基于光谱自编码微球的多样品酶联免疫检测混合筛选

将苯乙烯及其同系物共聚合成具有不同特征光谱的光谱自编码微球,应用于酶联免疫检测(ELISA),AP酶标抗体筛选灵敏度达体积稀释比1∶160000。将20种编码微球与20个样品对映包被后混合,进行多样品ELISA混合筛选,分析阳性信号最强微球的光谱编码,得到了阳性反应样品的编号。成功开发了一种多样品的ELISA混合筛选技术。     

量子点-聚苯乙烯复合微球的制备及荧光光谱的研究

用无皂乳液聚合制备了交联聚苯乙烯微球,讨论了单体、引发剂浓度,共聚单体等对微球粒径,单分散性的影响,并用FTIR和SEM对上述样品的结构进行了表征。在单体的配方中,加入1%二乙烯基苯作为交联剂,加入1%丙烯酸使小球表面功能化,便于后续与无机量子点和有机材料的结合。以氯仿/正丁醇为混合溶胀剂,将聚合物微球与CdSe量子点或CdSe/ZnS复合,制得含有两种或两种以上的不同量子点的高分子复合荧光微球。通过荧光光谱的测试,出现了两个或两种以上互不干扰的特征峰。为在聚合物微球中注入多种量子点,制得荧光探针,并实施量子点编码进行了初步的前期探索工作。     

CdSe/SiO_2荧光微球的制备及其荧光性能(英文)

利用Stber法制备了CdSe/SiO2荧光微球。用透射电子显微镜,共聚焦显微镜和X射线衍射测试荧光微球的形貌和晶体结构;用荧光光谱表征荧光微球的荧光性能;用动态-静态激光散射仪表征荧光微球的尺寸分布。结果表明:CdSe量子点被包裹在SiO2微球内,并形成了具有良好荧光性能的CdSe/SiO2荧光微球,其荧光性能与合成工艺条件有着显著的相关性。     

溶胀法制备高强度聚苯乙烯荧光及编码微球

通过对荧光微球制备的传统溶胀法的改进,以二氯甲烷作溶胀剂,0.25%SDS水溶液作分散体系(促进疏水性染料溶胀进入种子微球以增加微球荧光强度),制备出了荧光强度高,单分散性好(平均粒径3.6μm,变异系数3.7%),光学性质稳定,定量染色的绿色、橙色、红色三种荧光微球。将发生荧光共振能量转移的两种染料同时溶胀进种子微球中,制备了能产生双荧光信号的荧光编码微球。     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包被的副溶血弧菌外膜蛋白K微球疫苗的制备及其口服免疫效果

目的制备壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包被的副溶血弧菌外膜蛋白(outer membrane protein,omp)K微球疫苗,并检测其对大黄鱼的口服免疫效果。方法采用乳化-离子交联法制备副溶血弧菌ompK微球疫苗,筛选表面活性剂司盘-80添加量及壳聚糖包被浓度,经正交试验优化微球疫苗的制备工艺,筛选微球疫苗的冻干保护剂。检测采用优化条件制备的微球疫苗的理化特性及其在不同条件下的释放特性,并将微球添加到饵料中,连续5 d投喂大黄鱼,第28天以副溶血弧菌zj2003攻击,检测口服微球疫苗的免疫保护率。结果最适司盘-80添加量为2%~4%,壳聚糖包被浓度为0.6%~0.7%;优化的微球疫苗制备条件为:抗原蛋白浓度10 mg/ml,海藻酸钠浓度1.0%,水油比1∶2,搅拌速度2 000 r/min;微球疫苗的最佳冻干保护剂为2%甘露醇;以优化的条件制备的微球圆整性、分散性好,平均直径为(1.91±1.02)μm,表现出酸性条件稳定、中性和弱碱性条件溶胀的特性;微球疫苗口服免疫的大黄鱼对副溶血弧菌zj2003攻击表现出中等程度的保护力。结论制备了壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包被的副溶血弧菌ompK微球疫苗,并验证了其口服免疫的有效性,为鱼类口服弧菌疫苗的研制及应用奠定了基础。     

