组合空气间隙交流击穿电压计算方法研究

典型空气间隙的击穿电压特性是外绝缘设计的重要依据,为研究电位悬浮体对空气间隙击穿电压的影响,文中以简化的组合间隙放电模型为研究对象,实验研究了悬浮导体长度和高压电极形状对组合空气间隙击穿电压的影响特性和变化曲线。基于实验数据和观测到的放电现象,文中在考虑子间隙的击穿顺序和流注通道压降的基础上,建立了组合间隙击穿电压的计算模型。利用该模型对含有电位悬浮导体的组合间隙击穿电压进行了计算,结果表明,文中提出的计算模型得到的击穿电压计算值和实验数据相比,相对误差小于5%,说明该方法对于计算含有电位悬浮导体的组合空气间隙击穿电压具有一定的适用性。     

直流和操作波迭加脉冲时的空气击穿试验研究

实验研究了一系列脉冲作用下正针—负板电极空气间隙的直流和操作波电压击穿特性 ,结果发现 ,针电极施加脉冲时的击穿电压比不加脉冲时明显下降 ,击穿时延也减小 ,且负脉冲比正脉冲效果更明显。     

静态模拟气固两相体起晕和击穿的实验研究

研究了非均匀电场中的静态模拟气固两相体放电的击穿、起晕特性及固相物介电常数、占空比、放电间隙、电压极性和种类对击穿电压与起晕电压的影响。结果表明:实验范围内,正极性大占空比时,随放电间隙的增加,两相体的起晕电压逐渐低于空气的起晕电压。正极性和交流电压下,两相体的击穿电压比空气高。     

±400kV直流输电线路杆塔涉鸟故障风险区域研究

青藏地区大型鸟类活动频繁,直流线路穿越冻土区沿线基本无树木,鸟类筑巢所用废弃铁丝和鸟粪掉落会引起绝缘子周围间隙气隙击穿,造成经济损失。为了减少输电线路涉鸟故障,以青藏±400kV直流输电线路为背景,首先利用有限元法分析,模拟异物下落时绝缘子周围电场分布。研究表明,异物下落时,由于自身形成悬浮电位,导致了高压端-异物、低压端-异物两段空气间隙相继击穿,此时异物能够引起绝缘子附近气隙击穿的区域称为风险区域。在此基础上,结合海拔修正方法,提出了一种高海拔地区杆塔考虑涉鸟故障的风险区域划分方法。依据电场分析结果得到了异物在竖直下落、倾斜下落和从横担下垂三种状态下的涉鸟故障风险区域。研究结果可以为±400kV直流线路防鸟害工作提供指导,并为其他相似工程提供参考。     

Estimation of dc breakdown mechanisms in air gaps containingfloating metallic particles

The characteristics of breakdown voltages against the position of floating metallic particles in atmospheric air are investigated experimentally. The breakdown mechanism is estimated on the basis of electric field calculation and visual observation of discharges at different voltages and a set of flow charts for calculation of breakdown voltage is proposed. The studied gaps are needle-to-plane and sphere-to-sphere electrodes of 120 mm in length forming Poissonian and Laplacian fields respectively and the shape of tested floating objects is a needle or sphere. The theoretical breakdown voltages obtained by the flow charts agree reasonably with the experimental ones     

