Transmission quality of Group III facsimile on IDR satellite links with circuit multiplication equipment

The focus of this paper is on ways to improve the quality of Group III facsimile on intermediate data rate (IDR) satellite links. First, we present the results of an evaluation of the quality of Group III (G3) facsimile images transmitted on satellite links through circuit multiplication equipment (CME). Based on the results of this study, we propose a model to relate the facsimile image quality requirements to the bit error ratio (BER) on the link. A procedure is introduced to associate the long-term percentage of error-free pages in G3 facsimile transmission with various bit error probability (BEP) masks used for satellite link design. The intent of this procedure is to provide comparable end-to-end transmission quality for international telephone circuits, irrespective of whether the transmission medium is a satellite link or a fibre-optic cable. It is concluded that, unless the performance objectives of satellite systems significantly exceed those derived from CCITT/ITU-T Recommendation G.826, fibre-optic cables will become the preferred choice for international transmission.     

Performance of a modified feedback loop adaptive array with TVROsatellite signals

Performance of an experimental adaptive antenna array system is evaluated using television receive-only (TVRO) satellite signals. The experimental system is a sidelobe canceller with two auxiliary channels. Modified feedback loops are used to enhance the suppression of weak interfering signals. The modified feedback loops used two spatially separated antennas, each with an individual amplifier for each auxiliary channel. Thus, the experimental system uses five antenna elements. Instead of using five separate antennas, a reflector antenna with multiple feeds is used to receive signals from various TVRO satellites. The details of the earth station are given. It is shown that the experimental system can null up to two signals originating from interfering TVRO satellites while receiving the signals from a desired TVRO satellite     

Group 3 error-free facsimile terminal for analog cellular networks

A Group 3 error-free facsimile terminal for use in an analog cellular network has been developed. This facsimile terminal is provided with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T, formerly CCITT) T.30 recommendation protocol and an adaptive error control scheme (AECS) for Group 3 communication and error-free communication. The AECS monitors the channel conditions and selects the optimum error correction code. The ITU-T V.27ter is used as the modulation method and the transmission rate is 4800 bps. This system is compatible with the modified Huffman (MH), modified READ (MR), and modified modified READ (MMR) image data compression codes. The average communication time of this facsimile terminal is 40 s per page while moving through the analog cellular network     

30/20 GHz Band SCPC Satellite Communication Using Small Earth Stations

This paper presents a domestic satellite communication system accommodating numerous 30/20 GHz band small earth stations emphasizing the system outline, the use of multiple-access (MA) techniques. It also describes associated earth station configurations, equipment performance, and experimental results using the Japanese CS (medium capacity communications satellite for experimental purposes). Two kinds of earth stations are employed in this system, a small earth terminal (SET) and a master earth station (MES). The SET, which has an antenna about 2 m in diameter, is placed near a subscriber. The MES, which has an 11.5 m diameter antenna, is connected to the terrestrial telephone network through a satellite telephone switching center (STC). There are about 50 two-way channels with bit rates of 32 kbits/s which are achieved through the use of a 30/20 GHz band transponder whose EIRP is about 71.5 dBm, aG/Tof about 2.7 dB/K and an SET's antenna diameter of 1.8 m. This results in a system availability of 99.5 percent under typical Japanese statistical rain attenuation data. To enable a demand-assigned MA technique to be employed in this system, a single channel per carrier (SCPC) is selected, taking into consideration power efficiency of the SET, flexibility of system configurations, and the adaptability of the adaptive power control during rainy periods.     

Experimental Facsimile Communication System on Packet Switched Data Network

The use of the public data network for facsimile communication has remarkable advantages with regard to high speed and reliable transmission and, in addition, it is well applicable to provide value added facilities for future service extension. The Research and Development Laboratories of Kokusai Denshin Denwa (KDD) Company, Ltd. have developed an experimental facsimile communication system on the packet switched data network (PSDN). The system is composed of packet switching exchanges (PSE), high speed digital facsimile terminal equipment, a facsimile communication processor (FCP), and facsimile packet assembly/ disassembly equipment (FAX-PAD). The facsimile equipment in the system adopts a two-dimensional modified READ code and has the interface protocol to the PSDN. The FCP provides the store-and-forward facilities to provide such services as delayed delivery, multiaddress delivery, and mailbox service. The FAX-PAD realizes the interworking between facsimile equipments on the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and those on PSDN. After various experiments including international field tests, it was confirmed that the system is useful for future advanced facsimile service.     