一步法制备羧基聚苯乙烯共聚荧光微球及其表征

以苯乙烯和丙烯酸/甲基丙烯酸为单体、烯丙基荧光素为荧光染料,采用一步法制备了两种粒径均一、表面羧基化的聚苯乙烯共聚荧光微球。用环境扫描电子显微镜、荧光显微镜、红外光谱仪、荧光分光光度计等对其形貌、结构和性能进行表征。结果表明:所制备的两种羧基化共聚荧光微球单分散性好、荧光性能好且稳定;表面成功引入羧基;聚合在共聚荧光微球中的荧光素具有和烯丙基荧光素一致的性质,并证实了共聚荧光微球和烯丙基荧光素在乙醇和甲苯中具有不同荧光光谱的理论。     

聚合物荧光微球的研究进展

综述了近年来聚合物荧光微球的研究状况和技术进展,重点讨论了聚合物荧光微球的制备方法(吸附法、包埋法、自组装法、接枝法、共聚法)和其在生物医学领域的主要应用(高通量药物筛选、免疫分析、固定化酶与基因研究、标准物与生物探针),并对荧光微球的分类方法进行了简单介绍。同时对聚合物荧光微球的发展趋势及应用前景进行了分析和展望。     

苯乙烯共聚荧光微球的制备

以4-溴-1,8-萘酐作为原料,首先合成了4-溴-N-烯丙基-1,8-萘酰亚胺,进一步合成4-苯基胺-N-烯丙基-1,8-萘酰亚胺可聚合荧光小分子。采用无皂乳液聚合法,制备苯乙烯与荧光小分子共聚微球。利用红外光谱表征了产物结构,通过扫描电镜观察了所制备的共聚物微球的外貌,利用紫外和荧光光谱测试了产物的荧光性质。结果表明,荧光小分子的最大发射波长为429nm,共聚物的最大发射波长为464nm,所得共聚物微球表面光洁。     

荧光微球的应用与发展前景

聚合物微球作为一种非连续相调驱体系,能够有效地实现油藏深部调驱,改善储层非均质性,提高原油采收率.针对海上油田调剖调驱过程中难以精细化、智能化的开发现状,本文在对比聚合物微球与其他调驱体系的性能差异的基础上,介绍了具备示踪追踪功能的荧光微球,依据海上油田油藏条件及开发情况,筛选了可用于微球的荧光材料,并提出荧光微球未来发展前景,为微球室内评价机理研究和海上油田的调驱工艺提供参考性建议.     

掺稀土元素的高折射率玻璃微球的制备与性能研究

制备了掺有稀土发光材料的高折射率玻璃微球，并用XRD、SEM等进行了表征，实验结果表明，该玻璃微球粒径分布范围窄，光学性能好，其折射率为1.93，用改造的显微拉曼光谱仪测量了微球上转换发光光谱，在其荧光光谱上发现了很强的形貌共振，并用光学微腔理论进行了解释。     

Sources of Variability in the Response of Labeled Microspheres and B Cells during the Analysis by a Flow Cytometer

A stochastic model of the flow cytometer measurement process was developed to assess the nature of the observed coefficient of variation (CV%) of the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) from a population of labeled microspheres (beads). Several sources of variability were considered: the total number of labels on a bead, the path through the laser beam, the optical absorption cross-section, the quantum yield, the numerical aperture of the collection optics, and the photoelectron conversion efficiency of the photomultiplier (PMT) cathode. The variation in the number of labels on a bead had the largest effect on the CV% of the MFI of the bead population. The variation in the path of the bead through the laser beam was minimized using flat-top lasers. The variability in the average optical properties of the labels was of minor importance for beads with sufficiently large number of labels. The application of the bead results to the measured CV% of labeled B cells indicated that the measured CV% was a reliable measure of the variability of antibodies bound per cell. With some modifications, the model can be extended to multicolor flow cytometers and to the study of CV% from cells with low fluorescence signal.     

