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1.
1.  In certain cases of constructing dams salt-containing soils serve as their foundation.
2.  Under these conditions reliable operation of the structures can be provided only by developing special engineering measures to control dissolution.
3.  All existing methods of protecting saliferous foundation soils of hydraulic structures from dissolution can be divided into passive, active, and combined.
4.  The combined methods should be considered the most effective for preventing removal of salts from foundation soils by the seepage flow.
5.  Large-scale field investigations of the work of the combined method of protecting saliferous foundation soils of the planned Lower Kafirnigan hydro development showed its high effectiveness even in the case of complex engineering-geological conditions at the construction site.
6.  Individual elements of the set of dissolution protective measures investigated under field conditions can be used in hydrotechnical and hydropower construction practice.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 10–14, October, 1994.  相似文献   

2.
An analysis of the experience in the Soviet Union and in foreign countries with conveyor transportation in the mining industry, as well as with use of conveyors in hydraulic construction shows that the introduction of conveyor transportation in the field of construction of embankment dams in this country, for delivery of earth-rock material from quarries, as well as for carrying raw materials to concentrating plants processing nonmetallic minerals, will make it possible.
1)  To reduce substantially the personnel nees.
2)  To lower significantly the transportation costs for delivery of earth-rock materials to construction sites and to concentrating plants processing nonmetallic mateirals (rubble, gravel, and sand);
3)  To reduce the need for trucks, by replacing them with conveyors;
4)  To increase the rate of delivery of earth-rock materials from quarries for dam, construction and, consequently, to reduce the times of completion.
5)  To reduce the volume of housing, cultural-welfare, and auxiliary-subsidiary construction in owing to the lower needs for personnel in conveyor transportation;
6)  To eliminate the need for constructing a large number of roads with rigid pavements for large-capacity dump trucks;
7)  To raise the technical level of the earth-rock work.
  相似文献   

3.
1.  Provision for stability of slopes is one of the main problems in designing plains PSHS.
2.  The reasons for occurrence and a chain reaction of development of landslide phenomena on the south slope of the area of basic structures of the Zagorsk PSHS were peculiarities of its engineering-geological structure that were not properly taken into account in designing and carrying out construction work.
3.  For the purpose of stabilizing the landslide slope, a system of engineering measures was developed and implemented, including a change in the configuration and structure of the right-bank abutment of the upper-basin levee to the water intake, construction of a banquette, filling of a counterbanquette, draining of moraine loams, grading of the slope, surface water diversion, and monitoring of the state of the slope and elements of the antilandslide protection.
4.  Data from full-scale observatins indicate the effectiveness of the antilandslide measures that were performed and a state of the slope corresponding to criteria for the hydro development's safe operation.
5.  Innovative elements of the system of measures to stabilize the south landslide slope of the Zagorsk PSHS are:
–  the complex nature of measures, providing for the optimum set of criteria with respect to reliability, technological efficiency, construction time, and cost of adjusted expenditures;
–  minimization of one-time and total excavation for the banquette, providing for the least disruption of the slope in the process of construction;
–  draining of moraine loams, which has no known analog;
–  the use of an ejector unwatering system, which provides for minimum adjusted expenditures on construction and operation of the drainage system.
Deceased.  相似文献   

4.
Conclusions  
1.  Gidrospetsproekt should design the groundwater system.
2.  One contractor should drill the wells and operate the groundwater-lowering system.
3.  In connection with the geological conditions, the wells should be of very high quality, for which own enrichment of the filter material (sand of the blanket) and strict control during drilling the wells are necessary.
4.  It is efficient to drill the wells by a 1BA-15V rig with a tool with backwashing.
5.  With respect to piles of the penstock foundation: Drilling the holes for the piles should be done only with casings. To organize 24-h work for increasing productivity. Works on forming the pile heads should be done immediately after concreting the pile. The piles should be tested after each change in the geological conditions.
6.  With respect vertical drainage: the wells should be of high quality, with an enormous safety margin.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 29–33, October, 1999.  相似文献   

