关于禁止使用氯氟烃(CFCs)物质作为发泡剂的公告

为履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》,保护环境,根据《中国消耗臭氧层物质逐步淘汰国家方案（修订稿）》,以及我国政府与联合国多边基金执委会签署的《中国泡沫行业CFC-11整体淘汰协议》、《中国氯氟烃、四氯化碳、哈龙加速淘汰计划》的有关规定,现就以氯氟烃（CFCs）物质作为发泡剂的淘汰工作公告如下：     

国家环境保护总局发布关于禁止使用氯氟烃物质作为发泡剂公告

为履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》，保护环境，根据《中国消耗臭氧层物质逐步淘汰国家方案（修订稿）》，以及我国政府与联合国多边基金执委会签署的《中国泡沫行业CFC-11整体淘汰协议》、《中国氯氟烃、四氯化碳、哈龙加速淘汰计划》的有关规定，现就以氯氟烃（CFCs）物质作为发泡剂的淘汰工作公告如下：[第一段]     

环保部披露我国将加速淘汰“氢氯氟烃”

环保部负责人透露,中国将全面启动加速淘汰含氢氯氟烃行业计划,确保《蒙特利尔议定书》履约工作,切实保护臭氧层,这是在沪举办的加速淘汰含氢氯氟烃行业计划实施启动大会上传出的讯息。据悉,截至2010年1月1日,发展中国家已经全部淘汰了全氯氟烃、哈龙、四氯化碳、甲基氯仿四种主要消耗臭氧层物质,预防了上千万癌症及白内障病患     

科技信息

科技信息３３（总２８９）我国气雾剂行业氯氟烃替代、削减消耗臭氧层物质取得重大进展中国轻工总会是我国气雾剂行业氯氟烃替代、削减消耗臭氧层物质（ＯＤＳ）的归口管理部门。根据《中国逐步淘汰臭氧层物质国家方案》规定的目标和采取的相应政策措施，轻工总会得到了国...     

韩国到2030年将全面禁止含氢氯氟烃的生产和使用

韩国政府将加快淘汰含氢氯氟烃(HCFC)的步伐,计划2014年将含氢氯氟烃的生产、进口和使用量在2013年的基础上减少5.16%,到2030年全面禁止含氢氯氟烃的生产和使用。含氢氯氟烃是消耗臭氧层的物质,对臭氧层有破坏作用。在工业生产中,主要用于制冷剂和发泡剂,在冰箱、空调等制冷设备中最为常用。韩国于1992年加入《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》,根据协议书要求,韩国已于2010年全面禁止氟利昂和卤化物的生产和进口。     

环境保护部将加强含氢氯氟烃生产、销售和使用管理

本刊讯为履行《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》（以下简称《议定书》）规定，实施含氢氯氟烃（HCFCs）淘汰计划，根据《消耗臭氧层物质管理条例》，2013年8月7日，环境保护部向各有关单位发出《关于加强含氢氯氟烃生产、销售和使用管理的通知》（环函[2013]179号），就实施HCF—cs生产、销售、使用配额和备案管理的有关事项通知如下：     

关于开展实验室及分析用途消耗臭氧层物质调査的通知

<正>各有关单位:为了保护臭氧层,国际社会于1987年通过了《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》(以及下简称《议定书》),规定了各种受控的消耗臭氧层物质及其淘汰进程,我国政府于1991年6月签署了《议定书》及其伦敦修正案,并已淘汰了除《议定书》豁免用途除外的四氯化碳、甲基溴、全氯氟烃(CFCs)等消耗臭氧层物质的生产和消费。四氯化碳、甲基溴和CFCs作为实验室及分析用途的化学试剂,在《议定     

