Understanding the value of integrated RFID systems: a case study from apparel retail

This contribution is concerned with the business value of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in retail. We present a case study of an RFID project at Galeria Kaufhof, a subsidiary of Metro Group and one of the largest department store chains in Europe. The project encompasses a variety of RFID applications at the intersection of store logistics and customer service. The contribution that our study makes to the literature is threefold. First, we describe an innovative large-scale trial that goes beyond what was done in earlier projects in several respects. The most fundamental difference from previous trials is the full integration of RFID event data with point-of-sale (POS) and master data, which for the first time offers the retailer the opportunity to directly observe and analyse physical in-store processes. Second, the heterogeneity of RFID applications implemented by Kaufhof allows us to theorise about the effects that RFID may have on business processes from an IT value perspective. We develop a conceptual model to explain the different cause-and-effect chains between RFID investments and their impact on firm performance, the role of complementary and contextual factors, and the difficulty of assessing these impacts using objective performance measures. Third, we compare the case to a prior trial conducted by Kaufhof about 5 years earlier. The differences between the lessons that the company learned in the two projects illustrate the impact of technological advances and standardisation efforts in recent years on managerial perceptions of RFID business value, which allows for the derivation of a number of useful implications for practice.     

RFID系统安全性研究

射频识别(RFID)技术是一项产生已久的应用技术,已经在各个领域内显示出其强大的优越性.但是,由于该技术在最初的应用设计和开发过程中,没有考虑安全问题,导致了安全问题日益凸显.目前并不存在着适用于低成本RFND系统的安全方案,安全隐患已成为制约该技术广泛应用的重要因素.讨论了RFND系统的分层模型和通信中的安全问题,分...     

RFID中间件读写器管理与协调研究

由于大规模RFID应用,需要把大量的、不同标准及不同协议RFID读写器连接起来形成网络,同时收集RFID数据的任务由网络中的多个读写器共同完成,造成RFID系统对读写器网络进行管理和监控变得复杂的现状。通过分析层次化的RFID中间件系统架构,给出多标准多协议RFID读写器适配器和读写器的协调设计,来改善上述情况。最后研究了基于RFID中间件的仓库管理系统。     

Efficient detection of counterfeit products in large-scale RFID systems using batch authentication protocols

RFID technology facilitates processing of product information, making it a promising technology for anti-counterfeiting. However, in large-scale RFID applications, such as supply chain, retail industry, pharmaceutical industry, total tag estimation and tag authentication are two major research issues. Though there are per-tag authentication protocols and probabilistic approaches for total tag estimation in RFID systems, the RFID authentication protocols are mainly per-tag-based where the reader authenticates one tag at each time. For a batch of tags, current RFID systems have to identify them and then authenticate each tag sequentially, one at a time. This increases the protocol execution time due to the large volume of authentication data. In this paper, we propose to detect counterfeit tags in large-scale system using efficient batch authentication protocol. We propose FSA-based protocol, FTest, to meet the requirements of prompt and reliable batch authentication in large-scale RFID applications. FTest can determine the validity of a batch of tags with minimal execution time which is a major goal of large-scale RFID systems. FTest can reduce protocol execution time by ensuring that the percentage of potential counterfeit products is under the user-defined threshold. The experimental result demonstrates that FTest performs significantly better than the existing counterfeit detection approaches, for example, existing authentication techniques.     

支持优先级处理的RFID中间件

RFID中间件的设计对整个RFID系统的性能起着至关重要的作用.为了实现以优先级的方式对重要性程度不同的产品电子代码进行处理.提出了一个支持优先级处理的RFID中间件.来达到既定目的.     

分布式RFID复杂事件处理关键技术的研究

RFID复杂事件处理是RFID应用的一项关键技术。传统的集中式处理方式无法及时处理海量的实时RFID数据流,制约着RFID应用的大规模部署。研究了分布式RFID复杂事件处理技术。提出了分层的树形任务结构;建立基于效率-成本和延迟的模型来评价任务分解方案;设计动态规划算法来求解最优分解方案;实验验证了分布式处理的高效性和提出模型和算法的正确性。     

RFID网络的数据清理技术

结合RFID网络数据质量和可靠性研究的最新进展,分类和评述了现有的数据清理技术,分析了平滑和判决方法、流水线方法、基于统计的估计方法、完整性约束的方法等。研究表明,针对不同的应用要求,需要多种数据清理技术的组合才可确保RFID阅读可靠性。     

分布式RFID数据流的复合事件检测方法*

针对当前RFID(radio frequency identification)复合事件处理技术在性能和处理分布式应用方面的不足,提出了一种基于CORBA（分布对象请求代理体系结构）的分布式复合事件处理模型以及高效的基于查询规划和代价估算的分布式复合事件处理方法。实验结果表明,该方法在处理大规模的分布式RFID应用时是有效的。     

RFID系统中阅读器的设计与实现

阐述了RFID基本概念及RFID系统组成,提出了一种RFID阅读器的总体设计方案,对其中各功能模块进行详细说明并作出相应的硬件和软件设计。系统采用模块化设计思想,实现了射频标签与阅读器之间数据传递与控制功能。     

基于内存受限的RFID复杂事件处理优化算法 *

复杂事件处理是RFID数据管理的关键技术,由于受到内存的限制,海量实时的RFID原始流数据处理 的中间结果部分只能存储在外存中,会产生内存瓶颈,严重限制了大规模RFID的部署。为此,提出了B+-树 分时优化索引（BIOT）的复杂事件处理算法。在内存受限的情况下,将数据流按时序进行分割,且用B+-树进 行区间分块索引,之后利用RFID数据流统计分布特性进行复杂事件查找与匹配,避免了频繁搜索外存,极大地 降低了I/O开销并提高了吞吐量。此外,进行了相关的对比实验,验证了算法的有效性。     

