GPS驯服CPT原子钟方法研究

本文针对全球定位系统（GPS,Global Position System）接收机输出秒脉冲（1PPS,1 Pulse Per Second）信号的特点,以及相干布居囚禁（CPT,Coherent Population Trapping）原子钟输出频率信号的特性,设计并实现了GPS驯服CPT原子钟方案.我们建立了适合抑制1PPS信号抖动的卡尔曼滤波模型,通过理论推导和计算获得了相应噪声参数,并采用卡尔曼滤波器与平均滤波器相结合,对CPT原子钟输出频率实施滤波处理,并用GPS接收机输出的1PPS信号实施频率校准,所实现GPS驯服的CPT原子钟输出频率的中短期频率误差降低半个量级,天频率稳定度提高一个量级.     

Double-frequency jitter figures in master–slave PLL networks

The main strategy used for distributing clock information in synchronous telecommunication networks is the master–slave. A particular node (master) provides the precise clock signals that are sent to the other nodes (slaves), which recover phase and frequency information by using phase-locked loops (PLLs). In spite of PLLs being equipped with low-pass filters, the recovered clock signals always contain second harmonic components that appear as a deterministic component of the whole phase jitter. Here, we study how the amplitude of this double-frequency jitter depends on the PLL parameters and delays. Chain and star topologies are considered with slave PLLs equipped with the most usual types of first-order low-pass filter. For both topologies, numerical simulations show that this kind of jitter depends on the position of the node in the chain or star being slightly dependent on the number of nodes.     

AdaSynch: A General Adaptive Clock Synchronization Scheme Based on Kalman Filter for WSNs

Efficient and accurate clock synchronization is a challenge for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Unlike previous works on clock synchronization in WSNs that consider communication delay as the main cause of clock inaccuracy, we propose a new adaptive synchronization scheme, AdaSynch, which considers the principium of the clock. We aim to overcome the challenges posed by WSNs’ resource constraints such as limited energy and bandwidth, low precision oscillators and random factors. By implementing some experiments on TelosB platform, we find that the clock system switches between multiple clock models. Motivated by experiment results, we establish a general clock model which describes the clock offset in terms of the oscillators. We then design two kinds of basic Kalman filter models to achieve clock synchronization. In order to execute Kalman filtering, we propose a recursion method based on the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to access the parameters of the Kalman filter model adaptively. To describe alternation in the clock model, we propose a Multimodel Kalman filter, and put forward an adaptive method based on hypothesis testing to describe these complexities in the clock model. We demonstrate the performance gains of our scheme through experiments using different Kalman filter models based on experiment data.     

Jitter and clock recovery for periodic traffic in broadband packetnetworks

The transparent transport of real-time periodic traffic through a broadband packet network requires the recovery of source clock frequency at the destination. The arriving packet stream at the destination buffer contains the source clock frequency information, which can be recovered by monitoring the buffer level, and using it to adjust the destination clock frequency without buffer under- or overflow. However, the inherently stochastic nature of packet transport in a broadband packet network makes the recovery difficult. The authors illustrate the packet jitter phenomenon, and develop algorithms to construct the destination clock frequency such that it asymptotically follows the source clock frequency with minimal variation. They provide a systematic design procedure for the implementation of these algorithms, and apply them to a computer model of a single stage FCFS multiplexer to demonstrate their effectiveness and different design trade-offs. They also discuss the application of the algorithms to the audio and video services     

An Analytical Approach for Quantifying Clock Jitter Effects in Continuous-Time Sigma–Delta Modulators

Continuous-time sigma–delta modulators (CTSDMs) may suffer severe performance degradation from the timing error in a quantizer clock. We present an analytical approach to quantify the performance loss due to clock jitter in a CTSDM. Unlike many prior works that model the timing error of clocks as additive white Gaussian phase noise, we propose a jitter model that exhibits an auto-regression form, so we term it auto regressive (AR) jitter. This AR jitter model shows exactly the same jitter behavior as that of a clock generated by practical phase-locked loops. Based on this AR jitter model, we establish an analytical approach to examine the intricate effects of clock uncertainty on CTSDM system performance. We demonstrate the validity of the proposed analytical method by showing its excellent agreement with simulation results. The analytical method enables a profound insight into the problem of how clock jitter degrades the system performance and also provides a guideline on how to minimize the detrimental effects of clock jitter.     

