基于知识的虚拟化学实验CAI系统的设计与实现

基于知识的虚拟实验室,便于学生自主操作,激发学生学习兴趣,是CAI软件的一个重要应用和主要研究方向。本文讨论了一种基于知识的中学化学虚拟实验室软件的设计思想、数据组织、知识提取及知识库的建立等,并实现了这一系统。     

Knowledge Bases with Output

In this paper we shall propose a knowledge representation method, the deduction process in a knowledge representation and reasoning system using this method and therefore the answer function of such a system. This is an algebraic method because some concepts of universal algebra are used. More precisely, we introduce the concept of knowledge base with output (KBO), the central structure being that of labeled stratified graph. For such a base we distinguish a structure and two kinds of computations. The structure is described by a labeled stratified graph and an output space. The computations in a KBO are represented by two levels: syntactic and semantic. Both the syntactic and the semantic computations in a KBO are described in this paper. Finally, we exemplify all the concepts and we apply the method to solve a given problem in travel scheduling. All the theoretical results are proved in a separate section. Received 17 May 1999 / Revised 30 January 2000 / Accepted 5 April 2000     

多媒体创作工具设计与发展

随着现代教学手段的更新,多媒体教学以它真实直观、生动活泼的优势已经深入到每一学科的教学中。在实践教学中不断创新多媒体创作的工具使之更好地为教学服务。     

建造和丰富武器故障诊断专家系统的知识库

为了模拟现实专家的诊断过程,计算机专家系统中将知识分为原理知识和经验知识,对应的诊断为原理诊断和经验诊断。文中介绍了获取有关电子类设备故障诊断时所需原理知识和经验知识的基本方法,分析了原理诊断和经验诊断之间的关系,进而研究了专家系统的一种自学习新方法CBR,即把原理诊断的成功案例当作知识源,通过对案例进行学习,从而获取经验知识,完善经验知识库,在后续的诊断中可以大量节约诊断成本。这种方法较好地模拟了现实专家的诊断过程。同时对丰富类似的专家系统的经验知识库的知识,有参考价值。     

论房地产开发中开发配套工作价值分析

房地产业作为我国国民经济的一大支柱产业和新的经济增长点,其能否快速、稳定的发展将直接影响到相关产业的发展,进而影响到整个国民生产总值的增长。而房地产开发作为房地产企业生存和发展的核心环节,需要得到相关人员的重视。以房地产开发过程中的开发配套工作为研究对象,对其在开发链条中产生的价值进行分析。     

一个面向服务的支持动态演化的软件模型

为了使面向服务的架构更适应动态演化的需求,提出了基于体系结构空间、支持动态演化的软件模型SASM．SASM是使用反射技术,通过具有因果相联的基层和元层来构造．基层由可运行的服务形成,元层是一个具备树形层次、层间存在求精关系的体系结构空间．该空间反映了需求的层次性,提供给用户不同抽象级别的视图和管理手段．通过对体系结构空间的观察,可获知系统的结构和行为信息．通过对体系结构空间的在线调整可实现对基层的修改进而实现系统的非预设动态演化,而空间中不同层次之间的求精关系保证了应用的完整性和演化的一致性．     

The Achievement of Knowledge Bases by Cycle Search

Forward chaining is an algorithm that is particularly simple and therefore used in many inference systems. It computes the facts that are implied by a set of facts and rules. Unfortunately, this algorithm is not complete with respect to negation. To solve this problem, it is possible, in the context of propositional calculus, to automatically add the rules needed to make forward chaining complete. This transformation is a logical compilation of knowledge bases. This article presents a new method, based on a cycle search in a graph associated to the set of rules to compile, which allows a precise identification of what is needed for completeness.     

Structuring Knowledge Bases for Designers of Learning Materials

Designers of interactive video training packages need access to multiple sources of information to be able to create exciting materials for learning or training. Hypertext allows dynamic linking of different strands of knowledge in ways which encourage effective elicitation of knowledge from experts, and understandable representation for subsequent users.

This paper describes the knowledge representation aspect of a system which will allow a designer to collect information from clients, from experts, as well as from printed and visual sources — to co-ordinate the information in a single environment, and using the same set of tools, to link the information to learning materials using videodisc and graphics packages.

The total system for a designer consists of an authoring environment, using NoteCards on a Xerox 1186, with a multi-tasking workstation (Amiga) which will bring together output from the knowledge base on the Xerox with information from videodisc. Information about the physical requirements of the authoring environment — constraints, domain limits, financial aspects — can be recorded alongside subject domain knowledge using different ‘modes’ of the Note Cards environment. Modes are a feature of a supplementary package. IDE (Instructional Design Environment), which operates as a ‘shell’ along with Note Cards. Our involvement with the designer's system is in looking at ways in which domain knowledge can be recorded and represented for use interactively with graphics and video materials.     

