An auction‐based MAC protocol for cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum sharing systems use innovative spectrum management techniques that allow different systems to share the same frequency band to utilize the radio spectrum in an efficient way. In this paper, we propose a novel cognitive media access control protocol for cognitive radio networks under the property‐rights model, in which secondary users are divided into several nonoverlapping groups, and each group uses the proposed auction algorithm to bid for required channels from the auctioneer appointed by primary users. Simulations indicate that our proposed media access control protocol can effectively utilize spectrum resources, achieve high system efficiency, and guarantee the fairness of channel allocation among groups. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-saturated throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11-based cognitive radio networks

Technology of cognitive radio networks has emerged as an effective method to enhance the utilization of the radio spectrum where the primary users have priority to use the spectrum,and the secondary users try to exploit the spectrum unoccupied by the primary users.In this paper,considering the non-saturated condition,the performance analysis for the IEEE 802.11-based cognitive radio networks is presented with single-channel and multi-channel,respectively.For the single-channel case,an absorbing Markov chain model describing the system transitions is constructed,and one-step transition probability matrix of the Markov chain is given.By using the method of probability generating function,the non-saturated throughput of the secondary users is obtained.For the multi-channel case,taking into account the negotiation-based sensing policy,the mean number of unused channels perceived by the second users is given,and then the non-saturated aggregate throughput of the secondary users is derived.Finally,numerical examples are provided to show the influences of the non-saturated degree,the number of the secondary users and the channel utilization of the primary users on the performance measures for the non-saturated throughput with single-channel and the non-saturated aggregate throughput with multi-channel.     

混合频谱共享方式下多用户动态频谱分配算法

为解决混合overlay/underlay频谱共享方式下多用户动态频谱分配问题,构建了混合频谱共享方式下动态频谱分配模型,提出了基于Q学习的多用户动态频谱分配算法. 该算法在不对主用户产生有害干扰的前提下,以最大化次用户总吞吐量为目标,构建了与次用户相对应的虚拟次用户作为智能体. 通过与环境交互学习,进行信道和共享方式初选;频谱分配系统根据冲突情况和各智能体的学习结果调整信道分配策略直至次用户间无冲突. 仿真结果表明,该算法在无信道检测和信道先验知识的条件下,能根据前一时隙信道状态和次用户传输速率需求,实现动态信道分配和频谱共享方式确定,避免次用户间冲突,减少主次用户间冲突,有效提升次用户总吞吐量.     

基于认知的协作系统中继分配算法

随着无线移动通信系统的飞速发展,无线通信网络能耗急剧增加,基于中继协作技术的绿色无线通信研究受到众多研究者的关注.针对基于认知的中继协作系统,提出了一种以最大主系统能效为目标的中继分配算法.该算法在不影响主系统性能基础上,对主系统请求次系统用户作为中继转发数据,且共享主用户频谱进行了简要介绍.算法中次系统通过最大权重匹配方法为主系统分配中继（次用户）,在满足主系统能效最大化的同时,实现了次系统与主系统的频谱共享.对算法进行仿真验证,提出的算法能获得较高的主系统能效,同时提高了整个系统的频谱利用率.     

Cluster‐based adaptive multispectrum sensing and access in cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing and access have been widely investigated in cognitive radio network for the secondary users to efficiently utilize and share the spectrum licensed by the primary user. We propose a cluster‐based adaptive multispectrum sensing and access strategy, in which the secondary users seeking to access the channel can select a set of channels to sense and access with adaptive sensing time. Specifically, the spectrum sensing and access problem is formulated into an optimization problem, which maximizes the utility of the secondary users and ensures sufficient protection of the primary users and the transmitting secondary users from unacceptable interference. Moreover, we explicitly calculate the expected number of channels that are detected to be idle, or being occupied by the primary users, or being occupied by the transmitting secondary users. Spectrum sharing with the primary and transmitting secondary users is accomplished by adapting the transmission power to keep the interference to an acceptable level. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed sensing and access strategy as well as its advantage over conventional sensing and access methods in terms of improving the achieved throughput and keeping the sensing overhead low. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

认知无线Ad hoc网络的功率控制

当FCC提出传统电视系统和认知无线电网络频谱共享,以增加频谱的利用率时,主要涉及到的问题之_是来自认知无线电网络的干扰不得影响主用户的QoS。在本文中,考虑由低功耗个人／便携设备组成的认知无线电网络与传统电视系统同时运作的情况。本文在保证主用户和认知用户的QoS的情况下,推导出问题的可行性条件,并提出集中式和分布式两种解决方案,最大限度地提高认知用户的能源效率。并且通过仿真表明该方案的有效性。     

认知无线网络中第一和第二用户的积压和延迟分布研究

In a cognitive radio network, the secondary users can use the spectrum holes when the primary users do not utilize the spectrum, but they must vacant the spectrum when the primary users need to transmit data on the spectrum. In other words, the primary users have higher priority over the secondary users. In this paper, backlog and delay distribution bounds for both primary users and secondary users are obtained. The analysis is based on stochastic network calculus, for which, stochastic service curves are first derived for both primary users and secondary users, and the network calculus independent case analysis approach is used to find the distribution bounds. Numerical results and simulation results are also presented and discussed.     

