Characterization of power electronics system interconnectparasitics using time domain reflectometry

The significance of interconnect parasitics of power electronics systems is their effects on power converters' electromagnetic interference (EMI)-related performances, such as voltage/current spikes, dv/dt, di/dt, conducted/radiated EMI noise, etc. In this paper, a time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement-based modeling technique is described for characterizing interconnect parasitics in switching power converters. Experiments are conducted on power components of a prototype high-power inverter, including insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules, busbar and bulk capacitors. It is shown that the interconnect inductance of the IGBT module can be extracted completely using TDR. It is also shown that the busbar equivalent circuit can be modeled as transmission line segments or L-C filter sections, and the bulk capacitor contains a significant equivalent series interconnect inductance     

场线路多耦合下电机及其驱动系统辐射电磁干扰预测方法研究

本文研究了场线路多耦合下电机及其驱动系统辐射电磁干扰预测方法.共模干扰回路是系统产生电磁辐射的主要来源,分析了系统共模干扰源的产生机理和传导路径.建立了共模干扰传导路径中主要部件的模型,即交流感应电机等效电路模型及驱动系统输入输出屏蔽电缆线束模型等,将各部分电路模型按照实际连接情况进行组合,获得了系统辐射电磁干扰预测模型.提出了利用CST MWS和CST CS对预测模型联合仿真的分析方法,并通过实验验证了预测模型的正确性.     

Some electromagnetic aspects of coreless PCB transformers

In this paper, some EMI aspects of using coreless PCB transformers are addressed. Based on the antennas theory, the radiated power of a coreless PCB transformer is estimated and found to be negligible. The electromagnetic field plot of a power electronic circuit using a gate drive circuit isolated by a coreless PCB transformer has been recorded. The major radiated EMI source in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 300 MHz is found to be the copper tracks of the power circuit, where switching transients occur, rather than the coreless PCB transformer. Coreless PCB transformers essentially operate at relatively low frequency (8 MHz in this case) by near-field magnetic coupling. Experimental results have confirmed that the application of coreless PCB transformer in gate drive circuit will not impose any serious EMI problem on the power electronic circuit     

Multiple Slope Switching Waveform Approximation to Improve Conducted EMI Spectral Analysis of Power Converters

An improved and simplified electromagnetic interference (EMI) modeling method based on multiple slope approximation of device-switching transitions for EMI analysis of power converters is presented. The traditional noise source modeling method, which uses single slope for rise and fall transition, is studied, and the criteria for reasonable modeling in the frequency range is analyzed. The turn-on and turn-off dynamics are investigated by dividing the nonlinear transitions into several stages based on an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) behavior circuit model. Real device-switching voltage and current waveforms are approximated by piece-wise linear lines and modeled by multiple dv/dt and di/dt slopes. The predicted EMI spectra suggest that high-frequency EMI noise is modeled with an acceptable accuracy. The proposed method was verified experimentally for a dc-dc buck converter     

Modeling the electromagnetic radiation from electrically smalltable-top products

It is noted that the most difficult radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems with table-top products often occur at frequencies where the maximum dimensions of the product are much smaller than a wavelength. Electrically small table-top products tend to be much more efficient radiation sources than dipole source models would predict, and the radiation is generally much more difficult to contain than other types of EMI source models indicated. The ways in which electrically small sources radiate are investigated, and a technique for modeling electrically small table-top products that have power or signal cables is proposed. The end-driven wire model is a strategy for reducing the product to a form that is more readily analyzed. The results is a relatively simple configuration that includes only those parameters of the product that are of primary importance to the radiated EMI calculation     

Fast and Rigorous Analysis of EMC/EMI Phenomena on Electrically Large and Complex Cable-Loaded Structures

A fast and comprehensive time-domain method for analyzing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) phenomena on complex structures that involve electrically large platforms (e.g., vehicle shells) along with cable-interconnected antennas, shielding enclosures, and printed circuit boards is proposed. To efficiently simulate field interactions with such structures, three different solvers are hybridized: (1) a time-domain integral-equation (TDIE)-based field solver that computes fields on the exterior structure comprising platforms, antennas, enclosures, boards, and cable shields (external fields); (2) a modified nodal-analysis (MNA)-based circuit solver that computes currents and voltages on lumped circuits approximating cable connectors/loads; and (3) a TDIE-based transmission line solver that computes transmission line voltages and currents at cable terminations (guided fields). These three solvers are rigorously interfaced at the cable connectors/loads and along the cable shields; the resulting coupled system of equations is solved simultaneously at each time step. Computation of the external and guided fields, which constitutes the computational bottleneck of this approach, is accelerated using fast Fourier transform-based algorithms. Further acceleration is achieved by parallelizing the computation of external fields. The resulting hybrid solver permits the analysis of electrically large and geometrically intricate structures loaded with coaxial cables. The accuracy, efficiency, and versatility of the proposed solver are demonstrated by analyzing several EMC/EMI problems including interference between a log-periodic monopole array trailing an aircraft's wing and a monopole antenna mounted on its fuselage, coupling into coaxial cables connecting shielded printed circuit boards located inside a cockpit, and coupling into coaxial cables from a cell phone antenna located inside a fuselage.     

