面向对象的约束逻辑程序设计

本文介绍了面向对象技术和约束逻辑程序设计方法在人工智能中应用的基本思想，通过二者的结合使现有逻辑程序设计在逻辑的清晰性和执行的高效性上都得以提高，这样就引入了一个新的研究方向：面向对象的约束逻辑程序设计     

POOPL合成逻辑与面向对象的程序设计语言

为了描述知识信息处理系统,人们提出了许多新的程序设计风格,如逻辑程序设计风格、函数程序设计风格、面向规则程序设计风格、面向对象的程序设计风格。但是,没有一种程序设计风格能够完全满足知识信息处理的要求。于是,人们着手探讨合成许多风格的语言。本文论述了合成面向对象与逻辑程序设计两种风格的必要性与可能性以及有关的技术难题,并且简单地介绍了我们研制的合成面向对象与逻辑程序设计两种风格的知识程序设计语言POOPL。它继承了面向对象程序设计对知识库的组织能力和逻辑程序设计对知识的表达能力,并且严格地区别面向对象与逻辑程序设计的语义,以求最大限度地挖掘面向对象程序设计与逻辑程序设计的全部优越性。     

面向对象的可编程控制器程序设计方法

通过总结目前普遍使用的组合逻辑函数法、功能转移图法、Petri网分析法等可编程控制器程序设计方法，提出了一种面向对象的可编程控制器程序设计方法。依照面向对象技术的思想．详细阐述了在可编程控制器程序设计中如何构造底层的基本控制对象类及其高层的对象模型封装类。给出了外部信号的定义并且例举了对象模型同外部信号的交互情况。最后再深入分析面向对象方法的优良性能。     

面向对象的可编程控制器程序设计方法

通过总结目前普遍使用的组合逻辑函数法、功能转移图法，Petri网分析法等可编程控制器程序设计方法，提出了一种面向对象的可编程控制器程序设计方法，依照面向对象技术的思想，详细阐述了在可编程控制器程序设计中如何构造底层的基本控制对象类及其高层的对象模型封装类，给出了外部信号的定义并且例举了对象模型同外部信号的交互情况，最后再深入分析面向对象方法的优良性能。     

面向对象计算机研究中的几个问题

<正> 引言面向对象的程序设计思想被认为是80年代的结构程序设计,以该思想为基础的程序设计语言也相继问世,并显示出强大的生命力,Smalltalk-80,POOL,Actor,Orient-84 等都是此类语言的优秀代表。我们在VAX/VMs 系统上实现了Smalltalk-80 系统,从中获得了许多新思想。我们感到,正如由逻辑程序设计思想而引出了其实现技术的研究,进而发展到开发相应的体系结构一样,面向对象的软件系统的实现技术和体系     

面向对象的程序设计

面向对象的程序设计范例与逻辑程序设计范例和函数程序设计范例是当今人工智能程序设计的三大主要范例。对于面向对象的程序设计语言,环境,以及机器系统的研究日益广泛和强烈。面向对象的程序设计(语言)的主要特征是信息隐藏,数据抽象,数据类型的动态汇集(晚期汇集或动态汇集),以及性质继承。——译者     

面向对象程序设计教学初探

面向对象程序设计是当前计算机专业学习的重要课程之一.该文在进一步阐释面向对象程序设计发展背景、思想特点的基础上,探讨了当前面向对象程序设计教学中存在的问题,并对相关问题解决的方法与策略进行了有益探索;以其对面向对象程序设计教学方法的改进、教学质量的提高,有所贡献.     

面向对象程序设计教学初探

面向对象程序设计是当前计算机专业学习的重要课程之一。该文在进一步阐释面向对象程序设计发展背景、思想特点的基础上,探讨了当前面向对象程序设计教学中存在的问题,并对相关问题解决的方法与策略进行了有益探索;以其对面向对象程序设计教学方法的改进、教学质量的提高,有所贡献。     

在面向对象程序设计教学过程中培养学生面向对象编程思想

面向对象程序设计方法是一种新颖的、更符合人类思维习惯的解题方法。本文阐述了面向对象思想的重要性,强调面向对象程序设计课程的重点应该定位在"方法论教学"方面。在教学过程中要通过实例的分析帮助学生树立起面向对象程序设计的新思维,掌握运用面向对象程序设计技术解决实际问题的方法。     

面向事实程序研究

本文针对面向对象程序的不足,根据奥地利语言哲学家路德维格·维特根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein）关于世界和语言逻辑结构的哲学论述,并结合现实世界中对象能自动适应环境变化的特性,提出了一种以面向对象程序设计为基础并包含面向对象程序设计所有功能的新型程序设计语言--面向事实程序设计,并说明了该语言的特点、优点、结构和功能.     

An experiment with the interchangeability of processes and monitors

Two styles of operating system implementation based on the use of monitors and processes, respectively, are identified, and arguments for a basic equivalence of these systems despite large stylistic differences are presented. The ‘Lauer-Needham Duality Hypothesis’ states that the two styles are equivalent, both in terms of ease of programming and in efficiency of the resulting systems. A domain for which the first part of this claim holds is outlined, and data affirming the essential equivalence of performance within that domain are presented. An operating system based on the Cambridge CAP system, called SIMOS, was simulated for a wide range of hardware configurations and job loads. SIMOS is written using a module concept that allows an individual module to be interpreted as a monitor in one run and as a process in another. Runs using a monitor to control access to some data can be compared with runs using a process to control access to the same data. The throughput and response time for the two styles of system were found to be identical in most cases. However, a degradation in response time occurred in a process-based system when the job load and the low level scheduling policy were poorly matched.     