5.
Conclusions  
1.  When designing pipelines on collapsing soils it is necessary to take into account the most unfavorable conditions from the viewpoint of bending of the pipeline—settlement of the intermediate supports every other one, all even or all odd.
2.  In this case, if the amount of deflection of the penstock under load is less than the amount of settlement of the intermediate supports, it is necessary to take into account disconnection of the intermediate roller support from work.
3.  Control assembly of members of the assembly links during manufacture of the oversize penstocks as well as quality control of the welded joints during enlargement are necessary conditions for achieving a high quality and eliminating losses of time during assembly.
4.  To shorten the time of construction and assembly works, provided a thoroughly conducted geodetic survey, it is expedient to assemble the penstock from two sides—from the side of the water intake and from the side of the powerhouse.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 1, pp. 40–45, January, 1997.  相似文献   

6.
Conclusions  
1.  The expediency of hydraulic-fill grading of marshy coastal territories and city dumps for housing construction and recreation park and beach zones was proved practically.
2.  Underwater coastal borrow pits in the shallow-water zone can be used for direct dredging of soil.
3.  In the absence of sand borrow pits, fine-grained loamy sand soils can be used for hydraulic filling the construction sites.
4.  To operate dredges on large water areas under conditions of violent wind-wave action, it is necessary to work out a special works organization plan taking into account the preservation of supply lines, machines, and crew during a storm and under ice conditions in the winter.
5.  The possibility of using the ash of heat and power plants for engineering grading of a marshy territory for housing construction on a pile foundation was proved.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 9, pp. 29–33, September, 1997.  相似文献   

7.
Conclusions  
1.  The construction of dumps for toxic industrial wastes under complex geologic-industrial engineering conditions requires the development of special designs of anti-filtration screens ensuring the ecological safety of ground and surface waters in cases where significant deformations develop in the foundation bed of the structure.
2.  Under these conditions, the dumps should be designed and built with combined slightly permeable screens, the designs of which are determined on the basis of analysis of the chemical composition of the wastes stored in the dump, their volume, duration of service, and the geologic-engineering conditions at the construction site.
3.  Soil-film screens with polyethylene films 0.2–0.5 mm thick and rigid screen designs, to which concrete, concrete-film, and bituminous-concrete screens should be classed, are ineffective as experience with their multiyear service has demonstrated.
4.  Use of geomembranes no less than 1.5–2.5 mm thick, which are fabricated from dense polyethylene, compacted cohesive soils with a permeability of no more than 10-9 m/sec, artificial or natural solvents, and drainage layers in the structures of screens for dumps storing toxic industrial wastes should be a common rule for the design of these screens.
5.  The number of layers of anti-filtration and drainage elements, sorbing layers, and their thickness should be determined on the basis of special filtration and hydrochemical calculations performed with consideration given to the hydrogeological conditions of the disposal site, its capacity, and service life.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 13–17, February, 1999.  相似文献   

8.
1.  The technology of sealing with the use of grouts with an adjustable fluidity loss time (GAFLT), developed at Gidrospctsproekt and successfully introduced on the construction of the Inguri arch dam, is universal and makes possible high-quality grouting of joints with a high degree of their leakiness.
2.  The new technology has indisputable advantages over the existing technology. It provides a high quality of the work and is cost effective, enabling a substantial reduction of labor expenditures and nonproductive losses of cement.
3.  The GAFLT technology can be recommended for inclusion in building codes and can be used when scaling concrete dams under construction.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 34–37, October, 1990.  相似文献   

9.
Conclusions  
1.  Russian hydropower engineering is a competitive branch of power engineering on the world market.
2.  The Russian Ministry of Fuel and Energy must create conditions for the formation and participation of domestic consortia in bids for turn-key delivery of equipment to Russian hydrostations, which will make it possible to reduce the cost, shorten construction time, improve quality, and ensure putting the units into operation on time, i.e., to use objective market mechanisms.
3.  On the initiative of the customer, certain conditions of storing, making up complete orders, delivery, and technology of installing equipment traditionally established between the customer and equipment suppliers should be revised by means of consortia for purposes of reducing costs and improving quality.
4.  One of the most important conditions for the successful work of the consortium is the clear-cut differentiation of responsibility between participants of the consortium.
5.  The date of synchronizing the unit should be taken as the date of reckoning the warranty period of the equipment.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 7–9, October, 1997.  相似文献   

