SOLVING CONTACT PROBLEM WITH FRICTION BY A NEW FAST BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

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Development of compact high precision linear piezoelectric stepping positioner with nanometer accuracy and large travel range

Many application areas such as semiconductor manufacture, precision optics alignment, and microbiological cell manipulation require ultraprecision positioning systems with a high positioning resolution and large motion range. This article describes the development of a compact high precision linear piezoelectric stepping positioner for precision alignment of optical elements. The positioner is designed to have a compact and symmetric structure, high positioning resolution, large motion range, high force density, adequate dynamic range, and power-off hold. The positioner is fabricated according to these specifications and performance evaluation tests are carried out. A resolution of 10 nm, speed of 1 mms, push force of 25 N, and stiffness of 10.4 N/microm are attained while maintaining a compact size of 32x42x60 mm(3). The required power consumption is 52.33 W. The test results confirm that the developed positioner could be successfully applied to the precision alignment of optical elements.     

The Solution of a Multi-Objective Tool Selection Model Using the GA Approach

Tool switching problems in flexible manufacturing systems have been investigated over the last ten years. Work has also been carried out on minimising the number of tool switches and tool switching instances. Optimisation techniques are successful in locating optimum solutions. However, some solutions are slow in convergence and require time to attain the global minimum. Alternative methods which attempt to overcome this problem may risk being trapped at the local minima and fail to give the best solution. In this paper, a model was developed to minimise both the number of tool switches and tool switching instances simultaneously. Genetic algorithms (GAs) which have not been used to solve tool selection problems have been adopted to seek for the global optimum. GAs are found to be fast and efficient in locating an optimum or near optimum solution within an affordable time.     

一种新型高速A/D转换方案研究

提出一种基于比较式的高速A／D转换设计方案。通过n个高速模拟比较器和n＋1高速运算放大器实现n位分辨率的高速A／D转换，达到近似于并行比较式A／D转换的速度。     

非共振型压电电机驱动的大行程精密定位旋转平台的建模和实验

针对目前光波导封装使用的精密定位平台行程小,结构与控制系统复杂的问题,提出了非共振型压电电机驱动的大行程精密旋转定位平台。该平台通过压电电机的连续作动和步进作动两种工作模式来满足大行程和高精度要求。首先对该精密旋转定位平台进行动力学建模,确定了系统运动方程。然后,分析其作动机理,研究影响旋转平台转速的不同因素。最后,实验研究该精密旋转定位平台的速度、步距、分辨率与负载特性,确定平台连续作动与步进作动的驱动方式。实验结果表明,在直流偏置为60V,峰峰电压为120V,频率为180 Hz的正弦波电压激励下,该精密旋转定位平台最大转速可达47 963.2μrad/s,分辨率和最大负载分别为3μrad和60g。与现有的大行程精密定位旋转平台相比,设计的平台具有行程大,精度高,结构简单,稳定可控,且装配调试方便,易于批量化生产等优势。     

直线电机直接驱动技术在精密加工中的应用

直线电机直接驱动系统具有结构简单、动态响应快、速度和加速度大、精度高、振动和噪声小等一系列优点,是各类高速精密机床的理想传动方式。介绍了直线电机的工作原理与结构类型及其在高速精密加工中的应用状况、存在的问题和解决方案。     

The FAST module: an add-on unit for driving commercial scanning probe microscopes at video rate and beyond

We present the design and the performance of the FAST (Fast Acquisition of SPM Timeseries) module, an add-on instrument that can drive commercial scanning probe microscopes (SPM) at and beyond video rate image frequencies. In the design of this module, we adopted and integrated several technical solutions previously proposed by different groups in order to overcome the problems encountered when driving SPMs at high scanning frequencies. The fast probe motion control and signal acquisition are implemented in a way that is totally transparent to the existing control electronics, allowing the user to switch immediately and seamlessly to the fast scanning mode when imaging in the conventional slow mode. The unit provides a completely non-invasive, fast scanning upgrade to common SPM instruments that are not specifically designed for high speed scanning. To test its performance, we used this module to drive a commercial scanning tunneling microscope (STM) system in a quasi-constant height mode to frame rates of 100 Hz and above, demonstrating extremely stable and high resolution imaging capabilities. The module is extremely versatile and its application is not limited to STM setups but can, in principle, be generalized to any scanning probe instrument.     