Metal recovery using immobilized cell suspension from a brewery

Lead, copper, and cadmium were adsorbed onto calcium alginate beads containing the cell suspension discarded from a brewery. In the cell suspension, there were many cells under lysis. The cell-suspension immobilized beads were prepared by adding 0.6% (w/v) sodium alginate into the cell suspension from the brewery and then making the cell suspension fall dropwise into the swirling 1% (w/v) calcium alginate solution. The dry weight of insoluble solid in the cell suspension was 96 g dry weight/l and the dry density of the bead containing cell suspension was 140 g dry weight/l of the bead. The specific metal uptake of the cell-suspension immobilized bead was 23.7 mg Pb²⁺, 14.3 mg Cu²⁺, and 13.4 mg Cd²⁺/g bead dry weight, respectively. The cell-suspension immobilized beads retained the initial metal-uptake capacity after 20 repeated batches of adsorption and desorption, but the fraction of metal desorbed from the beads by 1 M HCl solution was only 70% of the adsorbed metal. The beads, which had been contained for 14 successive days in the 0.5% (w/v) CaCl₂ solution at 4 °C just after 20 cycles of adsorption/desorption, retained the initial metal-uptake capacity after 30 repeated cycles, and more than 90% of the copper and cadmium adsorbed on the beads was desorbed by the 1 M HCl solution.     

新型流控式平台对猪肉中盐酸克伦特罗残留的检测

研究了一种基于环氧化玻璃微珠表面竞争性免疫反应的微珠芯片体系,并成功地实现在线实时检测瘦肉精——盐酸克伦特罗。一种经过环氧化试剂1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚修饰的环氧化玻璃微珠能够有效固定盐酸克伦特罗的蛋白BSA的偶联物,这些经过固定全抗原的微珠被导入微通道,循环的反应液中的标准品或实际样本抗原和微珠上抗原竞争结合反应液中一抗,待抗原抗体反应完全后加入荧光标记二抗示踪,便可以绘制标准曲线,用于实际样本定量检测。本系统取得了很好的检测效果,最低检测限达到0.3μg/L,检测范围为0.39～7.97μg/L,并且一次检测时间不超过45min。结果证明,本微珠芯片分析体系不仅具有高的特异性和灵敏度,而且制作廉价,操作简单。     

Ethanol production by alginate immobilised yeast in a fluidised bed bioreactor

Yeast, immobilised in alginate beads of known standard size and mechanical strength, has been utilised in a novel design of fluidised bed bioreactor which avoids problems of particle flotation and gas logging. Circulating substrate simultaneously entered the top and bottom of the bed. The bioreactor operated reliably for periods of up to 20 days. Increasing alginate concentration in the range 1–5% (w/w) had little effect on the performance of the immobilised yeast in converting ethanol to glucose but reduced the tendency of beads to split. Increasing bead diameter in the range 1–5 mm increased the tendency to split and reduced overall conversion of glucose. A model was developed to describe the consumption of glucose within beads based on Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the diffusion of glucose into beads. Application of the model to experimental results showed maximum reaction velocity to be independent of bead diameter and alginate concentration. The model confirmed that the observed reduction in ethanol yield compared with free yeast cells was caused by the lower substrate concentration towards the centre of the bead as opposed to any change in the metabolic rate of the immobilised cells.     

Shaping of alumina microbeads by drop-casting of the photopolymerizable suspension into silicone oil and UV curing

The alumina microbeads were obtained by forming the drops of alumina suspensions in a silicone oil followed by UV curing. Due to the strong hydrophobic properties, silicon oil is a non-solvent (non-miscible) to the suspensions, thus the formation of perfectly rounded beads occurs spontaneously. The size of beads was controlled by a selection of a needle diameter and the position of needle tip: above or immersed in silicone oil. Thanks to that it was possible to obtain beads with diameters from 1000 to 1300 µm. The obtained alumina microbeads were characterized by quite a narrow size distribution, the differences in the size of the beads, within one series, did not exceed 1.5%. The research showed that the higher alumina volume fraction in suspensions favors the development of microstructure and thus influences mechanical properties. It was proved that the application of the methyl silicone oil as the environment responsible for the formation of the beads does not affect the sintering process.     