Multirate modeling of AR/MA stochastic signals and its applicationto the combined estimation-interpolation problem

The use of the Kalman filter is investigated in this work for interpolating and estimating values of an AR or MA stochastic signal when only a noisy, down-sampled version of the signal can be measured. A multirate modeling theory of the AR/MA stochastic signals is first derived from a block state-space viewpoint. The missing samples are embedded in the state vector so that missing signal reconstruction problem becomes a state estimation scheme. Next, Kalman state estimation theory is introduced to treat the combined estimation-interpolation problem. Some extensions are also discussed for variations of the original basic problem. The proposed Kalman reconstruction filter can be also applied toward recovering missing speech packets in a packet switching network with packet interleaving configuration. By analysis of state estimation theory, the proposed Kalman reconstruction filters produce minimum-variance estimates of the original signals. Simulation results indicate that the multirate Kalman reconstruction filters possess better estimation/interpolation performances than a Wiener reconstruction filter under adequate numerical complexity     

Continuous-time delta-sigma modulator using vector filter in feedback path to reduce effect of clock jitter and excess loop delay

In this paper, we propose a novel delta-sigma modulator (DSM) that reduces the effects of clock jitter and excess loop delay by using a vector filter in the feedback path. The vector filter divides the input signal into a high-frequency part and a low-frequency part. The low-pass signal is placed in the path to the first-stage digital-to-analog converter for reducing the effects of the clock jitter, and the high-pass signal is placed in the feedback path to the last integrator in order to compensate for the excess loop delay. The DSM using the vector filter in the feedback path (DSM-VF) is verified using MATLAB/Simulink. Further, a clock jitter (0.1 %) in DSM-VF leads to an improvement in the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) to 22.5 dB as compared to the SNR of a conventional CTDSM. Moreover, the SNR deterioration caused by the excess loop delay is improved.     

一种基于插值和卡尔曼滤波的接收机钟差预测方法

针对多模多频接收机面临同时处理大量数据的压力,提出了一种基于插值和卡尔曼滤波的接收机钟差预测方法。插值方法分别用拉格朗日和三次样条,三次样条端点的一阶导数采用“差分法代替求导法”来确定。首先由插值方法得出每隔1s的卫星坐标、速度、钟差、频漂和伪距测量值,然后基于单星授时方法计算出静止接收机钟差,接着用卡尔曼滤波算法对接收机钟差和频漂进行预测,最后将预测的接收机钟差与加拿大空间参考系统( CSRS )提供的精密接收机钟差数据进行比较。结果表明,拉格朗日插值由于存在龙格效应,其接收机钟差的抖动幅度比三次样条略大,它们与CSRS钟差数据相比,均方根误差在3 ns之内。     

On the use of first-order autoregressive modeling for Rayleigh flat fading channel estimation with Kalman filter

This letter deals with the estimation of a flat fading Rayleigh channel with Jakes's spectrum. The channel is approximated by a first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) model and tracked by a Kalman filter (KF). The common method used in the literature to estimate the parameter of the AR(1) model is based on a correlation matching (CM) criterion. However, for slow fading variations, another criterion based on the minimization of the asymptotic variance (MAV) of the KF is more appropriate, as already observed in few works (Barbieri et al., 2009 [1]). This letter gives analytic justification by providing approximated closed-form expressions of the estimation variance for the CM and MAV criteria, and of the optimal AR(1) parameter.     