A contingency model for creating value from RFID supply chain network projects in logistics and manufacturing environments

In the growing literature on RFID and other network technologies, the importance of organizational transformation at the supply chain level has been recognized. However, the literature lacks conceptual model development and salient mechanisms for achieving the level of organizational transformation required for stakeholders to realize the full business benefits from RFID projects. Furthermore, the RFID adoption, use, and impact studies to date largely focus on a single firm setting and on the retail sector. Therefore, this study intends to fill this knowledge gap in the literature, and develops a contingency model for creating value from RFID supply chain projects in logistics and manufacturing environments. For our model development, we draw upon extant diverse literatures, particularly the framework for IT-enabled business transformation, and leadership and organizational learning. The framework postulates a positive relationship between the level of organizational transformation effected by the use of information technology (IT) and the level of business benefits realized from IT. The contingency model draws on the framework, and explicates five contingency factors influencing value creation from RFID supply chain projects: environmental upheaval; leadership; second-order organizational learning; resources commitment; and organizational transformation. Using the contingency model as a conceptual guide, we also perform an analysis of longitudinal real-world case data from a Canadian third-party logistics service firm's seven-layer supply chain RFID projects. The case study analysis provides evidence for the imperative of the contingency factors identified in the model for creating value from the RFID projects. Furthermore, it also reveals the differential costs for the focal firm and the up-stream manufacturing as a key barrier to realizing the full RFID benefits at the supply chain level.     

基于RFID的数据采集中间件

介绍了RFID(射频识别)技术的原理和发展趋势,并依据中间件思想构建了基于RFID的数据采集模块,具体包括安全控制、数据缓存和过滤、生成数据源等几个单元。利用RFID数据采集中间件,一方面可以实现数据的收集、过滤、整合与传递,另一方面通过和Web Services技术相结合,可以很容易地将RFID服务平台与企业管理系统结合在一起,并能以服务的方式将数据提供给其他服务器,从而实现企业内部及企业间业务的松散集成。     

一种RFID中间件设计与实现

本文设计实现了一种轻量级的RFID中间件,对RFID中间件的设备管理、数据处理等核心模块进行了设计,并给出了相关的算法和策略,适合中小企业的RFID应用。     

基于射频识别的计费系统设计

射频识别（RFID）是一种非接触式的自动识别技术,通过射频信号自动识别目标对象并获取相关数据,识别工作无需人工干预,可工作于各种恶劣环境,但是RFID的标准尚不统一。针对RFID的特点,提出基于射频识别的计费系统设计架构,该架构通过适配器实现对RFID设备的无缝访问,并介绍软件部分的设计。     

复杂事件处理在RFID中间件中的应用

KFID中间件作为RFID技术的神经中枢.它的事件与数据处理能力直接关系到KFID应用的推广.复杂事件处理是一种事件与数据处理的新技术,通过介绍它的工作原理,说明在RFID中间件中引入复杂事件处理技术的依据,并给出基于复杂事件处理技术的RFID中间件的模块化设计方案.     

物联网时代的RFID信息安全探讨

本文通过对RFID在物联网中的重要性及其特性的阐述,详细分析了RFID系统的信息安全隐患及风险,并给出了相应的安全对策与机制,为物联网时代RFID的大规模应用提供了基础性的建议。     

基于多层数据处理的嵌入式RFID中间件系统开发

针对大规模RFID应用环境特点,研究了具有流数据处理和语义分析功能的中间件体系结构及信息处理关键技术,在处理海量电子标签数据的基础上,融合了数据感知、事件处理和嵌入式Web服务功能。在嵌入式应用环境下提出了资源任务调度优化策略,为上层应用提供统一的标准服务和运行环境,来实现对不同硬件资源的屏蔽,有针对性地解决多层数据处理中存在的难点,以便于未来RFID业务的部署和更新。     

基于多级数据处理的RFID中间件开发

针对大规模无线射频识别(RFID)应用中产生的海量标签信息处理问题,设计一种基于多级数据处理的嵌入式RFID中间件系统。该系统包含数据采集和数据处理2个子系统,对海量标签信息进行分层过滤、分类、重组等操作,从中获得有价值的信息与事件,并以多种形式提供给用户。仿真实验结果表明,该系统可以在一定程度上提高数据处理的效率和准确性,进而提升大规模RFID应用的性能。     

仓储管理中的RFID中间件设计

针对无线射频识别(RFID)技术在仓储管理中的应用,探讨如何设计RFID中间件的问题.采用数据过滤,数据聚合,添加业务逻辑处理、查询支持等方法,将数据流转换为适合上层应用程序的逻辑形式,实现仓储管理的自动化、智能化.     

RFID快速隐私保护认证协议

基于对称密码体系的RFID隐私保护认证协议的构造是学术界和工业界研究的热点问题.具有完整性隐私保护协议的效率不够高效,需要对系统中所有的标签进行穷尽搜索,难以应用于物联网海量终端的环境.给出了一种高效的RFID隐私保护认证协议的构造方法.构造的协议采用了单比特输出的伪随机函数,将协议的认证过程分解为多个步骤,与传统的基于对称密码体系的RFID认证协议相比,构造的协议显著提高了读写器对标签的搜索效率.构造的协议具有隐私性,并且计算开销小,读写器端对标签的搜索效率高,能够很好地应用于海量终端的物联网环境.