超细颗粒增强铝基复合材料钻削性能研究

文中通过超细颗粒增强铝基复合材料钻孔试验,找出了钻削用量等因素对钻削力的影响规律,并用轴向力与扭矩的比值来表示铝基复合材料的钻削特性;基于钻削力考虑,高速钢钻头完全可以满足超细颗粒(≤0.5μm)增强铝基复合材料的钻孔要求。     

地面磁共振探水系统的实时抗饱和方法研究

地面磁共振(SNMR)技术是一种非侵入式可直接探测地下水的地球物理方法,具有高分辨率和解唯一性等优点。然而,磁共振信号通常为nV级,需要经过数万倍放大才能被检测到,在强电磁干扰的环境下,放大器极易饱和。为了获取有效的地面磁共振信号,详细分析了放大器易饱和的原因,提出了基于分段放大技术的实时抗饱和方法。硬件系统设计采用FPGA实时调控程控放大器的方式实现系统的增益自适应调节,调节速率达到50 kS/s,后级使用24位高速ADC模块采集信号,全局检测电路实测动态范围达到了132.44 dB。最后,通过室内测试和野外实验验证了该方法在复杂电磁环境下不仅具有抑制放大器易饱和的功能,而且进一步提高了信噪比。提出的实时抗饱和方法,将为有效数据采集的最大化以及地下含水层的高精度反演解释奠定坚实的基础。     

Inverse kinematics of redundant robot based on VC++

This paper uses a 7-degree-of-freedom(7-DOF)manipulator end-effector to research inverse kinematics solution,Three methods are used and compared,including fixing an angle method,the iteration method and the neutral network method.By comparison,the iteration method is much better because of its high accuracy,fast speed and stabilization,and it does not require calculation of the pseudoinverse of the Jacobian.Thus,this control scheme is well suited for real-time implementation,which is essential if the end-effector trajectory is continuously modified based on sensor’s feedback.Finally,using VC++and Microsoft foundation classes(MFC)to achieve the main machine interface.Through verification,the precision meets the requirements of general control system in real-time implementation.     

三支链六自由度并联柔性铰微动机器人的研究

提出了一种过程中采用的新型三支链六自由度并联微动机器人结构。采用两端分别带有柔性球铰和柔性旋转铰的支杆以简化结构,整体加工包含三个二自由度单元的基平台来有效减小装配误差,并用压电陶瓷驱动弹性平板获得高分辨率高精度。根据运动影响系数理论对其运动学进行分析,求出了其平动台、支杆和柔性铰链的速度表达式。考虑柔性铰链的弹性变形,基于虚功原理建立了其刚度模型。 分析了此类并联微动机器人的设计目标和柔性铰链设计原则,采用模块化精密定位控制器设计了控制系统。实验结果表明,所设计的微动机器人可达到纳米级精度, 简化了六支链六自由度并联微动机器人的复杂结构,减小了装配误差。     

限幅模糊与带阈值设置PID补偿的变转速液压源流量控制方法研究

针对目前变转速泵控液压系统对执行机构速度控制中出现的动态响应慢、转速波动、精度低等问题,尤其是载荷快速多变工况下,流量和压力的强耦合特性,控制流量具有时变和高度非线性特性,采用传统PID控制或模糊控制都难以取得满意的控制效果的现状,提出采用限幅模糊与带阈值设置的PID补偿控制方法。控制系统先采用具有开环控制快速性的限幅模糊控制,快速接近目标流量,然后采用带阈值设置的PID补偿控制消除系统稳态误差,该方法具有响应快、无超调、精度高的优点。仿真和实验结果表明：该方法能够实现典型工况下变转速液压动力源输出流量的准确控制,大幅减小流量斜坡响应稳态误差,系统控制性能远优于传统简单控制方法的控制性能,适合变转速容积调速系统在线控制。     

工程塑料表面金属覆层的激光定域精细去除

结合激光刻蚀手段与数控加工技术,提出了一种基于数控激光铣削的工程塑料表面金属覆层定域精细去除方法。考虑不同位置的零件对加工质量的要求不同,通过激光烧蚀实验结果得到了保证图形边缘质量的精密切边加工工艺并确定了相应的工艺参数。开发了基于实际进给速度自适应调整激光能量的覆层金属定厚度高效去除技术,完成了图形内部余量的去除,解决了机床实际进给速度受动态性能限制无法达到预设值而导致的目标材料过烧蚀问题。最后,以典型零件复合式三维信号发送/接收器为例,通过对工件图形分区域变参数加工验证了所提出的方法的可行性。实验结果表明:采用基于数控激光铣削的金属覆层定域精细去除技术能够完成典型样件的精密加工,加工的三维金属图形衔接精准,边缘光顺整齐,热影响区范围小,能够满足该类零件高质高效的制造要求。     

直齿圆柱齿轮精锻成形过程数值模拟及参数分析

采用三维有限元数值模拟方法分析了直齿圆柱齿轮的精锻成形过程，选择模拟表面单元数、加载步长、模数、齿数、齿轮高度等参数进行了多次模拟分析，根据模拟结果对比分析了以上诸参数对成形工艺的影响。确定了适宜的表面单元数目和加载步长值，较好地满足了模拟的需要。从数值模拟结果分析可知，在齿轮其他参数不变的情况下，锻造载荷随模数和齿数的增加而增加，模数的变化对载荷的影响显著；在对高度不同的齿轮成形过程的模拟分析中发现，在成形的初始阶段，高度越小载荷越大，在填充终了阶段，随高度增加载荷稍有增加。     