知识管理与决策支持系统

知道管理是现代企业管理理论发展的新阶段,传统的信息管理手段面临严峻的考验,已无法满足知识管理的需求。本文分析了决策支持系统在知识管理中的地位和作用,提出了其基于知识管理的决策支持系统模型,并且对实现这种系统的关键技术进行了分析和评价。     

HLA联邦开发执行过程及发展趋势

对高层体系结构（HLA）的组成、最新发展的联邦开发执行过程（FEDEP）和支撑软件进行了详细的介绍,给出了联邦开发执行过程的发展趋势,并对我国开展这方面的研究提出了方向和目标。     

知识库系统分析及用XML表示通用知识库

本文在对当前计算机软硬件技术、人工智能和知识工程状况分析的基础上,提出用XML技术表示并构建通用知识库的新论点。笔者认为通用知识库蕴藏着极大的工程实用价值。     

关于支持发育计算的网程结构的若干注记

比较了生物学中的细胞、操作系统中的进程和织女星网格的网程,传统的操作系统进程对应于低等生物(如细菌)中的细胞,为了支持人机社会和网格的动态、开放特征,更有效地应对复杂性,网格应该学习更高级的生物体,提供增殖、分化和选择功能,这意味着两种新的计算模式：发育计算和自然计算,这两种模式都能够提升网格系统的自主性,有利于实现自主计算,从计算机操作系统角度分析细胞的创建过程,指出进程与细胞的差距,从而提出发育计算的思想,以及支持发育计算所需要的网程结构。     

A Recency Inference Engine for Connectionist Knowledge Bases

Knowledge-based neural networks (KBNNs) can be used as expert system knowledge bases. This approach shifts the interests in using connectionist knowledge bases for inferencing in an interactive fashion and giving reasonable justifications for their conclusions. The primary goal of this article is to present a good inference and control mechanism for such knowledge bases. For this purpose, the article develops a stand alone inference engine that uses a connectionist knowledge base, seeks to reduce the amount of data requested in order to reach a conclusion, and explains how a particular conclusion was reached. The inference engine was evaluated on illustrative example applications. Results obtained demonstrate that in spite of its simplicity the presented technique is superior to other techniques over sparse input knowledge bases.     

Method for Restoring Consistency in Probabilistic Knowledge Bases

ABSTRACT

Ensuring consistency of knowledge systems is always one of the essential requirements because, without it, most of these systems become useless. Because of the importance, many studies have involved the restoration of consistency in knowledge systems. However, these approaches are only implemented on knowledge systems that are represented by logic or probabilistic logic, thus when we apply them to probabilistic knowledge systems, there are many inadequacies. To overcome these drawbacks, in this paper, we put forward a new model for restoring the consistency of a probabilistic knowledge base by focusing on changing the probabilities in this knowledge base via several inconsistency measures. To this end, a set of inconsistency measures is presented and a family of consistency restoring operators for probabilistic knowledge bases is introduced. Next, an axiomatic model consists of a set of axioms is built to characterize the desirable properties of the consistency restoring operators. Finally, the properties of each consistency restoring operator in the introduced family are investigated and discussed.     

A Collaborative Environment for Authoring Large Knowledge Bases

Collaborative knowledge base (KB) authoring environments are critical for the construction of high-performance KBs. Such environments must support rapid construction of KBs by a collaborative effort of teams of knowledge engineers through reuse of existing knowledge and software components. They should support the manipulation of knowledge by diverse problem-solving engines even if that knowledge is encoded in different languages and by different researchers. They should support large KBs and provide a scalable and interoperable development infrastructure. In this paper, we present an environment that satisfies many of these goals.We present an architecture for scalable frame representation systems (FRSs). The Generic Frame Protocol (GFP) provides infrastructure for reuse of software components. It is a procedural interface to frame representation systems that provides a common means of accessing and modifying frame KBs. The Generic KB Editor (GKB-EDITOR) provides graphical KB browsing, editing, and comprehension services for large KBs. Scalability of loading and saving time is provided by a storage system (PERK) which submerges a database management system in an FRS. Multi-user access is controlled through a collaboration subsystem that uses a novel optimistic concurrency control algorithm. All the results have been implemented and tested in the development of several real KBs.     

英汉机器翻译系统ECT中的知识库

提出 E- Chunk概念 ,它是一种新的知识表示方式 .E- Chunk是无歧义翻译单元 ,形式上是一个无翻译歧义的单词或单词串 .它是基于语义定义的 ,具有无歧义性、复现性、可嵌套性、内部结构句法自足性等特征 .本文详细介绍了英汉机器翻译系统 ECT中的三类知识库 :电子词典、E- Chunk库和规则库     

Compact Representation of Knowledge Bases in Inductive Logic Programming

In many applications of Inductive Logic Programming (ILP), learning occurs from a knowledge base that contains a large number of examples. Storing such a knowledge base may consume a lot of memory. Often, there is a substantial overlap of information between different examples. To reduce memory consumption, we propose a method to represent a knowledge base more compactly. We achieve this by introducing a meta-theory able to build new theories out of other (smaller) theories. In this way, the information associated with an example can be built from the information associated with one or more other examples and redundant storage of shared information is avoided. We also discuss algorithms to construct the information associated with example theories and report on a number of experiments evaluating our method in different problem domains.     

A Note on the Refinement of Nonmonotonic Knowledge Bases

Refinement of logical theories plays an important role in various application domains, notably in software engineering. This note introduces and studies refinement notions for nonmonotonic knowledge bases in default logic. The paper motivates and proposes refinement concepts, discusses their relationship, and establishes sufficient conditions for refinement. Received 27 July 1999 / Revised 3 November 1999 / Accepted 24 May 2000     

虚拟逻辑分析仪的配套教辅板开发

逻辑分析仪(Logic Analyzer)是数字系统设计人员和研发人员必备的常用工具,如何让学生充分投入到实验中在有限的实验时间内掌握相关知识,是我们每个教学人员关心的问题.针对上述要求开发的虚拟逻辑分析仪的配套教辅板能够做到:二进制14级输出状态的逻辑关系显示、二进制码变七段码译码器的逻辑关系显示,输出逻辑状态同步显...