AC particle-triggered corona discharge in low pressure SF/sub 6/ gas

This paper deals with AC particle-triggered corona discharge as a follow-up to our previous research with DC voltage to clarify the particle-triggered corona discharge process in SF₆ gas. Corona current pulses, charges associated with a corona current pulse, and corona light pulses were observed with an aluminum ellipsoidal particle suspended in a parallel plane electrode system under a SF₆ gas pressure range of 30 kPalesPles50 kPa by changing the particle position. Corona mode, phase (Phi)-charge (q) characteristics as well as corona discharge processes were discussed and the following results were obtained. AC corona mode depended on the instantaneous applied voltage, voltage gradient as well as the particle position and then, the Phi-q characteristics were also affected by those parameters. Charges flow into the floating particle due to coronas on the both tips of particle and excite field fluctuations around the opposite side of particle in addition to the applied AC field. The field fluctuation in SF₆ gas by the corona charges was about 4% of the applied field and much lower than that in air gap which was about 70%. That is, the corona development was suppressed effectively by high electron affinity of SF₆ gas even in the case of floating particle. The less effective interference between coronas on the both side of particle in SF₆ gas results in an obscure local minimum in the breakdown voltage characteristics as the particle is in the vicinity of electrode as contrasted with a drastic fall in the breakdown voltage by the particle in air     

球-球电极气液两相体直流击穿现象的研究

研究了空气和雾组成的气液混合两相体在球-球电极中的直流击穿电压。实验结果表明:"!电极上的水滴会使击穿电压降低,在准均匀和非均匀电场中,降低的比例差别不大;随着喷雾量的增加,降低的比例增加;"#空气中的雾会使击穿电压提高,在准均匀电场中(间隙较小时),提高的比例较大,而且随着雾量的加大,提高的比例增加;在非均匀电场中(间隙较大),提高不明显。     

Gaseous electrical discharge characteristics in air and nitrogen at cryogenic temperature

In designing superconducting electrical power apparatus, the knowledge of cryogenic gas and liquid insulation characteristics is essential. The authors have studied the discharge characteristics of relatively long-gap configurations in air and nitrogen at a cryogenic temperature. A sphere-to-sphere electrode with a gap length of 20 to 150 mm is used for measurements in uniform electric field. The breakdown voltage characteristics basically obey Paschen's law at cryogenic temperature for 50 Hz, AC, DC and lightning impulse voltage applications. A rod-to-plane electrode with a gap length of 20 to 330 mm is used for measurements in nonuniform electric field. In air at cryogenic temperature and nitrogen gas at both room and cryogenic temperature, streamer-like corona discharge appears near the tip of the rod electrode before the breakdown, and the breakdown voltage increases linearly with gap length. In air at room temperature thin film-like corona discharge, however, appears near the tip of the rod electrode before breakdown, and the breakdown voltage becomes higher than the other case. In order to examine the variation of corona discharge characteristics, some additional experiments are conducted. As a result, it becomes clear that thin film-like glow corona discharge appears when electronegative gas is contained and sufficient electrons are supplied from the cathode.     

Investigation of dielectric breakdown characteristics of double‐break vacuum interrupter and dielectric breakdown probability distribution in vacuum interrupter

To investigate the reliability of equipment of vacuum insulation, a study was carried out to clarify breakdown probability distributions in a vacuum gap. Further, a double‐break vacuum circuit breaker was investigated for breakdown probability distribution. The test results show that the breakdown probability distribution of the vacuum gap can be represented by a Weibull distribution using a location parameter, which shows the voltage that permits a zero breakdown probability. The location parameter obtained from Weibull plot depends on electrode area. The shape parameter obtained from Weibull plot of vacuum gap was 10 to 14, and was constant irrespective of the nonuniform field factor. The breakdown probability distribution after no‐load switching can be represented by Weibull distribution using a location parameter. The shape parameter after no‐load switching was 6 to 8.5, and was constant irrespective of the gap length. This indicates that the scatter of the breakdown voltage was increased by no‐load switching. If the vacuum circuit breaker uses a double break, the breakdown probability at low voltage becomes lower than the single‐break probability. Although the potential distribution is a concern in the double‐break vacuum circuit breaker, its insulation reliability is better than that of the single‐break vacuum interrupter even if the bias of the vacuum interrupter's sharing voltage is taken into account. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(2): 13–20, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21060     

