A simple repair method for GFRP delamination using ultraviolet-curable resin

Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites are widely used in engineering because of their high strength and light weight in comparison to monolithic metal alloys. They are mostly used in laminate form and are stronger within layers than between layers, making them prone to cracking and peeling. This type of structural degradation can be dangerous during operation. For this reason, research on FRP composites with the ability to self-repair has attracted much attention. In this study, we developed a new method to repair glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites by using ultraviolet-(UV) cured resin. As GFRP composites are UV transmissive, the repair process can be carried out externally by exposing the damaged part to UV light. The transmittance of EP GFRP is about 40%. Holes were pre-drilled with wires in order to facilitate the injection of UV resin between the layers of the composite, and this process was accomplished without degrading the mechanical properties of the material. A double cantilever beam (DCB) test was performed on the GFRP composite to induce interlaminar fracturing. UV-curable resin was then injected between the layers of the composite through a series of pre-drilled holes. Following this repair, the DCB test was performed again to evaluate the repair rate. A compressive after impact (CAI) test was also performed on the GFRP composite to induce delamination. Compressive strength before and after the repair was also evaluated.     

玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料弯曲强度时间温度相关性

研究了玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料 (GFRP) 层合板弯曲强度高温加速试验的时间温度相关性。在不同的温度和加载速率下进行了三点弯曲试验。通过弯曲强度控制曲线的时间温度移动因子曲线分析了GFRP层合板的弯曲强度时间温度相关性。探讨了低温短时和高温长时的失效机理。通过玻璃纤维拉伸延迟断裂试验,对GFRP层合板的低温短时弯曲强度的时间温度相关性进行了修正。修正后的弯曲强度控制曲线的时间温度移动因子曲线与基体树脂动态杨氏模量的时间温度移动因子曲线非常吻合,表明GFRP层合板的弯曲强度取决于基体树脂的粘弹性性能。      

The effect of exposure to alkaline solution and water on the strength–porosity relationship of GFRP rebar

This study examined the accelerated degradation of E-glass fiber/vinylester resin composite rebar in alkaline solution and water and analyzed the relationship between the reduction in mechanical performance and the test conditions using microstructural degradation analysis. In this study, a pH of 12.6 was chosen for the alkaline test group, while water was used for the control group. After immersion for up to 300 days, the tensile strength of the glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) rebar was tested. In addition, the deformation of the GFRP rebar surface was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the change in the internal pore distribution was measured using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The mechanical performance decreased as the exposure time and temperature increased. The SEM analysis showed that the internal pore distribution in the GFRP rebar increased as degradation progressed, reducing the mechanical performance. Moreover, the pore distribution increased with temperature, also reducing the mechanical performance.     

Superhydrophobic and Anti-Icing Surface by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) is formed with glass fiber as the reinforcing material and resin as the matrix. It is widely used in wind turbine blades because of its lightweight, high strength, and corrosion resistance properties. Herein, a method to prepare superhydrophobic GFRP surfaces by femtosecond laser direct writing combined with fluoroalkylsilane modification is demonstrated. The prepared GFRP surface has excellent superhydrophobicity with contact angle of 163.9° and sliding angle of 3.8°. In the ice resistance tests, the icing delay time is extended from 33 to 273 s at −5 °C. The ice adhesion strength is reduced from 217.4 to 40.3 kPa. The surface still has superhydrophobicity and ice adhesion strength of less than 100 kPa after ten cycles of the test. The laser exposure conditions are optimized for water/ice repelling and are at high intensity of 4 TW cm⁻² pulse⁻¹ and 2.5 m s⁻¹ beam travel speed, which make the presented approach efficient for fabrication over industrially large areas.     