Integration of Voice and Data in the Wideband Packet Satellite Network

The Wideband (packet satellite) network is an experimental 3 Mbit/s communications system developed under sponsorship of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the Defense Communications Agency. This system is being used to evaluate the use of packet transmission for efficient voice communication, voice conferencing, and integration of voice and data over a satellite channel. Each station in the Wideband network consists of an earth terminal (dedicated 5 m antenna plus associated IF/RF equipment), a burst-modem and codec unit, and a station controller. Station controllers provide interfaces to host computers (including packet speech sources) and manage the allocation of the satellite channel on a TDMA demand-assigned basis. TDMA demand-assignment is implemented using a reservation-based packet-oriented protocol capableof handling traffic at multiple priority levels. The channel protocol provides a reservation-per-message mode of service (datagrams) to support transmission from bursty traffic sources and a reservation-per-call mode of service (streams) to support traffic with more regular arrival statisticS (e.g., vioce). A distributed scheduler running in every station controller eliminates the need for a central control station and minimizes network transit delay for datagram transmission as well as stream creation, modification, and deletion. In this paper we describe the protocols and mechanisms upon which the Wideband packet satellite network is based.     

Land mobile-satellite MIMO capacity predictions

Satellite-MIMO, space-time coded for capacity gain, is investigated, and complementary cumulative distribution function outage and capacity predictions are provided using a verified physical-statistical MIMO land mobile-satellite channel model. Capacity results obtained for a single satellite, single antenna terminal (SISO), a dual satellite, single antenna terminal (2/spl times/1 MISO) and a dual satellite, dual antenna terminal (2/spl times/2 MIMO) system are compared, showing the benefit of satellite-MIMO.     

A satellite system for CATV

The increasing capacity of CATV systems has generated a demand for more program material than can be economically generated with local facilities. A possible solution is a nationwide satellite distribution system dedicated to CATV which would provide the additional material directly to the CATV head-end. This paper presents a satellite system design that would distribute six TV channels to 10 ft antenna terminals located at the head-end. Since such a system requires thousands of receiving terminals, their cost must be minimized to produce an economically viable system. The system addressed in this paper requires a ground terminal that is comparable to a standard microwave relay terminal in both cost and complexity. The system consists of three satellites, covering the Eastern, Central, and Western portions of the United States. Based on tradeoffs of spectrum availability and low-noise amplifiers, the 12 GHz frequency band has been selected for the satellite to terminal link. The proposed terminal uses a fixed high-efficiency 10 ft antenna with extremely simple but rigid construction. A low-cost tunnel diode amplifier is used for the receiver front end. After the necessary down-conversion, detection of each channel is performed at the standard 70 MHz IF frequency. The required satellites could be launched on an Atlas Centaur launch vehicle using present technology. The satellites would weigh an approximate 1500 Ib and generate 5 kW of dc power.     

Transmission performance of 64 kbps switched digital internationalISDN connections

An international 64 kbps switched digital ISDN service has been commercially in place since October 1989 between Japan and the United States. Service providers had to know about transmission quality to facilitate service planning. Other performance information was necessary for designing terminal equipment for both network users and telecommunication providers. Transmission performance was therefore characterized under real operating conditions. This paper evaluates overall transmission quality in terms of errored seconds (ES) and severely errored seconds (SES), and it shows there is very little difference between the performance of international end-to-end connections via fiber and satellite. The daily variation of ES and SES reveals that these connections exhibit behavior typical of digital circuits. This study also characterizes the distributions of bit errors per errored second, error event inter-arrival time distributions, and the distributions of error event lengths and intensities. The time between freeze-frame events are estimated for 64 kbps compressed video and the retransmission rate is estimated for Group IV facsimile     