SPICE-like models for the analysis of the conducted and radiated immunity of shielded cables

The aim of this work is the development and validation of compact SPICE models suitable to analyze the conducted and radiated immunity of shielded cables. The reference structures are coaxial cables, and shielded cables with two parallel wires (i.e., twinax cable). The conducted and radiated immunity of the shielded cables are evaluated considering as source a known injected current on the cable shield, and the coupling with an external plane wave electromagnetic field, respectively. The circuit models are validated by comparing the results with those obtained by other approaches. The developed models are then used to quantify the main grounding practices of shielded cables.     

Electromagnetic Design Techniques for Liquid Crystal Display Driver ICs

A simple method of verifying electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction effects for liquid crystal display (LCD) driver integrated circuits (ICs) is proposed. In this paper, we discuss correlations between radiated emissions and high-frequency currents of power system at three different levels: print circuit board (PCB) level, chip level, and functional circuit level. The EMI design points for LCD driver ICs are presented too. Simulated and measured results prove that our EMI design effectively reduces LCD EMI noise.     

A Suitable Method for Ecovehicles to Control Surge Voltage Occurring at Motor Terminals Connected to PWM Inverters and to Control Induced EMI Noise

A method that is suitable for ecovehicles, which controls the surge voltage appearing at motor terminals that are connected to a pulsewidth modulation inverter with short leads that are less than the critical cable length (i.e., the shortest length at which full reflection may occur), is described here. Also, a method to control electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, which is induced by the surge voltage, is discussed. Ecovehicles have the problem where insulation degradation of motors occurs due to the surge voltage being repeatedly applied to motor terminals during long lifecycles. EMI noise such as the shaft current and the radiated noise, which are induced by the generated surge voltage, easily diffuse into other electric devices due to the high-density packaging structure. The diffused EMI noise may cause a malfunction of the vehicle controller. An EMI noise controller is studied, which can meet the high-density packaging requirements for ecovehicles like electric vehicles. The EMI noise controller is attached on the motor terminals and simultaneously suppresses the surge voltage and the noise. After clarifying surge voltage characteristics and a circuit model for expressing the surge phenomenon through experiments and simulations, an EMI noise controller is proposed, which uses a multilayer printed power circuit technique. It is verified through simulations and experiments that the proposed controller has the ability to simultaneously control the surge voltage and the EMI noise, such as the radiated noise and the shaft current (the bearing current), which are induced by the surge voltage.     

Impact of Switching-Induced Electromagnetic Interference on Low-Voltage Cables in Substations

The electromagnetic environment within a substation is very complex. Substations represent an intricate interconnected collection of devices that serve as electromagnetic wave emitters and receptors. Transient electromagnetic emissions—electromagnetic interference (EMI)—are generated during the switching of disconnector and circuit breakers (CBs) that may cause malfunction or damage to electronic equipment positioned nearby if appropriate immunity measures are not taken. The interference may couple significant energy through common-mode currents to cable protection. Electromagnetic compatibility is mostly achieved by addressing the EMI victim through techniques in the secondary environment, such as shielding and filtering. This paper presents the finite-element method analysis of three methods: metallic channel, braided cable, and additional cable, used for EMI mitigation on low-voltage cables of 20 kV side in a 63-kV/20-kV substation due to switching effects of disconnector and CBs. In each method, overvoltage is considered and the results are compared with each other. A simple circuit analysis was also carried out on the causes of switching based on EMI to provide some insight into the interference mechanism during switching process, using common-mode and differential-mode equivalent circuits. The overvoltage reductions are attained through differential-mode current and shielding methods.      

低压大电流型永磁同步电动机驱动电路设计

在电动汽车等应用中,低电压和大电流的特点使得永磁同步电动机的驱动电路不同于一般通用驱动器。基于DSP TMS320F2812以及IR2110等核心芯片,在系统整体方案、功率电路、抗电磁干扰以及二次隔离电源等方面需要针对该特点进行了设计。在轴角变换的基础上采用空间矢量SFWM实现电机的控制。同时采用负偏压悬浮驱动等电路结构形式,简化了二次隔离电源的设计     

PWM驱动电机系统传导干扰等效电路模型

采用脉宽调制技术（PWM）驱动的电机系统通过功率变换器对电能进行变换和控制,使得电机系统的性能指标得到较大提高。但是由于功率变换器中的电力电子器件工作在开关状态,具有较大电压和电流变化率的功率脉冲信号产生很强的电磁干扰,对电机系统自身和周围环境产生很大影响。本文针对PWM变频器产生的电磁兼容问题,首先分析了PWM驱动电...     