中国将淘汰氯氟烃类消耗臭氧层物质

9月16日是第十一个国际保护臭氧层日，今年国际保护臭氧层日的主题为加速淘汰消耗臭氧层物质。中国已承诺要在2007年7月1日前淘汰除必要用途之外的GFG（氯氟烃）、哈龙的生产和消费，实现加速淘汰计划的目标。该计划的实施将保证中国2010年主要OD5（消耗臭氧层物质）生产和消费零目标的顺利实现，兑现中国政府对国际社会的承诺。     

关于开展实验室及分析用途消耗臭氧层物质调查的通知

<正>各有关单位:为了保护臭氧层,国际社会于1987年通过了《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》(以下简称《议定书》),规定了各种受控的消耗臭氧层物质及其淘汰进程,我国政府于1991年6月签署了《议定书》及其伦敦修正案,并已淘汰了除《议定书》豁免用途除外的四氯化碳、甲基溴、全氯氟烃     

关于开展消耗臭氧层物质实验室及分析用途相关标准修订工作的通知

<正>环经便函[2015]4号各有关单位:为了保护臭氧层,我国政府于1991年6月签署了《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》(以下简称《议定书》)及其伦敦修正案,并已淘汰了除《议定书》豁免用途以外的四氯化碳、甲基溴、全氯氟烃(CFCs)等消耗臭氧层物质的生产和消费。四氯化碳、甲基溴和CFCs作为实验室及分析用途的化学试     

Aerosol Characterization of a Smoldering Source

The aerosol emitted by a moderately large smoldering combustion source (16 cm in diameter) has been characterized in detail. The fuel is a permeable bed of cellulosic insulation (wood fibers) receiving its primary air supply by flow up from the bottom of the bed while the smolder wave propagates downward. The mass mean particle size of the aerosol is 2–3 μm; this shows no clear trend with smolder wave depth in the bed or with air flow velocity. The large average particle size is shown to imply that, compared to punk smoke, the present aerosol requires a sevenfold greater concentration to trigger an ionization detector. Coagulation of the aerosol in the plume above the source is shown to be minimal, but substantial coagulation can occur within the source. The apparent fractional conversion of gasified mass (60–75% of the fuel) to aerosol mass decreases with smolder wave depth in the bed and with decreasing air flow rate. The mass and number flow rate of the aerosol show these same trends. The decreasing aerosol emissions with wave depth or air flow rate are plausibly explained by filtration effects in the smolder bed.     

Effect of Humidity on Constant Output and Breath Enhanced Nebulizer Designs When Tested in the EN 13544-1 EC Standard

Aqueous aerosols produced by nebulizers used in clinical situations can rapidly change size as the patient inhales. This is caused by air with a relative humidity (RH) lower than inside the nebulizer being entrained and mixed with nebulized aerosol during the inhalation maneuver. A way to assess the change in size is to measure the aerosol in a test method that reflects the clinical situation. The EC standard, EN 13544-1, offers a first step towards this assessment. In this paper we have tested two nebulizer designs, one conventional constant output nebulizer and one breath-enhanced nebulizer, using the proposed standard in order to assess the effect of the relative humidity of entrained ambient air on nebulized aerosol size properties. The results indicate that aerosol size from the conventional nebulizer is greatly affected by the RH of the entrained air, while the breath-enhanced nebulizer is not affected. The results agree with theoretical expectations of how the entrained air interacts with nebulized aerosol. In the breath-enhanced nebulizer, the air is passed through the nebulizer interior and becomes saturated with moisture drawn from the relatively large nebulizer reservoir solution. With the conventional constant output nebulizer, ambient air is drawn over the nebulizer and draws its moisture from the relatively small volume of nebulized aerosol released from the nebulizer. For the conventional nebulizer design, we found a large decrease in measured nebulized aerosol size with decreasing relative humidity--3.1 w m MMAD at 75% RH fell to 1.9 w m MMAD at 20% RH. For the breath-enhanced nebulizer design, the MMAD was stable between a similar humidity range. The results indicate that aerosol size is dependent on relative humidity of the entrained air for the constant output jet nebulizer design that has no air entrainment through the nebulizer. We found no significant effect of ambient humidity of entrained air on nebulized aerosol size from the breath-enhanced nebulizer design.     