基于支持向量机的棒-板空气间隙击穿电压预测方法及其应用

空气间隙的击穿电压与放电起始前的电场分布特征存在多维非线性关系。为了实现空气间隙的击穿电压预测,以电场特征集作为输入,以间隙在加载电压下是否击穿作为输出,采用支持向量分类机建立击穿电压预测模型。针对极不均匀电场空气间隙的击穿特性受电晕影响的问题,提出两种修正方法:通过增加受电晕影响的训练样本数据,提高预测模型的泛化性能;或基于"电晕云"的思想进行二次电场计算及特征量提取,对预测模型的输入特征进行修正。采用修正后的模型对极不均匀电场下棒-板间隙的工频击穿电压及棒-板长空气间隙的操作冲击放电电压进行预测,预测值与试验值吻合良好。该方法有利于减少试验次数,降低试验成本。     

应用人工神经网络预测棒-板短空气间隙在淋雨条件下的交流放电电压

为了获得降雨条件下能预测空气间隙击穿电压的数学模型,根据在人工气候室试验得到的降雨条件下空气间隙击穿电压数据,运用神经网络原理,建立了降雨条件下的交流棒-板短空气间隙击穿电压的人工神经网络模型。利用该模型可以对一定降雨条件下的交流棒-板短空气间隙击穿电压进行预测,预测结果满足精度要求,同时,该文根据建立的人工神经网络模型模拟了降雨时单个及多个环境因素对空气间隙击穿电压的影响,并对模拟结果进行了分析,结果表明:大气压强一定时,随着降雨强度、雨水电导率的增加以及环境温度的降低,空气间隙的击穿电压随之降低;当降雨强度、雨水电导率和环境温度其中任一环境因素改变时,另两个因素对空气间隙击穿电压的影响程度也随之改变。人工神经网络模型对训练数据的依赖较大,对训练范围以外的数据预测精度较差。     

DC pre-breakdown phenomena and breakdown characteristics in thepresence of conducting particles in liquid nitrogen

DC pre-breakdown phenomena and breakdown characteristics in the presence of free conducting particles in liquid nitrogen are studied experimentally. The results show that a microdischarge occurs when a charged particle is approaching an oppositely charged electrode. An intense microdischarge can trigger a complete breakdown of the gap. The breakdown voltage of a uniform field gap with a free metallic particle of mm size might be reduced well below that of a point-to-plane gap without a particle in liquid nitrogen. Heavy contamination by a metallic powder produces a large reduction in the breakdown voltage with a horizontal spacer surface. However carbon powder is less hazardous compared to metallic powder     

Corona Inception and Breakdown in Nonuniform Field with Insulating Support in Air

Corona inception and breakdown was investigated in air for point-to-plane gaps with cylindrical spacers under 60-Hz ac voltages. The effect of a series gap, between the high-voltage point electrode and the spacer, on corona inception and breakdown voltages was also studied. For epoxy spacers the corona inception voltage decreased but the breakdown voltage increased, compared to an equivalent point-to-plane air gap without a spacer. The corona inception voltage characteristic was found to exhibit a maximum at a certain value of the series air gap. The results are interpreted in terms of recently reported observations of spacer surface charging in air and in other insulating gases and insulating barriers.     

Dielectric breakdown characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen gasabove liquid nitrogen

We measured the DC dielectric breakdown characteristics of cryogenic nitrogen gas above a liquid nitrogen surface for needle-to-plane and sphere-to-plane electrode configurations. Experimental results revealed that the DC breakdown voltage of cryogenic nitrogen gas increased, as the distance from the gap axis to the liquid nitrogen surface diminished, i.e. as the liquid nitrogen surface got closer to the gap. The breakdown voltage proved to be enhanced not only by the temperature drop of nitrogen gas due to the existence of liquid nitrogen, but also by an effect of vapor mist arising from vaporization of liquid nitrogen. For the quasi-uniform electrode configuration, the relation between breakdown voltage and the gas density times the gap spacing agreed well with the Paschen curve for nitrogen with both the temperature falling and the vapor-mist density considered. For the nonuniform needle electrode, positive breakdown voltage was higher than negative one; the polarity effect was interpreted in terms of the electric field relaxation at the tip of the positive needle resulting from partial discharges observed only for the positive needle     