基于HMM和平衡二叉树递归搜索的宽带频谱感知

为了使得二级或无许可证用户在给定宽带上获取空闲的子带以供使用,针对认知无线电中的宽带频谱感知技术进行研究,提出一种有效的宽带频谱感知算法。算法采用隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)对初级用户的动态行为进行建模,以克服目前宽带感知技术的局限性;其次,利用现有窄带感知技术,将感知频带划分为较小的频道,将其建模为一棵平衡二叉树,并对频谱孔洞进行递归搜索。如果检测到有孔洞在频率上相邻,则将它们合并成一个单一的频谱孔洞,使得认知二级用户的容量在整个频带上最大化。仿真实验结果表明,与现有宽带频谱感知方法相比,提出的宽带频谱感知算法具有更好的感知性能增益和更强的鲁棒性。     

认知无线网络中一种新的频谱共享方法

频谱共享是认知无线网络关键技术之一。为消除认知无线网络中频率选择性信道下授权主用户与认知用户间的相互干扰,本文提出了一种新的频谱共享方法。该方法充分利用了无线通信系统中由信道的频率选择性衰落导致的不同用户信道的不相关性,通过求解矩阵方程获得预处理矩阵的通解,并在主用户和认知用户发射端分别进行预处理。从而实现认知系统中主用户与认知用户之间的相互零干扰,并使每个用户都可有效地传输数据。理论推导及系统仿真均表明,新方法可以有效地消除授权主用户与认知用户之间的双向干扰,实现不同用户平等地共享无线频谱资源。新方法可以提高频谱的利用率,一定程度上缓解无线频谱资源在当前及未来无线通信领域日益紧缺的矛盾。而且新方法也同样适用于不同认知用户之间共享频谱。      

Capacity and Energy Efficiency of Multi-User Spectrum Sharing Systems with Opportunistic Scheduling

This paper investigates the capacity and energy efficiency of spectrum sharing systems with opportunistic user selection where a secondary network utilizes spectrum bands licensed to a primary network under interference regulation. In spectrum sharing systems, secondary users consume a fraction of their resources in sensing the channels to the primary users to comply with the interference constraints. Although more resources for sensing improve reliability and performance, the throughput loss due to time overhead and energy loss due to power overhead should be properly incorporated in performance evaluation. In this context, we define and derive a new metric ? average capacity normalized by the total energy consumption ? reflecting time and power overhead for spectrum sensing. Based on the developed framework, the optimal normalizedcapacity is investigated. We also propose a simple and practical suboptimal best-n scheme motivated by the infeasibility and high computational complexity of the optimal strategy, where n denotes the number of sensing secondary users. Our analytical and simulation results show that the proposed best-1 scheme is an energy-efficient technique with near optimality in terms of the capacity normalized by the energy consumption.     

Artificial bee colony–based spectrum handoff algorithm in wireless cognitive radio networks

In this work, we proposed a new artificial bee colony–based spectrum handoff algorithm for wireless cognitive radio systems. In our wireless cognitive radio system, primary users, secondary users, and related base stations exist in the same communication environment. For our artificial bee colony–based algorithm, secondary users that always struggle to discover an idle channel have a leading role. While honey bees work hard to find the best‐quality nectar source for foraging, secondary users try to find idle channels for making communication. In this way, secondary users are organized for different missions such as sensing and handoff similar to honey bees to minimize spectrum handoff delay by working together. In the spectrum handoff stage, some secondary users must sense the spectrum so that the interrupted secondary user may perform the spectrum handoff process. In our developed spectrum handoff algorithm, the spectrum availability characteristic is observed on the basis of the missions of the bees in the artificial bee colony algorithm with the aim of minimizing the spectrum handoff delay and maximizing probability of finding an idle channel. With the help of the algorithm that is developed using the artificial bee colony, spectrum handoff delay of secondary users is considerably decreased for different number of users without reducing probability of finding an available channel.     

基于多智能体强化学习的动态频谱分配方法

针对认知无线电网络中多个异质用户具有不同的服务质量(QoS)要求,提出一种基于多智能体强化学习的动态频谱分配方法.该方法从用户满意度角度出发,以用户体验质量(QoE)作为系统的评价指标,构建多个虚拟智能体,模拟多个用户以合作方式与环境进行交互学习,融合各个用户的学习和频谱决策结果,实现频谱资源优化分配.仿真结果表明,在...     

Optimal Mode Selection Policies in Cognitive Radio Networks with RF Energy Harvesting

Applying energy harvesting technology in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) leads to a tradeoff between the time allocated for spectrum sensing followed by spectrum accessing and that for energy harvesting. This tradeoff can be formulated as a mode selection problem for the secondary users. In this paper, we consider a CRN working in the time-slotted manner. The secondary users powered by radio frequency energy harvesting can perform overlay transmission or cooperate with the primary users. To maximize the long-term throughput of the secondary network, we propose two optimal mode selection policies by formulating this problem under a partially observable Markov decision process framework. Numerical simulations show that both of our proposed policies achieve more throughput than the overlay-only policy. Finally, we also evaluate the effect of the cooperative threshold and the energy harvesting process on the optimal policies.     

