直纹面叶轮插铣加工关键技术

为提高整体叶轮的粗加工效率,弥补目前商用计算机辅助制造软件在五坐标插铣加工能力方面的不足,研究了直纹面叶轮五坐标插铣加工的关键技术。根据直纹面叶片的偏移边界矢量,利用四元数插值方法计算插铣加工的刀轴矢量,提出并推导了五坐标插铣加工的行距和步距计算公式,保证了插铣加工的材料去除率和加工效率。依据上述算法自主开发了整体叶轮五坐标插铣加工专用计算机辅助制造软件,并对该软件生成的刀具轨迹进行了仿真和实际加工验证。结果证明,该方法在一定程度上提高了叶轮零件的粗加工效率。     

基于有向图的刀轴矢量优化研究

针对球头铣刀的五轴数控加工,提出了一种基于有向图的刀轴矢量优化方法。根据刀轴矢量数据量大的特点,提出了建立刀轴矢量有向图的最小优化模型和算法。该方法能获得全局刀轴矢量变化量最小的刀轴矢量序列,将可行域边界上的刀轴矢量加入到有向图的计算中,提高了算法的计算效率。仿真分析表明,该方法优化了刀轴矢量的连续性和光顺性,对于最佳刀具姿态在可行域边界上的加工具有一定的适用性。     

复杂曲面通道多轴加工的刀具选择方法

针对复杂曲面通道零件多轴加工的刀具优化选择问题,提出一种基于点可行空间分析的刀具选择方法。分析了复杂曲面通道多轴加工刀具运动的几何约束,利用临界约束条件对通道加工的临界刀轴进行求解。通过分析单点可达区域与球头刀可行摆刀域之间的关系,提出一种无碰撞干涉条件下的最大刀具直径选择方法;在此基础上,通过对可行摆刀域内刀轴矢量的优化,获得了刀具直径最大条件下的最短刀具长度。以整体叶轮的五轴加工为例,对该方法进行了分析与验证,给出了叶片曲面上最大刀具直径与最短刀具长度的变化情况,并对不同刀具直径的加工效果进行了对比分析。结果表明,本文方法能获得复杂曲面通道类零件多轴加工的最大刀具直径、最小刀具长度,可显著提高该类零件的加工效率及加工稳定性。     

基于平底刀端铣的叶轮流道底面精铣算法研究

针对任意扭曲叶轮五轴整体铣制流道底部精铣,为提高加工质量和效率,通过球头刀和平底刀各自特点的比较和实践,提出一种基于平底刀端铣的叶轮流道底部精铣改进算法.建立法矢量控制刀轴矢量工件坐标系,结合刀倾角、刀摆角以及叶轮流道底部具体几何特征,推导出法矢量控制刀轴矢量算法;再对比球头刀端铣,建立平底刀端铣有效切削轮廓模型,推导...     

叶轮流道非正交四轴加工的刀轴控制方法

针对自由曲面叶轮流道非正交四轴加工,提出了一种在刀轴约束面上旋转插值的刀轴控制方法。通过分析刀轴约束条件,在工件坐标系下建立满足约束条件的单位圆锥面。采用清根切触点处初始刀轴的计算方法求解清根轨迹上每一个切触点处无干涉的刀轴矢量。按照清根切触点序列依次计算流道两侧对应清根刀轴在单位圆锥面上确定的扇形曲面区域,并在该区域等角度旋转插值清根刀轴,从而获得流道加工的刀轴矢量,最后建立机床运动学约束条件并对其进行光顺处理。结果表明,该方法能够准确有效地计算叶轮流道非正交四轴加工光滑且无干涉的刀轴矢量。     

开式整体叶盘通道侧铣粗加工技术的研究

整体叶盘从锻造毛坯到最终零件加工成型,需要切除大量的多余材料。本文提出了一种开式整体叶盘通道区域五坐标粗加工刀具轨迹规划方法。该方法通过生成整体叶盘薄壁叶片的直纹包络面,以确定叶盘通道粗加工区域的边界轮廓;基于直纹面五轴侧铣加工刀具轨迹双点偏置生成方式,利用投影法规划开式整体叶盘通道区域粗铣加工的刀心点轨迹与刀轴矢量方向。加工实践表明,开式整体叶盘的粗加工效率提高30%以上,同时,显著优化了后续半精加工和精加工工序的环境。     