Electrical breakdown characteristics of nitrogen and air at cryogenic temperature in a quasi‐uniform electric field

The breakdown voltages of the longer‐gap configurations in gaseous nitrogen and air that are necessary in designing superconducting electrical power apparatuses are measured at temperatures of 293 and 93 K. The quasi‐uniform electric field made by a sphere‐to‐sphere electrode with a diameter of 150 mm and a gap length of about 10 to 100 mm is used in the measurement of the breakdown voltages. When 50‐Hz ac and dc voltages are applied to the sphere‐to‐sphere gap, the breakdown voltages in nitrogen and air obey Paschen's law even at cryogenic temperatures (93 K). When a 1.4/50‐μs lightning impulse voltage is applied to the gap, the 50% breakdown voltage of nitrogen also obeys Paschen's law under UV irradiation of the cathode electrode. However, the breakdown voltage in air at 93 K is higher in the case of lightning impulse voltage applications, and the delay from impulse voltage application to breakdown occurrence is apparently longer at 93 K than at 293 K. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 28–33, 2000     

低气压棒-板间隙操作冲击放电特性及电压校正

为了研究高海拔地区空气间隙的操作冲击特性,在大型人工气候室内对0.25～2m的棒-板间隙的操作冲击50%放电电压与气压p、间隙距离d的关系进行了系统的实验研究。结果表明:操作冲击50%放电电压U50随着气压p的下降呈幂指数关系下降,间隙长度不同,气压影响指数n不同;通过分析得到了不同间隙长度下的U50气压校正公式;U50与不同间隙距离d之间的关系与电压极性有关:正极性时U50与间隙距离d的线性关系较好,负极性时有明显的饱和性,且U50的气压影响特征指数n与电压极性有关。试验结果显示操作冲击50%放电击穿时间与电压极性和间隙距离有关。     

电极材料及间隙距离对间隙型浪涌保护器保护特性的影响

针对空气间隙型浪涌保护器(surge protective device,SPD)存在的问题,在低气压条件下研究了电极材料及间隙距离对间隙型SPD保护特性的影响,研究内容包括直流电压击穿特性、电压保护水平和响应时间.实验电极分别由钨铜和石墨材料制作而成,圆形电极,直径10 mm,间隙距离1～5 mm,气压范围20～60...     

棒—棒间隙的直流击穿电压特性

通过对棒一棒间隙的电极直径、下电极高度和间隙长度与其直流击穿电压的影响的研究,提出了确定直流棒—棒校验间隙的几何结构尺寸的原则。     

Modeling of DC Flashover on Ice-Covered HV Insulators Based on Dynamic Electric Field Analysis

In this paper, a model based on dynamic electric field analysis has been developed to predict the flashover voltage of the ice-covered HV insulators, under dc voltage. The potential and electric field calculation models before and after air gap breakdown are built respectively based on finite element method (FEM). The arc initiation process is determined based on the model before air gap breakdown. The critical applied voltage and leakage current to maintain an arc with certain length are obtained based on the electric field calculation model after air gap breakdown and the U-I characteristic of the arc. Moreover, the improved Hampton criterion has been employed to determine the critical flashover of the ice-covered insulator. The results obtained from the dynamic electric field analysis model have been compared with other mathematical and experimental results of other researchers and got a great agreement.     

输电线路冰灾倒塔的原因及防范措施

针对2008年初浙江省金华地区发生的雪灾倒塔事故,分析事故原因,指出应优化线路外绝缘配置设计理念,将传统的按空气间隙击穿电压与绝缘子串闪络电压配合比减少到0.5～0.6左右,并详细介绍V型绝缘子串的特点,给出重新改造倒塔段线路时采取的措施.