10.
1.  The development and mastering of the high-speed tiered method of constructing arch dams on the construction of the Miatla hydrostation provide a high rate of construction with observance of the design requirements imposed on the quality and reliability of the structures. Successful completion of the construction of the Chirkey and Miatla arch dams, their normal behavior under a load indicate the possibility of the wide use of this most economical class of retaining structures.
2.  It is expedient to examine the problem of increasing the quality of arch dams and expanding the geography of using this economical class of structures, considerably shortening the time of creating hydro developments with the use of tiered technology.
3.  Further investigations and developments should be aimed at creating quickly repairable concrete beneficiation facilities, highly mechanized systems as part of the cable cranes, conveyor systems, and means of intrablock mechanization providing a further increase in the rate of high-speed construction of arch dams.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 24–26, March, 1989.  相似文献   

11.
1.  One of the new approaches to the use of wave power plants can be their use as a source of compressed air for operating a pneumatic breakwater.
2.  The use of wave power plants for protecting marine hydraulic structures from the effect of storm loads makes it possible to increase the cost effectiveness both of the WPPs themselves and of the hydraulic structures.
3.  A rough estimate of the cost of wave power plants shows their effectiveness as a source of electrical energy for remote regions of the USSR.
4.  The simplicity of the design of wave power plants enables organizing their mass production at shipyards or at the site of construction.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 7–10, February, 1992.  相似文献   

12.
Conclusions  The Zagorsk PSS—the first pumped storage stations with a capacity of 1200 MW—was constructed slowly, for a long time. The main reasons for this were:
1.  Location of the site in an industrially developed district, near Moscow, with the assumption of the rapid formation and use of available construction facilities did not prove to be correct. Administrative restrictions in welcoming skilled personnel to the construction project did not foster a build-up of the team. A residential village and construction facilities were fully needed, as on any construction project.
3.  Counting on the use of local borrow pits in the Moscow region was not justified: the inert materials were not suitable for hydrotechnical concrete of high frost resistance and strength.
3.  Inadequate engineering-geologic surveys during planning led to late landslide-control measures and to an increase of the volume of CAWs.
4.  When determining the construction time the climatic conditions in the zone of the construction site were underestimated: the number of days without precipitation is 175, not more. The main cause of the wrong design construction time was the incorrect determination of the estimated cost of the CAWs.
5.  Construction of a large hydro development, as the Zagorsk PSS, by the work-effort method with the enlistment of a large number of organizations from different regions of the country did not promote the formation of a stable team at the construction site.
6.  The management of Mosénergo made the right decision: from the examined 10 variants of the next pumped-storage station in the Central region was selected the variant of constructing the Zagorsk PSS-2 where a team of builders took shape after long years, where there are a residential village and construction facilities, and solid experience has been acquired. This will make it possible to shorten the construction time and to reduce the cost of an installed 1 kW of the PSS.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 13–16, October, 1999.  相似文献   

13.
1.  Construction of dams by the flow-line technology provides a high rate of their construction with minimum labor expenditures.
2.  Construction of rock embankments from a rock mass by the method of compaction due to the kinetic energy of impact provides sufficiently reliable compaction of the fill.
3.  By such a method it is possible to construct embankments from strong rocks. Weak rocks at the time of impact will be broken, not providing reliable compaction of the fill.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 6, pp. 25–26, June, 1992.  相似文献   

14.
1.  The data base for existing ACS PP at hydroelectric plants can be successfully employed as points for monitoring the conservation of an environment of local significance.
2.  It is expedient to discuss this problem with organizations, including local control groups interested in the development of territorial-basin systems for ecological monitoring.
3.  The initiative in creating local territorial-basin support points for monitoring should emanate from guidelines for hydroelectric plants with ACS PP.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 12, pp. 1–4, December, 1992.  相似文献   

15.
1.  Effective designs of floated-in blocks of a TPS with a one- and two-tier arrangement of the turbines were developed on the basis of a unit with an orthogonal turbine.
2.  Layouts were obtained with the use of blocks of the proposed design for a TPS making possible a radical reduction of capital expenditures and construction time.
3.  It is expedient to develop the layouts and designs at the detailed design level, as well as with respect to the construction of river low-head hydroelectric stations.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 11–13, February, 1992.  相似文献   