基于SPM3智能功率模块的永磁同步电机驱动电路设计

现代工业对高密度、高效率的伺服驱动系统有大量需求,功率驱动电路是其硬件基础.基于新型SPM3系列智能功率模块,设计了永磁同步电机用驱动电路.对功率器件热问题进行了损耗计算和热路计算.将所设计的电路应用于高性能工业缝纫机伺服控制系统取得了良好的效果.     

近场辐射电磁干扰模态测试系统设计

提出近场辐射电磁干扰模态测试方法,设计近场模态检验测试系统,采用近场电磁场头对待测设备进行扫描式测量,获得待测设备的近场电磁场分布情况,并根据测得电磁场强度大小可分析得到待测设备的辐射EMI模态。实验结果表明,该方法可对电子电路的近场辐射EMI模态进行有效识别和检验,分别得到近场辐射共模噪声和差模噪声EMI模态,为辐射电磁干扰噪声的抑制提供有益参考。     

使用发射信道模型降低液晶显示屏电磁干扰

本文介绍一种发射通道模型来仿真液晶显示屏所产生的电磁干扰噪声。通道模型包含基于IEC61967-2标准(横电磁波传输室的辐射发射)的封装、印刷电路板以及辐射柔性印刷电路板等模型来仿真电磁发射能量。最后,本文所用的仿真平台已经验证带有不同时序控制驱动器的真实37"液晶显示屏,而实验结果显示降低电磁干扰的效果极佳。配合所提出的发射通道模型,我们能够很容易的设计低发射驱动器,避免因电磁干扰问题所导致的成本增加。     

IGBT驱动保护电路的改良设计

在实际应用电力电子技术过程中,绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)驱动保护电路的合理设计应根据具体器件的特性,选择合适的参数,使之实现最优驱动和有效可靠的保护.文中针对具体工程,对IGBT驱动保护电路的难点进行了分析,采用连续调节IGBT保护整定值的办法实现精确检测及使用延时判断电路用以判断真假过流的设计思想,对常用的IGBT驱动保护电路进行改进,克服了在使用中无过流自锁功能、过流保护的阈值过高、无法对真假过流进行判断的缺陷,获得令人满意的实验结果,已安全应用于有源电力滤波器装置中.     

电缆的电磁干扰分析

在电子设备和系统中,各种电缆是信号传输必不可少的联系纽带,同时电缆又是导致各种电磁兼容(EMC)问题的主要因素。电缆造成电磁干扰(EMI)的原因主要是因为电缆上存在着干扰电流。介绍了2种干扰电流,结合电磁兼容测试中经常出现的问题,对每种电流产生的原因进行了分析,提出了减小这些干扰电流的具体方法。通过试验验证了方法的可操作性,对产品设计提供参考。     

传导型电源干扰的抑制

本文以开关电源为例,分析了电源EMI滤波器的等效电路,并介绍了用于抑制电源线电磁干扰的滤波器的插入损耗的计算方法,为电源EMI滤波器的设计提供了参考.     

Reliability enhancement by integrated liquid cooling in power IGBT modules for hybrid and electric vehicles

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) modules in power train system of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV/EV) are working in harsh environment and high reliability and long lifetime are required. In this work, reliability enhancement by integrated liquid cooling structure in HEV/EV IGBT module is investigated. The thermal resistance of junction to heat sink can be reduced more than 50% by direct liquid cooling as eliminating thermal grease layer, so both active and passive temperature swings decrease significantly which will enhance module reliability and lifetime. The lifetime of modules with conventional and integrated liquid cooling structures are estimated under mission of standard driving cycles. We found that lifetime is prolonged obviously by direct cooling pin–fin base plate, and the compact module also makes the application power system simple and reliable.     

电机控制用多输出开关电源设计

针对30kW开关磁阻电机控制系统的需要，本文设计了Flyback辅助开关稳压电源。此电源给系统控制板以及IGBT驱动电路供电，并保证电源电压稳定，纹波不大于3％，控制板电源与驱动电路电源以及IGBT驱动电路电源之间相互隔离。本文重点论述了开关电源的电路设计及高频变压器的设计，并给出实际纹波波形。本文设计的开关电源经现场检验．性能良好。本开关电源经改动后也适用与其他使用IGBT器件的电力电子装置。