Game-theoretic spectrum sharing for cognitive radio based on the expectation of primary users

Cognitive radio is a new intelligent wireless communication technique for remedying the shortage of spectrum resource in recent years. Secondary users have to pay when they share available spectrum with primary users while price is an important factor in the spectrum allocation. Based on the game theory, an improved pricing function is proposed by considering the expectation of primary users. In this article, expectation represents the positivity of sharing spectrum with primary users. By introducing the positivity, price not only becomes different for different secondary users, but also can be adjusted according to the positivity. It is proved that the Nash Equilibrium of the new utility function exists. The simulation results show that spectrum sharing can not only be determined by the channel quality of secondary users, but also can be adapted according to the expectation of primary users. Besides, the proposed algorithm improves the fairness of sharing.     

Spectrum sharing radios

A major shift in radio design is now just beginning which attempts to share spectrum in a fundamentally new way. These radios are addressing the fact that spectrum is actually poorly utilized in many bands, in spite of the increasing demand for wireless connectivity. The new approaches to spectrum sharing make use of the advances in technology to implement new wireless systems that can share previously allocated spectra in such a way that the primary users of these spectra are not affected. Additionally, the allowed use of this band is on an unlicensed basis. Two methods that are being investigated to accomplish this task are the use of ultra wideband transmission and cognitive techniques. Ultra wideband transmission relies on the fact that if the bandwidth is increased, that reliable data transmission can occur even at power levels so low that primary radios in the same spectral bands are not affected. On the other hand the cognitive approach does not necessarily limit the transmission power, but rather attempts to share the spectra through a dynamic avoidance strategy. The opportunities and challenges of this new era in radio design are described along with the open questions in their implementation.     

Non‐preemptive Queueing Model of Spectrum Handoff Scheme Based on Prioritized Data Traffic in Cognitive Wireless Networks

In this study, a non‐preemptive M/G/1 queueing model of a spectrum handoff scheme for cognitive wireless networks is proposed. Because spectrum handoff gives secondary users an opportunity to carry on their transmissions, it is crucially important to determine the actions of primary users. In our queueing model, prioritized data traffic is utilized to meet the requirements of the secondary users. These users’ packets are categorized into three different priority classes: urgent, real‐time, and non‐real time. Urgent data packets have the highest priority, while non‐real time data packets have the lowest priority. Riverbed (OPNET) Modeler simulation software was used to simulate both reactive and proactive decision spectrum handoff schemes. The simulation results were consistent with the analytical results obtained under different load and traffic conditions. This study also revealed that the cumulative number of handoffs can be drastically decreased by exploiting priority classes and utilizing a decent spectrum handoff strategy, such as a reactive or proactive decision‐based strategy.     

动态频谱接入中的侦测与避让技术

动态频谱接入技术对频谱实行动态管理,允许未授权用户在无干扰的情况下使用已授权用户的闲置频带,是解决现今无线频谱资源紧缺和利用率低等难题的有效途径,已成为无线通信领域的研究热点。本文介绍了动态频谱接入的侦测与避让方法,分析和讨论了各自的优缺点,并指出动态频谱接入需要进一步研究的问题和可能的发展方向。     

Comparison of Mamdani and Sugeno Inference Systems for Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks

Dynamic spectrum access and cognitive radio are emerging technologies to utilize the scarce frequency spectrum in an efficient and opportunistic manner. Cognitive radio, built on software defined radio, is an intelligent radio technology that updates its operating parameters to locate the unused spectrum segments. To assign these vacant bands to unlicensed users without causing harmful interference to licensed users, a novel approach is proposed in this article based on fuzzy logic. Two different fuzzy inference system models i.e. Mamdani and Sugeno systems are developed that compute spectrum access decision based on the secondary user parameters such as signal strength, distance between the primary and secondary user, spectrum utilization efficiency and degree of mobility. 81 fuzzy rules are used to obtain the output of proposed system stating the possibilities of allotment of white spaces to secondary users.     

Performance analysis of switch‐based multiuser scheduling schemes with adaptive modulation in spectrum sharing systems

This paper focuses on the development of multiuser access schemes for spectrum sharing systems whereby secondary users are allowed to share the spectrum with primary users under the condition that the interference observed at the primary receiver is below a predetermined threshold. In particular, two scheduling schemes are proposed for selecting a user among those that satisfy the interference constraint and achieve an acceptable signal‐to‐noise ratio level. The first scheme focuses on optimizing the average spectral efficiency by selecting the user that reports the best channel quality. In order to alleviate the relatively high feedback required by the first scheme, a second scheme based on the concept of switched diversity is proposed, where the base station (BS) scans the secondary users in a sequential manner until a user whose channel quality is above an acceptable predetermined threshold is found. We develop expressions for the statistics of the signal‐to‐interference and noise ratio as well as the average spectral efficiency, average feedback load, and the delay at the secondary BS. We then present numerical results for the effect of the number of users and the interference constraint on the optimal switching threshold and the system performance and show that our analysis results are in perfect agreement with the numerical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.