seam has been recognised. We propose that roadways along the left lane offshoot body use a specially-made reinforced steel dense net to build a dense rock face at the lower head. The results show that the lane offshoot branch creates effective roof control, safe conditions for roadway construction workers, and practical application of steeply inclined gob.     

高分子固化剂加固土质边坡的稳定性分析

分析高分子固化剂的加固机理,并利用室内试验测得的抗剪强度参数,采用Slide软件进行数值建模,主要研究在不同边坡坡比工况下,固化剂的浓度和加固厚度对边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:高分子固化剂的护坡机理主要为高分子固结成膜加固,植被根系的锚固和加筋作用。高分子固化剂对于不同坡比工况下的边坡稳定性的提高均具有积极的作用。在同一坡比工况下,加固深度对于稳定性的影响受其他因素相关性小,而固化剂浓度对于稳定性的影响受本身稳定性系数影响,与其他因素相关性较大。当边坡坡比越小时,即原坡面稳定性系数越小时,加固后稳定性系数增加的比例越小。高分子固化剂应用到工程边坡上,促进边坡坡面的植被生长与恢复,根被根系的加固作用将更有利于提高边坡的稳定性。     

灌木对黄土边坡的加固效应

植物对边坡稳定性的贡献源于根系对土体的加劲作用、根系吸水消耗孔隙水压力及其引起的抗剪强度增加.通过对非饱和含根土开展剪切试验建立了根-土复合体的抗剪强度模型,其抗剪强度是根系密度和土壤含水率的函数.通过建立二维根系吸水模型,开展根系吸水条件下的渠道边坡土壤水分运动数值模拟.根据土壤水分动态分布和根-土复合体抗剪强度模型计算了不同气象阶段植被渠道边坡的稳定性.对比相同时刻植被边坡和裸土边坡的稳定性计算结果发现,植物根系通过加劲土壤和吸取土壤水分能够显著增强黄土渠道边坡的稳定性.     

块石压填法处置软土路基的敏感性参数分析

为了更好地评价天然软土路基加固处理效果,采用基于上下负荷面的弹黏塑性本构模型,表征天然软土地基的力学特性,利用大型有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型,模拟路堤分层填筑过程,获取采用块石压填法处置后的软土路基承载力和变形特征。分析了不同块石换填层厚度、变形模量、不同堆载荷载及填筑时长对软土路基的承载力以及工后沉降变形的影响特征。结果表明:基于上下负荷面的弹黏塑性本构模型能够有效地模拟软土路基的变形特征,能用于复杂路基的工后沉降分析;块石压填层的厚度以及变形模量均对地基承载力有显著影响,块石压填层的厚度、填筑时长以及堆载均对工后沉降有显著影响,而块石压填层变形模量并不对工后沉降产生明显影响。     

某电站溢洪道边坡加固方案优化分析

以大型的岩土工程数值分析软件(ADINA)为研究手段,基于卸荷岩体力学理论与方法,对某电站溢洪道边坡进行了开挖卸荷分析,在此基础上重点进行了加固方案优化分析,包括加固方式、加固区域和经济优化分析,研究结果对设计和施工具有较大的参考价值,对其他工程也有一定的借鉴作用.     

陡坡双桩柱式桥墩沉降分析

针对山区陡坡桥墩的复杂受力特点,根据某陡坡双桩柱式桥墩的工程实际情况,利用ADINA有限元分析程序的模拟结果,分析了墩顶竖向荷载、坡顶荷载、桩径、桩柱混凝土强度等级、桩周(岩)土的弹性模量、桩间距等对双桩柱桥墩沉降的影响。结果表明:在竖向荷载作用下,前桩墩顶的沉降比后桩墩顶的大,且随着荷载的增加其差值也越来越大;但是在坡顶荷载作用下,前、后墩顶的沉降变化规律则相反;不论是在墩顶竖向荷载作用下,还是在坡顶荷载单独作用下,前桩柱墩顶的沉降增量总比后桩柱墩顶的要大。在一定的墩顶竖向荷载作用下,随着墩周(岩)土的弹性模量、桩径、桩柱混凝土强度等级的增加,双桩柱墩顶的沉降量都减少,且其减幅基本相同。     

岩质边坡危岩最优锚固方案的确定

运用赤平板射投影，块体理论和岩本力学的基本原理，试探求证 种可供边坡工程采用的确定岩质边坡危岩最优锚固方案的简易方法。最后，试用该法对已竣工重庆大学高陡边坡危岩锚固工程进行验证分析。     