发用定型剂配方原理与组成(Ⅰ)--概述及组成

介绍了发用定型剂的主要分类、特点及质量评价方法;简要综述了定型剂各组成的特点、物质选择及研究现状,指出定型剂配方的关键为选用合适的合成高分子聚合物作定型树脂,为满足环保和忡能要求,选用水作溶剂、二甲醚作喷射剂和高阳离子性聚季铵盐作调理剂是定型剂的发展趋势。     

Use of Ambient Aerosols for Measuring Filter Efficiencies

For the evaluation of high-efficiency air filters, it is possible to dispense with aerosol generators and instead use ambient air as a test aerosol, since it contains large numbers of particles up to 0.5 μm. Some instances of such use are described.     

MEASUREMENT OF AEROSOL EFFECTIVE TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS IN CYLINDRICAL TUBES

Transport of submicrometer aerosols in flows in tubes can be described by an effective one-dimensional axial convection–diffusion equation with apparent aerosol transport properties: mean aerosol velocity, mean aerosol diffusion coefficient (dispersivity) and mean aerosol deposition coefficient. These quantities are investigated experimentally by shape analyses of boluses of submicrometer Latex aerosol particles injected in the clean air flow through long tubes and a diffusion battery of capillary tubes. It is shown that the aerosol effective dispersivity and volumetric deposition coefficient significantly depend on the particle transit (residence) time within the tubes. For sufficiently long residence times these quantities are found to approach their asymptotic limiting values, predicted by the existing theories of the hydrodynamic dispersion. On the other hand, the mean aerosol velocity only weakly differs from the mean air velocity, and is almost independent of the aerosol residence time. The results obtained are important in several applications, including particle sampling using long tubes or lines.     

香烟烟雾为模型的污染环境对头发损伤的研究

基于香烟烟雾建立了模拟空气污染的环境,测试健康和受损发束在该污染环境中的损伤情况。通过对比多次处理前后暴露污染的样品发束和未暴露污染的对照发束的湿发和干发梳理性、表面接触角、色氨酸含量和表面毛鳞片特征的变化,表明该污染环境对头发有显著的化学损伤。尤其是健康头发暴露空气污染后表面毛鳞片受损和角蛋白损伤降解,表面更加亲水,梳理性变差。通过以上方法在健康发束上证明了聚合物聚酰亚胺-1具备抵御损伤的能力。     

Conditions for Cloud Settling and Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Most aerosol motion can be analyzed by individual particle motion or by the motion of the suspending gas. There are, however, two related situations in which an aerosol can exhibit bulk motion: cloud settling and Rayleigh-Taylor instability. In both cases, the aerosol particles move faster as a cloud than they do as individual particles. In the case of cloud settling, the aerosol is usually a spheroidal cloud surrounded by clean air. Rayleigh-Taylor instability occurs when a dense aerosol layer overlies a layer of clean air. This instability is characterized by abrupt breakthrough of the aerosol layer into the clean air layer at multiple points. High-concentration, submicrometer test aerosols were generated in two experimental systems that permitted observation of the transition from particle-dominated motion to cloud, or bulk, dominated motion and measurement of cloud settling velocities and characteristics. In both systems aerosol concentration could be controlled over two orders of magnitude. One system used commercial ventilation smoke tubes to release a dense stream of aerosol into a low velocity wind tunnel. The other used diluted mainstream cigarette smoke from a smoking machine in an aerosol centrifuge. Based on these experiments, theoretical equations for cloud settling predict cloud settling velocity within an order of magnitude. The transition from individual particle motion to observable bulk motion occurs when predicted cloud settling velocity is from 0.01 to 0.05 m/s. Cloud settling appears to be initiated from an aerosol stream or layer by Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The ratio of cloud settling velocity to particle settling velocity does not appear to be a reliable predictor of the transition from particle to bulk motion.     