玻璃纤维增强短钢管构件轴压试验和破坏模式仿真研究

该文采用试验和数值仿真手段,对缠绕成型玻璃/环氧复合材料（GFRP）增强薄壁圆钢管短柱在轴压荷载作用下的承载能力及破坏特点进行研究,讨论是否缠绕GFRP、径厚比、试件长度以及GFRP缠绕角度（圆管试件轴向到纤维纵向的角度）等因素对试件承载能力的影响。提出较为准确的复合构件数值仿真方法,采用ABAQUS的Explicit求解器并考虑GFRP的Hashin失效准则和GFRP与钢管之间的界面脱粘等因素,获得的模拟结果与试验现象吻合良好。在此基础上,对短管构件在不同GFRP体积率（GFRP体积/构件总体积）下的性能进行分析,获得了GFRP体积率对构件承载力的影响。     

Interface enhancement of glass fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites with flame-synthesized carbon nanotubes and its enhancing mechanism

Interface enhancement with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provides a promising approach for improving shock strength and toughness of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites. The effects of incorporating flame-synthesized CNTs (F-CNTs) into GFRP were studied, including on hand lay-up preparation, microstructural characterization, mechanical properties, fracture morphologies, and theoretical calculation. The experimental results showed that: (1) the impact strength of the GFRP modified by F-CNTs increased by more than 15% over that of the GFRP modified by CNTs from chemical vapor deposition; and (2) with the F-CNT enhancement, no interfacial debonding was observed at the interface between the fiber and resin matrix on the GFRP fracture surface, which indicated strong adhesive strength between them. The theoretical calculation revealed that the intrinsic characteristics of the F-CNTs, including lower crystallinity with a large number of defects and chemical functional groups on the surface, promoted their surface activity and dispersibility at the interface, which improved the interfacial bond strength of GFRP.     

An exploratory study of GFRP rebar with ribs containing milled glass fibers

Surface deformations of GFRP rebars are important in developing mechanical anchorage. The mixture of epoxy resin and milled glass fibers is considered as an alternative for surface structure of GFRP rebar to enhance the bond with the concrete. In order to investigate the applicability of the surface structure, manufacturing, material tests, pullout tests and shear tests were conducted. The mixture was successfully applied and shaped onto the GFRP rebars when the milled fibers were mixed to be within 20–50 wt% of the mixture. The bond performance was enhanced by adding as much milled glass fibers as possible but up to a workable range. When the milled glass fiber content was 50%, the upper limit of mix ratio, bond strength to concrete was only 10% less than that of the ordinary steel rebar. In addition, under an accelerated alkalinity condition, the amounts of mixed milled glass fibers in surface deformations have a minor effect on the durability of the proposed GFRP rebar.     

考虑界面效应的GFRP复合材料蠕变模型

建立了包含界面的玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)蠕变混合率单胞模型,对GFRP的蠕变性能进行分析;并与GFRP在应力水平为初始弯曲强度的20%所对应的载荷下的弯曲蠕变实验结果进行对比。分析了界面模量、界面厚度、纤维连续性与形态以及位向等因素对复合材料蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:相较于不考虑界面效应的混合率模型,本模型具有更高的准确性,与实验结果更为吻合;界面模量反应了纤维与基体的结合程度,对复合材料的蠕变性能产生影响,其蠕变柔量随着界面模量的增大而减小;界面厚度的增大会导致复合材料的蠕变柔量略微增大;相较于连续纤维增强树脂复合材料,短切纤维毡增强树脂复合材料的蠕变性能更易受到界面效应的影响;纤维方向对复合材料蠕变性能有显著影响,随着纤维方向角的增大,复合材料蠕变柔量增大,但当纤维方向角达到60°后,纤维已基本失去载荷传递和增强能力,复合材料蠕变柔量不再继续随着纤维方向角的增大而增大。      

Effects of carbon nanotube enrichment of epoxy resins on hybrid FRP–FR confinement of concrete