Comparison of Redundancy Reducing Codes for Facsimile Transmission of Documents

A comparison and a valuation of different redundancy reducing coding techniques for the digital transmission of facsimile documents on telephone lines is presented. Especially taken into account are those codes which have been submitted to the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) for standardization of digital group 3 facsimile machines. The reduction factor and the sensitivity of channel errors of these one- and two- dimensional codes have been investigated by computer simulations using the CCITT test documents and burst error patterns of real telephone lines. For a resolution of 1728 picture elements per line and 3.85 lines per mm one-dimensional run length coding proves to be the most economical solution. Using a higher vertical resolution of 7.7 lines per mm the effects of transmission errors are less visible in the received document and two-dimensional codes become more efficient. To achieve a transmission time of 1 min or less for a size A4 document a transmission bit rate of 4800 bits/s is required. For the higher vertical resolution a transmission time of 1 min cannot be guaranteed for all types of documents with this bit rate even if two-dimensional coding is used.     

Digital error rate performance of active phased array satellite systems

A model for a multiple spot beam digital satellite employing an active phased array antenna with frequency reuse is proposed and applied to study the power limited down-link bit error rate performance. Since the power amplifier preceding each antenna element is generally nonlinear, intermodulation distortion is produced among the various spot beams, degrading performance. Expressions for the bit error rate are derived, averaged over an ensemble of random arrays. Typical results indicate a degradation of 1-5 dB relative to a horn-reflector antenna of the same total effective aperture with a single channel per transponder, as the number of cochannel signals and the number of antenna elements are respectively varied between 10 and 30, and 500 and 10 000. The degradation is shown to result from nonlinearly induced signal suppression and cochannel interference.     

Examination of the data rate obtainable with low‐gain non‐tracking antenna applied to user terminal used for mobile communications and broadcasting services provided by quasi‐zenithal satellites

Link budgets between the mobile user terminal and a feeder link station (2‐m‐diameter antenna) through the quasi‐zenithal satellite system (QZSS) (7‐m‐diameter antenna for Tx, 5‐m‐diameter antenna for Rx) under the power flux density (PFD) limit were calculated for the Ka‐ and Ku‐band. The PFD limit for non‐geostationary satellites is applied for frequency sharing between QZSS and geostationary satellites. The maximum data rate in the Ka‐band was 1.7 times higher than in the Ku‐band in the forward link, while the maximum data rate at Ku‐band is nine times higher than that in the Ka‐band in the return link when the transmit power derived from the regulations of the PFD is applied. And it is more than three times higher than that in the Ka‐band when transmit power is fixed to 2W. In the forward link, maximum data rates are 149 kbps in the Ka‐band and 86 kbps in the Ku‐band when the user terminal antenna is non‐tracking (gain at the satellite direction is 7.1 dBi) and the frequency bandwidth per beam is 30 MHz. Required bandwidth per channel for a certain data rate is large, e.g. in Ka‐band, 20.9 MHz for 64 kbps, 125 MHz for 384 kbps, and 326 MHz for 1 Mbps. In the return link, the maximum data rates are 44 kbps in the Ku‐band and 13.6 kbps in the Ka‐band when the user terminal antenna gain in the satellite direction is 7.1 dBi and transmit power is 2 W. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动中通地面站卫星天线伺服控制系统

实现动中通卫星通信的天伺系统有多种,常用的有抛物面天伺系统和相控阵天伺系统两种型式。重点讨论采用具有零值自跟踪和以捷联惯导作数字引导跟踪的抛物面天线的动中通卫星通信设备的工作原理,并对该型式的动中通卫星通信设备的伺服跟踪系统的电气性能和价格进行了比较。还对动中通卫星通信设备的各种功能也进行了详细论述。这些都可作为用户选用动中通设备的一个参考。     

Proposed novel technique for the measurement of antenna gain in satellite earth-stations

In the design of communication satellite systems, knowledge of earth-station receive antenna gain and gain stability is essential. Gain measurement relies on the establishment of a constant receive signal flux. This paper attempts to show how a standard gain horn and a reference source can be used together with a closed-loop satellite ALC circuit to provide a stable, known received flux at the input of the earth-station antenna with unknown gain. Theoretical limitations of the technique are discussed as a forerunner to future practical measurements. Elements of the reference receive chain are transportable and can therefore be used to cross-calibrate antennas, even in the case of receive-only terminals.     