Pull-out tests and slope stability analyses of nailing systems comprising single and multi rebars with grouted cement

The pull-out capacities for soil nailing systems comprising of one single 29 mm diameter (type A) and four 16 mm diameter (type B) rebars with grouted cement were examined. A field test and numerical analysis for the type A and type B systems were carried out to investigate the pull-out capacities and the slope stability reinforcement efficiency in soil and rock slopes. The results of the pull-out tests show the mobilized shear force and load transfer characteristics with respect to soil depth. The load-displacement relationship was examined for both type A and type B systems. Slope stability analyses were carried out to study the relationships between soil and nail reinforcement and bending stiffness as well as combined axial tension and shear forces. Factors of safety were calculated in relation to the number of nails and their outside diameters. Both soil and rock slopes were included in this evaluation.     

基于Hoek-Brown准则确定岩体参数的边坡稳定性分析

以某岩质高边坡为研究对象,通过野外调查分析,根据边坡岩体结构和破坏特征,应用Hoek-Brown经验准则确定岩体抗剪强度参数,采用极限平衡法和FLAC-2D有限差分程序对边坡进行稳定性分析,并依据分析结果制定了加固方案,通过分析验证和现场监测,结果表明边坡加固方案可行.     

某露天矿陡帮边坡稳定性分析与加固设计

根据某露天矿陡帮边坡的工程实际,采用极限平衡方法等进行了露天矿陡帮边坡的稳定性分析,提出了合理而有效的加固方案,并进行了加固后的边坡稳定性分析和评价.结果表明：该露天矿陡帮边坡长期暴露在自然条件下稳定性会逐渐降低,如遇饱水或渗流,边坡可能会发生失稳.采用预应力锚索框架梁加固后,边坡的稳定系数显著提高,边坡处于稳定状态,从而保证了矿区的安全生产.     

Pseudo-dynamic analysis of seismic stability of reinforced slopes considering non-associated flow rule

The required reinforcement force to prevent instability and the yield acceleration of reinforced slopes are computed under seismic loading by applying the kinematic approach of limit analysis in conjunction with the pseudo-dynamic method for a wide range of soil cohesion, friction angle, dilation angle and horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients. Each parameter threatening the stability of the slope enhances the magnitude of the required reinforcement force and vice versa. Moreover, the yield acceleration increases with the increase in soil shear strength parameters but decreases with the increase in the slope angle. The comparison of the present work with some of the available solutions in the literatures shows a reasonable agreement.     

煤与瓦斯突出的土力学分析

为了探索煤与瓦斯突出机理,根据岩体结构分类方法,把破坏类型为Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ类的煤视为散体结构岩体.借鉴土力学流土失稳理论分析煤与瓦斯突出机制,把临界失稳梯度作为煤体的抗突强度指标.通过对煤体瓦斯压力梯度变化过程的分析,指出低透气性煤比高透气性煤更容易发生高强度突出的原因是由于低透气性煤的"失稳分层"的单位体积煤体具有更高的气体膨胀能.提出隔渗帷幕法和反滤层法2种控突思路.     

香根草根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

香根草具有强大而快速生长的根系,因而特别适合于边坡加固,但是目前很少有关量化香根草根系固坡效果的研究.基于此,开展了根系现场调查和含根土取样,在实验室内进行了香根草根区土壤剪切试验和根系抗拉强度试验,试验结果的整体趋势验证了香根草根系固坡模型,该模型可用于评估香根草根系对土坡的加固效果.     

边坡稳定性强度折减颗粒离散元法分析的细观参数标定策略

根据岩土体力学指标标定颗粒细观参数是应用颗粒离散元解决岩土工程问题的一项基础工作。用颗粒离散元法执行边坡稳定性强度折减法分析时，岩土体抗剪强度随折减系数变化不断调整，使用试算法标定颗粒细观参数则效率严重不足。为解决此问题，采用国产颗粒离散元软件MatDEM，以颗粒细观参数为输入、岩土体抗剪强度指标为输出构建BP神经网络，开发双轴压缩数值模型并行试验技术加速神经网络样本数据的获取过程，重复执行“逆向标定-精度检查-样本修正”实现颗粒细观参数的逆向迭代修正标定。测试试验结果表明，该策略标定的颗粒细观参数与抗剪强度目标高度匹配，数值试验结果与目标值相比误差可控制在不超过1%。采用澳大利亚计算机应用协会（ACADS）的两个边坡稳定性分析经典考题，以模型平均位移突变为极限状态判据执行强度折减法分析，检验该策略的应用效果。结果显示：该策略的标定能力可满足抗剪强度不断调整时颗粒细观参数重新设定的需要，安全系数计算结果与ACADS推荐解具有良好可比性。     