The present research study is focused on the tensile testing and mechanical characterization of three different epoxy resins, reinforced with different concentrations of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs). The resins are used in crack repair of concrete members as well as in FRP sheet wrapping. The CNT reinforced polymers (CNTRP) showed a remarkable enhancement of their tensile strength (2.25 times over the host matrix) and deformation at failure (3.27 times over the host matrix). The CNTRP with the highest viscosity were used in a structural application, to impregnate glass FRP sheets to confine concrete cylinders. Then the specimens were wrapped with non-impregnated polypropylene fiber ropes (PPFR). The comparative results between specimens confined by the hybrid system, including glass sheets impregnated with epoxy resin or with resin reinforced by CNTs (CNTRP), are discussed. The specimen with CNT reinforced polymer showed 7.5% higher bearing load of the concrete until failure of the glass sheet, over the column with non-reinforced polymer. The gradual, smooth failure of the glass fiber CNTRP jacket took place at higher load levels than GFRP. Moreover, it presented half temporary load loss after the fracture of the glass sheet than the GFRP strengthened column. Finally, it indicated an earlier stabilization and regaining of the bearing load (27% earlier in terms of axial strain).     

Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of banana–flax based natural fibre composite

Hybrid materials of any kind are the keynote for today’s demands. This paper deals with one of such hybrid composite made of natural fibres namely, banana and flax fibres. The structural build-up is such that one layer of banana fibre is sandwiched between two layers of flax fibres by hand layup method with a volume fraction of 40% using Epoxy resin and HY951 hardener. Glass fibre reinforcement polymer (GFRP) is used for lamination on both sides. This lamination also increases the overall mechanical properties along with better surface properties. The properties of this hybrid composite are determined by testing its tensile, impact, and flexural loads using a Universal testing machine. Thermal properties are analysed and hybrid composites of flax and banana with GFRP have better thermal stability and flame resistance over flax, banana with GFRP single fibre hybrid composites. Morphological analysis is done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The result of test shows that hybrid composite has far better properties than single fibre glass reinforced composite under impact and flexural loads. However it is found that the hybrid composite have better strength as compared to single fibre composites.     

苎麻纤维布和玻璃纤维布混杂铺层复合材料的力学性能

利用真空吸注成型(vacuum resin absorbable molding,VRAM)工艺制备苎麻纤维布与玻璃纤维布混杂铺层的环氧树脂基复合材料。测定复合材料的损耗因子、储能模量的温度谱和力学性能;利用单悬臂梁共振实验测量复合材料的共振频率和自由振动衰减曲线并计算出了阻尼因子。用有限元软件对其共振频率和自由振动衰减实验进行仿真分析。结果表明:通过苎麻纤维布/玻璃纤维布的混杂铺层,能够实现材料阻尼性能和力学性能的可控调节,充分发挥复合材料可设计性强的优势。其中RGR铺层的复合材料的损耗因子比纯玻璃纤维板提高了1.4倍,而拉伸强度比纯苎麻纤维板提高了3倍多;自由振动的有限元模拟曲线和实验曲线基本吻合,表明可以通过模拟软件实现复合材料的虚拟振动测试,从而为材料性能预测和设计提供方便。     

海水浸泡对FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的影响

开展了30℃海水浸泡条件下玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GFRP）筋、碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）筋与珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的试验研究,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料（FRP）筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结滑移曲线特征、破坏形态及粘结强度变化。试验结果表明,海水浸泡后FRP筋力学性能和粘结性能均表现为不同程度的降低。随浸泡时间增加,GFRP筋表层树脂与纤维间的孔隙率明显增大,并逐渐出现脱粘现象,纤维本身遭受到侵蚀,而CFRP筋仅表面基体有少许损伤,其耐久性明显优于GFRP筋;FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且后期下降速率逐渐变小,部分GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土试件的破坏模式逐渐由筋被拔出转变为筋材断裂;增加保护层厚度能有效地减缓海水对GFRP筋的侵蚀,有利于保持GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土间的粘结性能。     