挤出法制备微结构聚合物光纤牵伸控制系统的研究

主要研究了挤出法制备微结构聚合物光纤的牵伸控制系统.通过单片机实现了转速反馈和直径测量反馈组成的双闭环控制牵伸电机转速,有效地提高了控制的精度;在控制上采用积分分离PID算法和模糊自适应PID算法组成的串级控制器,既保证了控制精度,也满足了系统的快速响应性.     

数控系统的实时插补及加减速控制

为满足数控系统的高速度、高精度、高效率和高可靠性,本数控系统采用了快速插补运算技术,以提高直线、圆弧插补运算性能,实现复杂曲面零件微小区段的逼近,并在插补前采用加减速控制,使加工轮廓误差减至最小。     

Out‐of‐focus background subtraction for fast structured illumination super‐resolution microscopy of optically thick samples

We propose a structured illumination microscopy method to combine super resolution and optical sectioning in three‐dimensional (3D) samples that allows the use of two‐dimensional (2D) data processing. Indeed, obtaining super‐resolution images of thick samples is a difficult task if low spatial frequencies are present in the in‐focus section of the sample, as these frequencies have to be distinguished from the out‐of‐focus background. A rigorous treatment would require a 3D reconstruction of the whole sample using a 3D point spread function and a 3D stack of structured illumination data. The number of raw images required, 15 per optical section in this case, limits the rate at which high‐resolution images can be obtained. We show that by a succession of two different treatments of structured illumination data we can estimate the contrast of the illumination pattern and remove the out‐of‐focus content from the raw images. After this cleaning step, we can obtain super‐resolution images of optical sections in thick samples using a two‐beam harmonic illumination pattern and a limited number of raw images. This two‐step processing makes it possible to obtain super resolved optical sections in thick samples as fast as if the sample was two‐dimensional.     

A multi‐emitter fitting algorithm for potential live cell super‐resolution imaging over a wide range of molecular densities

Multi‐emitter fitting algorithms have been developed to improve the temporal resolution of single‐molecule switching nanoscopy, but the molecular density range they can analyse is narrow and the computation required is intensive, significantly limiting their practical application. Here, we propose a computationally fast method, wedged template matching (WTM), an algorithm that uses a template matching technique to localise molecules at any overlapping molecular density from sparse to ultrahigh density with subdiffraction resolution. WTM achieves the localization of overlapping molecules at densities up to 600 molecules μm^–2 with a high detection sensitivity and fast computational speed. WTM also shows localization precision comparable with that of DAOSTORM (an algorithm for high‐density super‐resolution microscopy), at densities up to 20 molecules μm^–2, and better than DAOSTORM at higher molecular densities. The application of WTM to a high‐density biological sample image demonstrated that it resolved protein dynamics from live cell images with subdiffraction resolution and a temporal resolution of several hundred milliseconds or less through a significant reduction in the number of camera images required for a high‐density reconstruction. WTM algorithm is a computationally fast, multi‐emitter fitting algorithm that can analyse over a wide range of molecular densities. The algorithm is available through the website. https://doi.org/10.17632/bf3z6xpn5j.1     

Asynchronous event‐based high speed vision for microparticle tracking

This paper presents a new high speed vision system using an asynchronous address‐event representation camera. Within this framework, an asynchronous event‐based real‐time Hough circle transform is developed to track microspheres. The technology presented in this paper allows for a robust real‐time event‐based multiobject position detection at a frequency of several kHz with a low computational cost. Brownian motion is also detected within this context with both high speed and precision. The carried‐out work is adapted to the automated or remote‐operated microrobotic systems fulfilling their need of an extremely fast vision feedback. It is also a very promising solution to the micro physical phenomena analysis and particularly for the micro/nanoscale force measurement.     

多分辨率快速圆检测在抑菌圈测量系统中的应用

本文提出了多分辨率快速圆检测的算法。基于多分辨率的框架,在低分辨率下快速检测圆心和半径的信息,然后映射到高分辨率中,确定圆的边缘和圆心所在的局部区域,减少处理单元的数量,并提出局部单圆验证算法获得精确的圆心和半径信息。本文提出的算法克服了圆检测精度与时空复杂度的矛盾,在高分辨率、多圆、多噪声的情况下,算法的效率下降较少。最后将圆检测算法应用于基于机器视觉的抗生素残留量检测系统中进行抑菌圈检测,结果表明处理时间短、检测精度高。