Polymethyl methacrylate/montmorillonite nanocomposite beads through a suspension polymerization‐derived process

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer beads with montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared using a suspension polymerization method for applying acrylic bone cements. The polymer beads were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to examine MMT dispersion. The change in the shape and size of the polymer beads due to the preparation conditions, such as stirring speed, degree of polymerization, and concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a suspension stabilizer, and MMT contents, etc. was observed by scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis. The prepared polymer beads were composed of polymer‐intercalated nanocomposites with partially exfoliated MMT layers. The size of the polymer beads was decreased by increasing the stirring speed. The bead size was decreased with increasing the degree of polymerization and the concentration of PVA molecules. MMT addition into the monomer portion increased the size of the corresponding polymer beads. The bead size was slightly reduced by adding of styrene to the MMA solution. The incorporation of PMMA into monomer portion enlarged the bead size. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2340–2349, 2005     

Controlled release study of carbaryl insecticide from calcium alginate and nickel alginate hydrogel beads

In this study, controlled release formulations for reducing environmental impact of pesticides have been produced by encapsulating as a model pesticide carbaryl (Carb) in the alginate beads. The various hydrogel bead formulations were prepared by the ionotropic crosslinking of sodium alginate (NaAlg) with calcium and nickel ions. The surface morphology of prepared beads was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM confirmed the spherical nature and surface morphology of the particles. Bead characteristics, such as carbaryl entrapment efficiency, particle size, equilibrium swelling degree, and carbaryl release kinetics, were determined. The effects of the bead preparation conditions such as crosslinker concentration and type, carbaryl/sodium alginate (Carb/NaAlg) ratio and percentage of NaAlg on the carbaryl release from the calcium alginate (Ca‐Alg) and nickel alginate (Ni‐Alg) beads were investigated in distilled water at 25°C. It was observed that carbaryl release from the Ca‐Alg beads was slower than that of Ni‐Alg beads. The release results indicated that carbaryl release from both of the Ca‐Alg and Ni‐Alg beads decreases with the increasing crosslinker concentration, Carb/NaAlg ratio and percentage of NaAlg. The highest carbaryl release was found to be 100% for the Ni‐Alg beads at 3 days whereas the lowest carbaryl release was found to be 67% for the Ca‐Alg beads at 21 days. The swelling measurements of the beads were also in consistent with the carbaryl release results. The carbaryl release from most of the bead formulations followed Case II transport. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Preparation of slow release encapsulated insecticide and fertilizer based on superabsorbent polysaccharide microbeads

The use of encapsulated fertilizers and pesticides is a key approach for slowing the release of agrochemicals, while simultaneously reducing costs and environmental problems. The use of hybrid systems for encapsulation in organic-based agriculture, which enables the release of agrochemicals in a single application, has been a growing field. In this approach, a formulation of Bacillus-thuringiensis as bio-pesticide and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (fish emulsion, potassium nitrate, and potassium phosphate) were formulated using superabsorbent polymers microbeads based on sodium alginate (ALG) then evaluated for release. Different formulations were prepared using 15 wt% of Bt, fish emulsion, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The encapsulated microbeads were prepared by wet-extrusion processing using sodium alginate as the superabsorbent polymer and calcium chloride as the gelling agent. The resulting beads were characterized in terms of size, morphology, water uptake, and biodegradability. The results showed that the prepared microbeads have narrow size distributions (1.2 to 2.1 mm) and increased water uptake (1,200–3,200%). Moreover, loaded microbeads were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and Elementar CHNS analyzer to obtain the fertilizer grades as (6.2–0.8–1.05), (0–6.3–6.4), and (0.62–0–2.4) for the one loaded with fish emulsion, for potassium phosphate loaded beads, and for potassium nitrate loaded beads, respectively.     

Synthesis of porous poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gel beads by sedimentation polymerization and their morphology

Sedimentation polymerization of aqueous solutions of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) was carried out to prepare porous poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) beads. When small amounts of DMF and a radical accelerator were added to the monomer solution, the polymerization proceeded smoothly to give polymer beads with a very narrow size distribution. The rate of swelling of the resulting bead increased with increasing crosslinker content and was also affected by the type of crosslinker used. When amounts higher than 1 mol % N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide or 3 mol % diethylene glycol diacrylate (DEGDA) were used as a crosslinker, the resulting beads underwent rapid swelling in water at 20°C, reaching the equilibrium within 5 min. A cross‐sectional photograph of a typical dried bead showed that it had a very complex morphology consisting of a large and irregular void, highly porous region, and nonporous region. The swelling rate was directly dependent on the morphology of the beads. PNIPA beads with well‐developed porous areas show a high swelling rate. Although PNIPA beads produced from DEGDA had well‐developed porous structures, they were able to effectively concentrate blue dextran from the dilute aqueous solution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 842–850, 2007