碳纳米管-玻璃纤维织物增强环氧复合材料的结构与性能

通过物理沉积法和静电吸附法在玻璃纤维织物(GF)表面包覆多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),制备GF-d-CNTs和GF-a-CNTs两种多尺度增强体,采用真空灌注工艺制备MWCNTs-GF增强环氧复合材料。采用静态、动态力学法、扫描电镜、红外光谱等分析手段,对复合材料的拉伸、弯曲、层间剪切、黏弹性和微观组成结构表征。结果表明:MWCNTs包覆于GF表面形成"倒刺"结构,并通过啮合作用增强了复合材料界面的强度和树脂韧性,提高了复合材料的玻璃化温度(Tg)等;与纯GF复合材料相比,GF-d-CNTs复合材料的拉伸强度和模量分别提高14.5%和37.9%,弯曲强度和模量分别提高26.2%和36.6%,层间剪切强度提高31.5%;GF-a-CNTs复合材料的Tg提高了8.9℃。     

玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料筋与工程水泥基复合材料黏结性能

为了研究玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）复合材料筋和工程水泥基复合材料（ECC）黏结性能的影响因素,对42个GFRP/ECC试件进行了拉拔试验,分析了GFRP复合材料筋表面形式、直径、ECC基体强度及保护层厚度等因素对GFRP复合材料筋与ECC基体黏结性能的影响。结果表明:GFRP/ECC试件的破坏形式主要有拔出破坏、筋剥离剪切破坏、劈裂破坏三种形式。表面带肋GFRP复合材料筋黏结强度比光滑GFRP复合材料筋高约66%;当ECC保护层厚度由1.5D（D为GFRP筋直径）增大至4D时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度提高了约58%;当GFRP复合材料筋直径为12~18 mm时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度随着GFRP复合材料筋直径的增大而降低;ECC强度由33.7 MPa增大至73.3 MPa时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度增大约3倍。增加GFRP复合材料筋表面形式复杂程度,或一定程度上提高ECC基体保护层厚度、提高ECC强度等级,有助于提高GFRP复合材料筋与ECC的黏结强度。      

高强高模聚酰亚胺纤维/改性氰酸酯树脂复合材料制备及性能

以4,5-环氧己烷-1,2-二甲酸二缩水甘油酯（TDE-85）、苯基缩水甘油醚（PGE）、壬基酚（NP）作为改性剂改性双酚A氰酸酯（BCE）得到改性氰酸酯树脂（TPNCE）,通过湿法缠绕制备预浸料,并采用热压罐成型工艺制备S30M型高强高模聚酰亚胺纤维/TPNCE（PI/TPNCE）复合材料,对TPNCE树脂及PI/TPNCE复合材料的介电、力学等性能进行了分析。结果表明,TPNCE树脂冲击强度达到14.2 kJ/m2,比BCE提高近一倍,固化温度下降了约43℃,与PI纤维界面结合较好,且保持较低的介电常数和介电损耗;PI/TPNCE复合材料0°拉伸强度达到1 485 MPa,弯曲强度达到758 MPa,压缩强度达到322 MPa,7~18 GHz范围内介电常数保持在3.15左右,介电损耗因子在0.005~0.0075之间,玻璃化转变温度为197℃,密度为1.28 g/cm3。本研究实现了高强高模PI纤维与氰酸酯树脂复合的重要突破,为轻质高强结构-功能一体化复合材料的设计和选材提供了新思路。      

Residual tensile strength monitoring of drilled composite materials by acoustic emission

Drilling results in damage such as delamination and matrix cracking around the hole and might ultimately causes degradation in the residual tensile strength of the drilled components. The damage induced during the drilling of composites can be detrimental to the mechanical behavior of the composite products. In this work, the effects of machining parameters (feed rate and cutting speed) and drill point angle on thrust force, the adjusted delamination factor and residual tensile strength are investigated. The Taguchi technique for the design of experiments was employed to analyze the thrust force, adjusted delamination factor and residual tensile strength of woven glass/resin epoxy. The results show that feed rate and drill point angle are the most important parameters. During tensile testing of drilled laminates, acoustic emission (AE) events were recorded. By feature extraction of AE time domain parameters, the suitable parameter for detecting the characteristics of thrust force and tensile force were determined. The AE mean power (MP) and cumulative count correlated well with thrust force and tensile force, respectively.     