高阶QAM信号多状态自适应卡尔曼滤波载波同步算法

通信信号盲载波恢复是非协作模式下接收方解调的关键环节之一。为提高频偏捕获范围与速度,同时有效增强算法跟踪时变频偏能力,本文针对正交幅度调制(QAM)信号,通过理论推导得出滤波器环路带宽的变化特性,提出一种基于自适应判决引导扩展卡尔曼滤波的载波同步算法。该算法在现有卡尔曼滤波载波同步算法的基础上,引入多状态自适应切换机制自适应地改变滤波器参数,并依据实验测试数据分析得出调整原则并完成滤波器参数的选取。理论分析和仿真表明,与已有的卡尔曼载波同步算法及二阶数字锁相环算法相比,该算法不仅捕获速度更快范围更大,且能在存在时变多普勒频移的情况下较好地跟踪时变频偏和相位,在大频偏条件下的算法跟踪性能与鲁棒性等方面均有优势。      

基于最优导频的自适应Kalman滤波信道估计方法

针对时变信道中的子载波间干扰(ICI)和噪声的统计模型不准确引起的滤波发散问题,介绍了一种基于最优导频预滤波的自适应Kalman联合算法。该算法通过使用最优导频滤除ICI,获得理想信道初始状态,然后将其作为Kalman滤波初始信息在时域上进行自适应Kalman信道估计。最后仿真实验表明,和传统的基于导频的Kalman滤波(KF)算法相比,该方法能有效抑制KF发散和改善信道估计精度。     

Circuit emulation services over Ethernet—Part 2: Prototype and experimental results

This paper describes a prototype implementation and experimental results for unstructured circuit emulation service (UCES) of T3 data stream over Ethernet. As explained in Part 1 of this paper,¹ packet‐switched networks such as Ethernet are not designed to transport TDM data and so have no inherent clock distribution and synchronization mechanisms. Thus, to allow the frequency of the source TDM stream to be regenerated at the receiver, the prototype employed the clock synchronization scheme described in Part 1 of this paper. Our experiments showed that the recovered clock conforms to ITU‐T G.824 requirements² even for networks that introduce high jitter and packet loss. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soft-Output Demodulation on Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels Using AR Channel Models

This paper is a study of high-performance soft-output demodulation for slow or moderate frequency-selective and flat Rayleigh fading using an autoregressive (AR) channel model. For channel taps modeled as AR processes, the discrete-time-equivalent channel model is derived for a matched filter (matched to the transmit pulse) and symbol rate-sampled receiver front end. The optimum symbol-by-symbol demodulator is then derived and shown to consist of a joint data and Kalman filter (KF) channel estimator. Additionally, a symbol-by-symbol demodulator with an extended KF is proposed that jointly identifies and tracks the channel and the unknown parameters in AR channel models. A simulation study shows that the proposed algorithms offer significant advantages in performance or complexity compared to several previously proposed algorithms. The algorithms do not exhibit a significant error floor, provide soft-output metrics needed for interleaved coded modulation, provide high performance with a blind initialization, are capable of blind operation with fast acquisition though compatible with pilot-symbol-assisted modulation, and are robust to parameter mismatch.     

在脉冲噪声环境中用于快衰信道估计的改进型算法

该文分析了在存在噪声干扰的情况下,进行估计快衰信道的方法。在无线通信系统中,快衰信道可以采用AR(Auto-Regressive)模型进行预测,而LS (Least Square)算法和自适应Kalman滤波器可以分别对AR模型的参数和信道的冲激响应进行估计,但是这两种算法对噪声干扰非常敏感。该文提出改进型的RLM算法和Kalman 滤波器,并在存在噪声的情况下,使用它们并行对AR参数和信道的冲激响应进行联合估计。仿真结果显示:相比于传统的算法,改进后的算法在联合估计信道时,提高了抵抗大脉冲干扰的能力,加快了待估的参数的收敛速度。     

Equivalent Model of a Clock Recovery Circuit

In previous work a jitter model has been used to predict the growth of the timing errors along a chain of PCM regenerators. According to this model each regenerator behaves as a combination of a low-pass filter and a source of noise. The former accounts for the smoothing effect of the time constants of the regenerator, and the latter represents timing errors associated with the clock recovery process. This theory has been brought out under restrictive hypotheses either on the width of the pulses (often assumed very short) or on the form of the nonlinearity in the clock recovery system. In this paper we show that the theory is still valid for any reasonable form of nonlinearity and for pulses wider than the symbol spacing. A method is also given to compute the filter transfer function and the spectral density of the noise.     