16.
1.  When ventilating complex underground hydraulic systems during their construction it is necessary to take into account the natural draft.
2.  The method presented for calculating the natural draft pressure drop of single tunnels (formulas 1–6) reflects the specific characteristics of hydrotechnical construction in mountainous areas and for the first time takes into account the direction of movement of the ventilation flow.
3.  For the particular conditions of constructing the Rogun hydrostation the values of the lapse rates were established, which can be used in calculations to take into account the natural draft when designing the ventilation of underground workings.
4.  For calculating the natural draft pressure drop of a complex network of underground workings, an algorithm was developed which makes it possible to calculate by a standard program on a computer the air distribution in the underground complex being constructed in relation to a number of technological and natural factors.
5.  On the basis of analyzing the results of different variants of the air distribution, the selection of the types and arrangement of the ejector fans (including in the future) was optimized, making it possible to increase the quality of ventilation and safety of underground operations, as well as to obtain a substantial technical-economic effect.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 26–29, August, 1988.  相似文献   

17.
1.  Investigations showed that when constructing dams of fine-grained silty soils by hydraulic filling, it is expedient to use the technology of layerwise placement of soil with consolidation of each layer.
2.  Dependences are given for calculating the thickness of the layers and period of consolidation of the soil on the basis of investigations of the dynamics of the hydrophysical properties of these soils in relation to technological factors.
3.  Dependences are also proposed for predicting the density of the hydraulic-filled soil during construction, as well as the distribution of soil in the profile of the structure.
4.  A method is proposed for calculating the technological parameters, in particular, the rate of construction of hydraulic-fill structures, calculating the size and number of the hydraulic-fill plots referred to one dredge, and prediction of the seepage discharge into the foundation of the dams during their hydraulic filling.
5.  The proposed calculation methods make possible a more substantiated approach to the design of hydraulic-fill structures of fine-grained silty soils and technology of their construction.
Translated from Gidrotekhicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 6, pp. 5–9, June, 1990.  相似文献   

18.
1.  The actual state of the outlet works as a whole can be evaluated as positive.
2.  To provide complete readiness of the outlet works for service regimes and to keep them in good working order, it is necessary to seal the existing damages and subsequently to carry out annual scheduled preventive maintenance.
3.  Long service of the restored bottom revetment of the stilling basin is possible under conditions of a moderate regime of waste discharges with their uniform distribution over the basin width, shortening of their duration, and reduction of the number of outlets put into operation.
4.  The restored basin revetment is in need of careful observation of its condition and sealing.
5.  The use of outlets for reducing the rate of filling the reservoir and especially for providing navigation releases is not permissible. They should be used only if the discharge capacity of the hydrostation units is insufficient for preventing filling of the reservoir during the spring flood above the elevation of the NPL as well as for not exceeding the NPL during passage of the summer-fall freshets with the reservoir filled to the NPL.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 9–12, April, 1994.  相似文献   

19.
Conclusions  
1.  At the current stage of hydrotechnical construction designs of structures constructed with the complete or maximum use of natural materials and providing complete mechanization of the construction and repair of structures can be most effective.
2.  It is necessary to begin immediately experimental laboratory studies and to provide standards on the use of natural materials of the sand-gravel mixture type in designs of hydraulic structures.
3.  It is necessary to begin exploration of potential deposits of SGMs and to calculate their reserves.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 10, pp. 17–20, October, 1999.  相似文献   

20.
1.  The problem of energy dissipation of the flow remains one of the most important in constructing high-head hydraulic structures with pulsating loads.
2.  During operation of the world's largest gravity-arch dam of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation, the energy of the flow being discharged is dissipated by a stilling basin. It was established that the powerful dynamic impulses created in this case originate, among others, from the baffle platform and its foundation. The latter circumstance requires the provision of reliable tightness of the joints between the blocks composing the platform and deep solid transition of the platform with its foundation.
3.  For the first time in domestic hydrotechnical practice fastening of the platform of the stilling basin by means of advance grouting and prestressed anchors installed to a depth greater than 20 m was mastered on the construction of the Sayano-Shushenskoe dam.
4.  Works on the manufacture, transport, assembly, tensioning, and testing PSAs were successfully mastered by the Krasnoyarsk enterprise of Gidrospetsstroi. A number of innovations were introduced at the know-how level.
5.  Passage of the 1992 floodwaters at the elevation of the NPL, after pumping water from the stilling basin, showed the effectiveness of the repair and restoration measures taken, which indicates the correctness of the selected designs, optimal technology, and high quality of the works of Gidrospetsstroi.
6.  An analysis of the strengthening works for high-head structures under analogous conditions permits recommending the following measures for designing and constructing a stilling basin: grouting of the foundation in the region of the stilling basin to a depth of 30–40 m;  相似文献   

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