Fast adsorptive and photocatalytic purification of air from acetone and dimethyl methylphosphonate by TiO2 aerosol

A high concentration (1.5 × 10⁶ cm⁻³) TiO₂ aerosol of the average particle size 0.5 μm was generated by a sonic method inside 0.1 m³ Plexiglas chamber and applied for the adsorptive and adsorptive-photocatalytic purification of air from vapors of acetone and chemical agents’ model dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). The adsorptive capture of acetone over the TiO₂ aerosol results in establishing equilibrium adsorption state and is limited by the rate of the aerosol admission into the chamber. A model derived from the Langmuir isotherm describes well the acetone concentration vs. aerosol mass curve and allows obtaining the adsorption constant and monolayer coverage of acetone in a 10 min experiment. The UV irradiation of TiO₂ aerosol accelerates dramatically the purification from acetone at the high relative humidity (RH) of the air. Increased RH of air decreases the rate of the acetone adsorption but has a little positive effect on the rate of photocatalytic oxidation of acetone over aerosol particles. The DMMP adsorption over TiO₂ aerosol is accompanied by the immediate (τ < 10 s) and irreversible hydrolysis of DMMP with the formation of gas phase methanol and adsorbed methyl methylphosphonic acid. The irreversible reactive adsorption results in the very fast air purification (τ = 20–40 s) due to very small diffusion distances of substrate to the TiO₂ surface in aerosol. The increase of the air RH from 4 to 37% (296 K) decreases the rate of adsorption but accelerates significantly the rate of photocatalytic oxidation. The complete air purification from organic compounds within 10 min is possible only with the photocatalytic oxidation because the adsorption alone does not remove methanol. The time needed for the air purification over the nanosized TiO₂ aerosol is directly determined by the rate of the aerosol generation which allows a further optimization of the TiO₂ aerosol air purification. The obtained results approve experimentally a suggestion that the photocatalytic oxidation over solid atmospheric aerosols actually takes part in the Earth atmosphere and serves as an important sink for airborne organics.     

有机硅材料在日用化学品中的应用

综述了近年来日用化学工业中常用的聚有机硅氧烷产品的结构与性能 ,并介绍了这些聚合物在洗头水、膏霜类制品、口红、唇膏、美发护发类制品、汽车上光剂、家具、皮具上光剂类、气雾剂类制品和洗涤剂制品等方面的典型应用。     

Evolution of Ultrafine Particle Size Distributions Following Indoor Episodic Releases: Relative Importance of Coagulation,Deposition and Ventilation

Indoor ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm) undergo aerosol processes such as coagulation and deposition, which alter UFP size distribution and accordingly the level of exposure to UFP of different sizes. This study investigates the decay of indoor UFP originated from five different sources: a gas stove and an electric stove, a candle, a hair dryer, and power tools in a residential test building. An indoor aerosol model was developed to investigate differential effects of coagulation, deposition, and ventilation. The coagulation model includes Brownian, van der Waals, and viscosity forces, and also fractal geometry for particles of >24 nm. The model was parameterized using different values of the Hamaker constant for predicting the coagulation rate. Deposition was determined for two different conditions: central fan on versus central fan off. For the case of a central fan running, deposition rates were measured by using a nonlinear solution to the mass balance equation for the whole building. For the central fan off case, an empirical model was used to estimate deposition rates. Ventilation was measured continuously using an automated tracer gas injection and sampling system. The study results show that coagulation is a significant aerosol process for UFP dynamics and the primary cause for the shift of particle size distribution following an episodic high-concentration UFP release with no fans operating. However, with the central mechanical fan on, UFP deposition loss is substantial and comparable to the coagulation loss. These results suggest that coagulation should be considered during high concentration periods (>20,000 cm^?3), while particle deposition should be treated as a major loss mechanism when air recirculates through ductwork or mechanical systems.

Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research