Distributed source-destination synchronization using inband clockdistribution

This paper presents a new distributed methodology for source destination synchronization for interactive teleconferencing. The method is based on a reference clock, which is synthesized from a distributed global clock. The global clock is generated by periodically exchanging inband synchronization signals with neighboring nodes. The timing jitter achieved with this method can be arbitrarily close to the jitter obtained by the centralized synchronous methods which usually use an out-of-band, hard-wired reference clock. The global clock synchronization algorithm, used in this work, guarantees frequency locking of all the network nodes to the slowest clock in the system. As a result, the slowest clock can be used as an implicit reference clock for source-destination synchronization protocols, such as synchronous frequency encoding technique (SFET) and synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS). This inband synchronization method does not require the explicit knowledge of which clock is actually the slowest in the system. Therefore, if the slowest clock fails, then another clock on a different node will be the slowest, and the nodes will use it as a reference clock for the source-destination synchronization protocol. The existing out-of-band reference clock techniques do not have this strong fault tolerant property     

Computationally efficient channel estimation and inter-carrier interference suppression for OFDM communication systems

This article puts forward a novel channel estimation and inter-carrier interference (ICI) suppression method for time-varying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filter utilizes the time domain correlation of the subcarriers. Based on the one order auto-regressive (AR) model, a modified Kalman filter is exploited to track the channel variance. By solving the Yule-Walker equation, the coefficient of the AR process can be obtained from zero order Bessel function. However, when the channel is assumed not perfectly known, the above criterion will lead to an impractical application. To deal with it, the coefficient of the AR process is taken as a constant. Subsequently a new state space model is deduced and found. Simulation results show that the proposed method can work effectively at the speed of 144 km/h with a phase noise of -85 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset. The proposed method yields an improvement bit error rate (BER) compared with three of the existing algorithms with much lower complexity.     

系泊状态下捷联惯导自对准算法

系泊状态下,陀螺仪与加速度计的输出会受到角运动与线振动的干扰。为此,该文在姿态求解方法(Wahba)初始对准方法的基础上引入隐式马尔科夫模型卡尔曼滤波(HMM/KF),由角运动和线振动引起的干扰经过HMM/KF滤波器被滤除。与传统数字滤波器采用先验固定截止频率相比,该方法具有更强的自适应性。利用海上实验对比分析引入HMM/KF滤波的对准结果,研究结果表明,该方法不需进行粗对准,能在系泊状态下快速实现自对准。     

Recursive estimation of images using non-Gaussian autoregressivemodels

We consider recursive estimation of images modeled by non-Gaussian autoregressive (AR) models and corrupted by spatially white Gaussian noise. The goal is to find a recursive algorithm to compute a near minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimate of each pixel of the scene using a fixed lookahead of D rows and D columns of the observations. Our method is based on a simple approximation that makes possible the development of a useful suboptimal nonlinear estimator. The algorithm is first developed for a non-Gaussian AR time-series and then generalized to two dimensions. In the process, we draw on the well-known reduced update Kalman filter (KF) technique of Woods and Radewan (1977) to circumvent computational load problems. Several examples demonstrate the non-Gaussian nature of residuals for AR image models and that our algorithm compares favorably with the Kalman filtering techniques in such cases.     

Optimization of symbol timing recovery for QAM data demodulators

This paper describes an effective technique for the optimization of the clock recovery circuit in an all-digital modem for linearly modulated signals. Starting from the concept of prefiltering of the data signal (already pursued by these authors in the context of analog data receivers), it is shown how to design an optimum digital prefilter for the minimization of jitter due to both Gaussian and pattern noise in the closed-loop clock recovery scheme by Gardner (1986). The numerical results of the theoretical analysis, obtained after iterative resolution of a constrained-minimum problem via the Lagrange multiplier method, are checked by simulation and can be nicely justified by the consideration of the frequency response of the optimum prefilter. The key outcome of such an approach is the demonstration of a substantial performance improvement in terms of steady-state clock jitter, even with remarkably simple FIR prefilters with a small number of taps