基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法

针对目前航空发动机叶片进排气边加工精度和表面质量较差的问题,提出了一种基于机床运动学约束球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法。建立刀位优化变量与刀位数据之间的关系方程,同时建立刀位数据与机床回转轴角度之间的运动变换方程,从而推导出刀位优化变量与机床回转轴角度之间的关系方程。通过求解上述方程得到球头刀多轴加工复杂曲面的刀轴矢量计算公式。在此基础上,给出球头刀多轴加工刀轴矢量优化方法和刀轨生成方法。同时,以某航空发动机叶片为例,分析了本文算法和Sturz算法对机床回转轴角度的影响。分别利用本文算法和Sturz算法生成该叶片进气边加工的刀轨,并在五轴数控机床上进行加工试验。试验结果表明,该算法能够避免加工过程中机床回转轴的大幅波动,使机床轴运动更加平稳和光滑,从而提高曲面的加工质量和加工效率,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于可视锥理论的五轴加工刀具碰撞检验方法

针对复杂曲面数控加工中刀具与工件的碰撞问题,提出一种基于可视锥理论的刀具碰撞检验方法。根据点的可视性特点推导点的可视锥算法,对任意采样点进行可视锥模型构建,通过刀轴矢量与可视锥的布尔运算判断刀具与工件的碰撞,由此计算刀轴避免碰撞时应转过的最小夹角,并对旋转后的新刀轴矢量是否在机床刀轴可加工范围内进行检验。通过将该方法应用于整体叶轮加工中,可快速检验出发生碰撞的区域并对刀轴矢量进行修正,有效地解决了刀具在数控加工中的碰撞检测问题,为刀具路径规划提供了有效的检验方法。     

5轴叶轮粗加工过切与碰撞综合检测修正研究

针对复杂多曲面叶轮的5轴粗加工刀轨自动生成问题,提出一种基于使用平头立铣刀的无过切,干涉的刀具轨迹生成算法。通过对整体叶轮5轴加工中可能出现刀具与叶片干涉的问题,提出了一种干涉检测方法。依据检测结果对干涉进行处理,从而避免实际加工时干涉的发生。方法考虑了刀具运动路径上全部刀位点与叶轮的位置关系,计算量小,对于叶轮数控加工编程中大量刀位数据的干涉检查,可以显著地节省计算机运算时间。     

基于SurfMill与一种双转台五轴数控机床的整体叶轮的编程与加工

整体叶轮叶片多为非可展扭曲直纹面,加工精度要求高、加工难度大,五轴联动数控机床是加工整体叶轮的一种理想方法。基于SurfMill 9.0软件平台对整体叶轮进行数控加工工艺设计与自动编程,并应用JDGR 400双转台五轴联动数控机床对其进行数控加工,充分体现出五轴联动加工技术对叶轮类零件加工的技术优势,为今后加工相关复杂曲面类零件提供参考。     

整体叶轮五轴侧铣刀位优化新算法与误差分析

为提高整体叶轮数控侧铣加工的精度和效率,分析厂锥形球头铣刀包络面与刀轴轨迹面之间的关系,提出了一种不可展直纹曲面五轴数控侧铣刀位优化的新算法.该算法首先利用两点偏置法确定圆柱刀初始刀位,然后通过刀轴旋转半锥角得到锥刀初始刀位,最后以刀具包络面与设计曲面间的极差最小为优化目标.采用刀轴上三点优化初始刀位.针对锥刀侧铣加工编程误差计算复杂问题,建立了一种编程误差计算新方法,并成功应用于整体叶轮的锥刀编程误差计算.通过数控加工仿真实例、实际加工试验和编程误差综合对比分析证明,所建立的刀位计算优化新算法正确有效,可显著减小编程误差.     

整体叶轮五轴数控插铣加工刀位轨迹生成算法研究

为了提高整体叶轮粗加工效率和质量,提出了一种整体叶轮五轴插铣加工刀位轨迹的计算方法。根据整体叶轮的几何特征和插铣特点,定义与叶轮轴线垂直的截平面族,构造截平面与叶片型面交线的单侧包络直线族,作为边界面加工刀位,在边界面刀位之间插值,得到整个流道的插铣加工刀位轨迹。运用UG/Open API开发了整体叶轮插铣加工软件模块,最后通过实例验证了所提出的方法是有效的。     

Optimal CNC plunge cutter selection and tool path generation for multi-axis roughing free-form surface impeller channel

Plunge milling is the most effective way for rough machining of impeller parts, but previous research had not considered the optimization of plunge cutter selection and tool path. In this paper, a new method for optimizing the plunge cutter selection and tool path generation in multi-axis plunge milling of free-form surface impeller channel is proposed in order to improve the efficiency in rough machining. Firstly, in the case of fixing a rotation axis at a certain angle in five-axis machine, a mathematical representation is formulated for the geometric model of the cutter interfering the impeller, and an optimization model of the cutter size is established at a cutter contact point on the impeller channel surface, so the largest tool could be determined. Secondly, by analyzing the machine tool movement characteristics, the geometric constraint model of the plunge tool path which relative to the largest tool, step distance, and row space is established, and a tool orientation calculation method of impeller channel machining is given, and then, the plunge tool path and tool orientation could be obtained. Finally, the generated tool path and tool orientation are simulated and verified in practical processing. Simulation and experimental result shows that the rough machining efficiency of the impeller part is improved up to 40 % with this method.     