A comparison of two paradigms for distributed shared memory

Two paradigms for distributed shared memory on loosely-coupled computing systems are compared: the shared data-object model as used in Orca, a programming language specially designed for loosely-coupled computing systems, and the shared virtual memory model. For both paradigms two systems are described, one using only point-to-point messages, the other using broadcasting as well. The two paradigms and their implementations are described briefly. Their performances are compared on four applications: the travelling-salesman problem, alpha-beta search, matrix multiplication and the all-pairs shortest-paths problem. Measurements were obtained on a system consisting of 10 MC68020 processors connected by an Ethernet. For comparison purposes, the applications have also been run on a system with physical shared memory. In addition, the paper gives measurements for the first two applications above when remote procedure call is used as the communication mechanism. The measurements show that both paradigms can be used efficiently for programming large-grain parallel applications, with significant speed-ups. The structured shared data-object model achieves the highest speed-ups and is easiest to program and to debug.     

Linda meets Unix

The limitations of the shared-memory and distributed-memory models for explicit parallel programming are discussed and a new model, the Linda parallel communication paradigm which was designed specifically for parallel programming, is examined. Processes communicate in Linda by way of a shared data space called tuple space which acts something like an associative memory, since tuples are identified by matching on a key rather than using a specific address. This model is adapted for use as the basis of a new class of operating systems and a specific instance, QIX, is presented. Like Linda, this operating system model can support both the shared-memory and the distributed-memory styles of programming. Thus, it provides the benefits of both, while avoiding hardware dependencies. QIX also incorporates a novel scheme for name resolution that is easier to use than other methods and provides significant benefits in the operating system and it directly supports communication between programs written in different languages     

Guest editorial

Attention has recently focused on improving the information and knowledge flow between design and manufacturing. Interfacing Computer Aided Design (CAD) with Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) systems has helped this information flow while also improving both processes. Once CAD and CAM systems were introduced the obvious next step to (1) decrease a product's time-to-market and its costs, while (2) increasing the product's quality, has been to utilize knowledge based system technology during both the design and the manufacturing phases of a product. Unfortunately, the knowledge based systems that we have developed have been designed as stand-alone components. These have been built using a variety of implementation philosophies, styles of reasoning and are deployed over distributed computing environments. The companies with large investments in design and manufacturing automation, as well as in expert system technology have come to realize that achieving the two goals stated above will require the integration of such diverse systems in ways that will allow their coordination and cooperation. This special issue of theJournal of Intelligent Manufacturing has brought together reports of recent research whose goal was this type of integration.     

Four styles of parallel and net programming

This paper reviews the programming landscape for parallel and network computing systems, focusing on four styles of concurrent programming models, and example languages/libraries. The four styles correspond to four scales of the targeted systems. At the smallest coprocessor scale, Single Instruction Multiple Thread (SIMT) and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) are considered. Transactional memory is discussed at the multicore or process scale. The MapReduce style is examined at the datacenter scale. At the Internet scale, Grid Service Markup Language (GSML) is reviewed, which intends to integrate resources distributed across multiple datacenters. The four styles are concerned with and emphasize different issues, which are needed by systems at different scales. This paper discusses issues related to efficiency, ease of use, and expressiveness.     

Blending imperative and relational programming

When imperative (value- or state-oriented) programming and logical (relation-oriented) programming are combined into a single language, the combination is even more powerful than when either technique is used alone. Leda, a strongly typed compiled language that tries to combine features of both, is described. Suggestions for blending the two styles are offered. Logical features of Leda are examined     

Incorporating customization and personalization into game-based learning: A cognitive style perspective

In recent years, customization and personalization were widely applied to accommodate the needs of different cognitive style groups. Such two approaches have different advantages and disadvantages but there is a lack of studies to compare these two approaches from the perspective of game-based learning, which is currently popular in educational settings. To this end, we developed a customized game-based learning system and a personalized game-based learning system and conducted two empirical studies to examine how cognitive styles affected learner's reactions to these two game-based learning systems. The results from the customized game-based learning system showed that Holists might not always favor to listen to music because they frequently switched on/off music. On the other hand, Serialists did not prefer to use hints. In addition, learners with the customized game-based learning system had more positive perceptions while learners with the personalized game-based learning system had more negative perceptions though both systems were useful to enhance learners' learning performance, regardless of their cognitive styles.     

Heterogeneity in supercomputer architectures

Various organization styles have been used in the architecture of supercomputers in order to achieve cost-effective performance and programmability. Traditionally, a particular organization style (e.g., vector pipeline processor, array processor, or multiprocessor) has been selected to satisfy the performance requirements of a class of applications, achieving usually a much lower performance in other applications. In addition, the mapping of ‘foreign’ algorithms to a single-style architecture may create great programming difficulties. Since each architecture style provides attractive cost-performance and programming features, the question of heterogeneity (i.e., combining of several architecture/design styles in a single system) deserves attention. In this paper we discuss some approaches to heterogeneous architectures, identify hardware and software issues, and analyze several built or proposed systems.     

改进AIS在课程推荐系统中的应用

通过引入人工免疫系统,并加以相应改进,该文设计并实现了基于改进AIS算法的协同式过滤推荐系统,提供了一个将基于用户与基于条目的推荐机制有机结合起来的一站式推荐架构,同时赋予了CF在线增量学习的能力。