Investigation on adhesion, interphases, and failure behaviour of cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT)/glass fiber composites

Interphases exist in hybrid materials and significantly influence their mechanical performance. To find a bridge between the microscopic and macroscopic mechanical properties, this work investigates the microscopic nature of glass fiber surfaces and glass/CBT interphases in terms of topography, fractography, and adhesion properties. The variations in glass fiber surface properties result from the different sizings. Using the single fiber pull-out test, AFM, and ζ potential tests, it is shown that the interfacial bond strengths in CBT resin composites can vary depending on the kind of sizing formulation and properties. The greatest adhesion strength is achieved by aminosilane sizings with epoxy resin film former. The surface roughness of the fibers can be varied by sizings with different content and ζ potential values, which has no significant contribution to interphase adhesion strength from ‘mechanical interlocking’. For the systems with film formers, cohesive failure occurs and similar values of both interfacial adhesion strength, τ_d, and fracture energy release rate, G_ic, are obtained, in which τ_d approaches the shear yield strength of CBT matrix. A further enhancement of interfacial adhesion is limited by the mechanical properties and the non-homogeneous microstructure of CBT resin due to the less-than-perfect CBT polymerization.     

纤维缠绕聚合物基复合材料压力容器的可靠性设计

为对纤维缠绕聚合物基复合材料( FWRP) 压力容器进行可靠性设计和安全测评, 引入可靠性理论; 应用统计学原理, 以同一失效概率为标准进行FWRP 压力容器结构设计, 以取代目前应用的传统安全系数法设计。根据国家标准制备8 个玻璃纤维缠绕复合材料( GFWRP) 压力容器, 通过实验获得纤维强度、缠绕角、几何尺寸、爆破压力等随机变量特征值。GFWRP 压力容器结构可靠性设计值(纤维缠绕壁厚) 与实验结果基本吻合, 并明显小于传统安全系数法设计值。通过对不同纤维强度随机分布可靠性设计理论计算结果的比较, 确知纤维强度的离散程度是FWRP 压力容器可靠性设计的重要影响因素。传统安全系数设计法只考虑纤维强度(均值) 大小, 而无视纤维强度随机分布特征值对FWRP 压力容器结构抗力的影响, 显然是不合理的。可靠性设计实现了安全性与经济性的有效统一。      

Study of the stress corrosion cracking of GFRP: effect of the toughness of the matrix resin on the fatigue damage and stress corrosion cracking of GFRP

The stress corrosion cracking of glass fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) accompanies a phenomenon of catastrophic failure as a result of the rapid fall in strength owing to corrosion breaking of the glass fibres. This produces a flat surface without pulling fibres out of the plane. Attack on the glass fibres can only occur by contact with an acid which must first diffuse into the matrix resin. It is confirmed, however, that no diffusion occurs or that it is too slow to be detected. The relationship between fatigue damage and stress corrosion in an acidic environment, has been investigated, focusing on the effect of matrix toughness on the resistance to stress corrosion failure of GFRP. Three types of GFRP, made from matrices with different toughness, were studied after subjecting them to fatigue damage at different levels.     

Application of Interlaminar Tests to Marine Composites. Relation between Glass Fibre/Polymer Interfaces and Interlaminar Properties of Marine Composites

The need for improved performance and the development of new composite manufacturing methods require a better understanding of the role of interface phenomena in the mechanical behaviour of these materials. The influence of the cure cycle on the bulk and surface properties of the matrix resin, and of composites based on polyester and epoxy resins reinforced with glass fibres has been studied. While the mechanical properties of the epoxy vary with cure temperature the surface tension is not affected. The increase in interfacial shear strength and interlaminar shear strength with increased cure temperature cannot be simply explained by the wetting of the fibres by the matrix. The importance of thermal stresses, generated at the interface by resin shrinkage and differences in thermal expansion, for the mechanical behaviour of the composite are demonstrated.