An efficient five-axis machining method of centrifugal impeller based on regional milling

This paper presents an efficient five-axis machining method of centrifugal impeller based on regional milling. As the base of the machining method, geometry of the centrifugal impeller and blade surface is analyzed, and sub-machining regions are presented through the division of the double three-cubic d non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface. In rough milling, the cutter parameters, tool path interval, tool path curves, and the fixed tool axis vector are calculated by the novel algorithm based on regional milling; the biggest cutter and smaller tool path length are obtained. In finish milling, for the aerodynamic performance of the finished impeller, the tool path curves are modified and interlinked to make them uniform and orderly. A modified algorithm of the finish milling of the blade surface is proposed, and not only are the machining errors reduced; their reasonable distribution is also realized. Numerical simulation and a real test impeller are presented as the test of the proposed method.     

The vibration behavior of impeller blades in the five-axis CNC flank milling process

Today, in most cases, impellers of centrifugal compressors are produced by flank milling on five-axis CNC milling machines. The complex three-dimensional geometry of the very thin blades consists of ruled surfaces. The flank milling process allows a fast production of the impellers and the surface of the blades is of high quality. The limited strength of the very thin blades and also the thin outer radial part of the disk lead to a high sensitivity to static and especially dynamic forces that are caused by the instationary flow in the impeller. The dynamic forces of rotating stall and surge are the most dangerous excitations of the bladed disk. Coupled vibrations may occur and damage the impeller. The highest static load is caused by the centrifugal forces. Therefore, most of the high-loaded impellers are manufactured from aluminum alloy or titanium because of the low density of this light metals and the relatively high strength. Most of the interests and the investigations in the last years are paid to the vibration behavior and the dynamic loads of the impeller during operation. But sometimes, the highest stress may occur during the production process and damage the impeller or weaken the strength and so cause later problems. Especially, excitations from the dynamic forces during the flank milling process have to be taken under consideration. The vibration behavior of the impeller is very complex and is affected by the vibration behavior of the cutter and the milling machine. In this paper, the change of the vibration behavior of centrifugal compressor impeller blades during the manufacturing process is investigated. During the finishing of the thin blades, the blade thickness is continuously changing and also the strength and the corresponding eigenfrequencies of the blade. The dynamic forces acting on the blades are caused by the cutter, the milling machine, and the cutting process. The quantity of the forces and the frequency of the excitation are determined by the rotational speed of the cutter, the feed, the number of edges, and the chip thickness. The results described in this paper give useful information about the change of the vibration behavior of the centrifugal impeller blades during the flank milling process and possible interaction with the cutter and the machine.     

Generation of collision-free cutter location data in five-axis milling using the potential energy method

In five-axis milling, optimal cutter location data (CL-data) should be generated to have advantages over three-axis milling in terms of accuracy and efficiency. This paper presents an algorithm for generating collision-free CL-data for five-axis milling using the potential energy method. By virtually charging the cutter and part surfaces with static electricity, global collision as well as local interference is eliminated. Moreover, machining efficiency is simultaneously improved by minimising the curvature difference between the part surface and tool swept surface at a cutter contact point (CC-point).     

自由曲面数控加工刀具的研究

对自由曲面数控加工中的刀具进行了较深入的研究。从刀具有效半径和切削速度的角度,对平头立铣刀在五坐标自由曲面加工中的加工效率与切削性能进行了分析。提出了球头刀和平头刀的刀位计算方法,并对叶片曲面的刀具轨迹进行了仿真模拟。     

自由曲面数控加工用刀具

从刀具有效半径和切削速度的角度,分析比较了球头立铣刀在三坐标和平头立铣刀在五坐标自由曲面加工中的加工效率与切削性能,提出了球头立铣刀和平头立铣刀的优化刀具尺寸,并对叶片曲面的刀具轨迹进行了仿真模拟。     

A study on the five-axis end milling for sculptured surfaces

The direction vector of milling cutter for CL-data of five-axis milling is obtained by the fact that the bottom part of the milling cutter rides on free-form surfaces using the z-map method. Since the direction vector is known, CL-data can be transformed to the NC-code with regard to the geometry of the five-axis machine and post-processing. For uniform surfaces, the tool path is created from the prediction of cusp heights. After generating the NC-code, a sculptured surface was machined by five-axis end milling and cusp heights on the machined surface were measured by a three-dimensional CMM with laser scanner. From this machining test, it was found that this machining method is effective.