Satellite receiver technologies

The technical issues pertinent to direct broadcast satellite(DBS) reception are elucidated, dividing them into system and component-oriented subjects. The former include the relationship of DBS and TVRO (television receive-only) systems, TVRO technology, scrambling technology, PCM audio systems, MAC systems and HDTV. The latter are classified according to the path of the signal, that is, an antenna, LNB, and a receiver. Future trends are projected both for systems and components     

Active Stabilization of Vehicle-Mounted Phased-Array Antennas

In this paper, a novel hybrid tracking method for mobile active phased-array antenna systems is developed. The proposed technique consists of a mechanical stabilization loop and a direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm, which is based on electronic beamforming. Compared with other tracking methods, the proposed method requires only one low-cost yaw rate sensor. The method utilizes electronic feedback from the phased-array antenna to compensate for the low-cost sensor irregularities. The effectiveness of the proposed tracking method is demonstrated by measured performance of a fast-moving ultra-low-profile phased-array satellite terminal, which uses the proposed approach. The field test results confirm that the hybrid tracking mechanism can nullify the base vehicle yaw disturbances up to $60^{circ}/hbox{s}$ and $85^{circ}/hbox{s}^{2}$ and keep the azimuth angle error at less than the permissible bound of $[-1^{circ}, +1^{circ}]$. Although performance of the proposed tracking system is verified in the context of a mobile satellite television reception system, the basic principles can be applied to any tracking system that employs phased-array antennas. The mobile satellite Internet terminal is an important example.      

HONET在数据通信中的应用

由于经济条件的限制，我国ＤＤＮ用户节点侧一直发展缓慢，用户使用很不灵活，华为ＨＯＮＥＴ综合业务接入网的开发思路是为满足用户实际需求，除接入公用电话网提供电话，传真等多种业务 外，还可作为ＤＤＮ的接入设备，实现ＤＤＮ的延伸，为用户提供数字数据接入和系统内部的各种速率接口的数据专线业务。     

基于V-MIMO系统的信号检测与最优权值搜索

介绍了虚拟多输入输出(V-MIMO)系统中在一根天线上发射多路信号时的信道估计、信号检测方法与最优权值的搜索算法。V-MIMO系统采用最小均方(LMS)算法2次进行信道估计,防止一帧数据中信道衰弱造成的信道估计误差,保证了信道估计的准确性;V-MIMO系统采用最大似然(ML)检测算法,提高了检测的准确性,降低了误码率;同时采用遍历和变步长breaklocal算法,分别针对较少用户和较多用户数据传输的情况搜索最优权值,降低了系统的计算复杂度。在2×2,1×2,2×3,2×4的实际测试中,在不增加功率和带宽的基础上,V-MIMO系统传输效率至少提高了70%,同时减少了发射天线的数量。     

VSAT通信在海洋船舶上的应用研究

VSAT(Very Small Aperture Terminal)即"甚小孔径终端",它是一种微型的卫星通信地球站,是上世纪80年代所研发的卫星通信系统.该系统设备的天线口径极小(0.3~1.4m),且设备结构相当紧凑,拥有固体、智能化属性,在应用环境方面受制范围小,组网相当灵活,所以它在当前的海洋船舶通信方面起着巨大的应用价值.通过研究由它所构成的海洋船舶卫星通信网络及系统,分析VSAT系统链路程序,构建船载VSAT寻星系统将成为本文研究的主要内容.     

智能天线系统中动态信道分配算法性能研究

在讨论了智能天线技术对动态信道分配算法性能影响的基础上,通过对智能天线系统下的动态信道分配算法进行仿真研究,与没有利用智能天线技术时的动态信道分配算法比较,两种情况在接收端误比特率的分析,说明采用智能天线技术时,能够在很大程度上改善系统在接收端的误比特率指标。