土石混合体边坡稳定性的三维颗粒离散元分析

为探究土石混合体边坡的稳定性和破坏机理,基于土工离心模型试验基本原理,结合已开发的不规则块石和土石混合体三维离散元建模方法建立土石混合体边坡细观结构的三维离散元模型.引入颗粒流强度折减法并提出基于能量演化的方法来判别边坡失稳破坏.利用提出的土石混合体边坡三维离散元建模方法和稳定性分析方法,分析不同块石含量、块石形状、空间结构、空间形态等因素对土石混合体边坡稳定性和破坏模式的影响,并揭示这些因素影响的细观机理.结果表明:随含石量增加,土石混合体边坡的安全系数逐渐增大;土石混合体边坡中呈现出多滑动面现象,且滑面较为曲折,具有明显的绕石特征,坡脚部位的部分大块石使得剪出口的位置发生明显的改变;随块石形状由球体、卵石到碎石,土石混合体边坡的安全系数逐渐增大;上覆堆积体相对较厚且坡度不是很大的二元结构边坡或一元结构边坡的破坏模式主要是堆积体内部发生的弧形滑动破坏,上覆堆积体厚度不大且基岩面相对平整的二元结构边坡的破坏模式主要是沿基-覆界面的整体平移滑动破坏;随土石混合体边坡空间形态由条带型、敞口型到锁口型,其安全系数逐渐提高,其中锁口型边坡具有显著的支撑拱效应,且含石量越大这种效应越明显.     

Stability and reinforcement analysis of rock slope based on elasto-plastic finite element method

The rigid body limit equilibrium method(RBLEM) and finite element method(FEM) are two widely used approaches for rock slope's stability analysis currently. RBLEM introduced plethoric assumptions; while traditional FEM relied on artificial factors when determining factor of safety(FOS) and sliding surfaces. Based on the definition of structure instability that an elasto-plastic structure is not stable if it is unable to satisfy simultaneously equilibrium condition, kinematical admissibility and constitutive equations under given external loads, deformation reinforcement theory(DRT) is developed. With this theory, plastic complementary energy(PCE) can be used to evaluate the overall stability of rock slope, and the unbalanced force beyond the yield surface could be the identification of local failure. Compared with traditional slope stability analysis approaches, the PCE norm curve to strength reduced factor is introduced and the unbalanced force is applied to the determination of key sliding surfaces and required reinforcement. Typical and important issues in rock slope stability are tested in TFINE(a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element program), which is further applied to several representatives of high rock slope's stability evaluation and reinforcement engineering practice in southwest of China.     

人工高切坡的长期强度指标研究

高切坡的长期强度指标是研究其长期稳定性的关键,而影响人工高切坡长期强度的因素较多,但在工程寿命期内,主要以开挖卸荷和雨水入渗两种因素为主.以损伤理论为基础,分别定义了开挖卸荷引起的岩土体损伤和雨水入渗引起的岩土体损伤,研究了考虑损伤后岩土体的长期抗剪强度指标问题.通过工程实例的分析,结果表明：理论模型计算的高切坡长期强度与常规强度折减方法的预测结果一致的,可用于对人工高切坡长期稳定性的预测.     

草本植物加固边坡的力学原理

草本植物根系使边坡土体浅层成为土体和根系的复合材料,它通过根土摩擦作用和根的抗拉作用,增强了根系土层的整体抗剪强度,但至今人们对草本植物根系对边坡岩土体的作用及效应的研究仍很少,亟待深入。通过对草本植物根系加固边坡的力学原理进行了全面的分析,不但提出了根土作用的力学模型,而且对边坡增加的抗剪强度和增加的边坡稳定性系数进行了定量计算。从而为草本植物生态护坡提供了理论依据。     

红砂岩顺层滑坡浅析

瑞金至寻乌高速公路位于赣南地区,开挖形成的路堑边坡以砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩为主,其强度低、易风化,且遇水软化、崩解,水稳定性差。在对沿线工程地质条件分析的基础上,提出了顺层岩质路堑边坡的破坏模式,为避免开挖过程中边坡出现顺层滑动,宜边开挖边加固。水是诱发顺层边坡失稳的主导因素,设计中应加强防排水措施。