Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen stabilization in relation to residue and manure application in rice–wheat systems in northwest India

Soil organic matter (SOM), besides influencing carbon (C) transfer between soils and atmosphere, impacts soil functional ability and its response to environmental and anthropogenic influences. We studied the impact of continuous application of rice straw and farmyard manure (FYM) either alone or in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers on aggregate stability and distribution of C and nitrogen (N) in different aggregate fractions after 7 years of rice–wheat cropping on a sandy loam soil. Macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) constituted 32.5–54.5% of total water stable aggregates (WSA) and were linearly related (R ² = 0.69) to soil organic carbon content. The addition of rice straw and FYM significantly (P < 0.05) improved the formation of macroaggregates with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of microaggregates at all the three sampling depths (0–5, 5–10 and 10–15 cm). Macroaggregates had higher C and N density as compared to microaggregates. Application of rice straw and FYM improved C and N density in different aggregate sizes and the improvement was greatest in plots that received both rice straw and FYM each year. Application of FYM along with inorganic fertilizer resulted in a net C sequestration of 0.44 t ha⁻¹ in the plough layer after 7 years of rice–wheat cropping. Carbon sequestration was greater (1.53 t ha⁻¹) when both rice straw and FYM along with inorganic fertilizers were applied annually. It is concluded that addition of rice straw and FYM in rice–wheat system improves soil aggregation and enhances C and N sequestration in macroaggregates. This will help in sustainable rice–wheat productivity in the region.     

Sharkskin and oscillating melt fracture: Why in slit and capillary dies and not in annular dies?

The sharkskin and stick‐slip polymer extrusion instabilities are studied primarily as functions of the type of die geometry. Experimental observations concerning the flow curves, the critical wall shear stress for the onset of the instabilities, the pressure and flow rate oscillations, and the effects of geometry and operating conditions are presented for linear low‐density polyethylenes. It is found that sharkskin and stick‐slip instabilities are present in the capillary and slit extrusion. However, annular extrusion stick‐slip and sharkskin are absent at high ratios of the inside‐to‐outside diameter of the annular die. This observation also explains the absence of these phenomena in other polymer processing operations such as film blowing. These phenomena are explained in terms of the surface‐to‐volume ratio of the extrudates, that is, if this ratio is high, sharkskin and stick‐slip are absent. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers     

How green is green? Sampling and perception in assessing green seeds and chlorophyll in canola

Green seeds are used as a grading factor in estimating chlorophyll in canola and rapeseed in the Canadian and U.S.A. grading systems. This work examines the effect that sampling and perception have on the estimation of green seeds as well as the effect that sampling has on the determination of chlorophyll. Individual seed analysis indicated that in order to be considered as green, seeds needed to contain between 200 and 400 mg/kg chlorophyll. Variation due to binomial sampling played a predominant role in the error in determining the green seed levels in canola. Sampling of large numbers of seeds, as in the loading of export shipments, reduced the error. Binomial sampling also contributed to the error in chlorophyll determination even with sample sizes as large as 500. Differences in perception of green also were noted between individuals with coefficients of variation as high as 50% at the 1% green seed level. The combination of perception error and sampling error may result in samples of 1,000 seeds drawn from a mass with 2% green seeds having green seed counts ranging from 0.96 to 3.04%, 19 times out of 20.     

Output of Petroleum and Chemical Products in China in March 2005

ProdUCt MarChoutPUt Growth over000 tons Mar.,2004%January to MarchOutPut Growth over same000 tons Period of 2004,%5000256060605080﹁匆4040沙382,21. 44731__“_ _12 23,每--一-卜万550.515乐}O2030卯6010704800成27 八乙啥J.”21一7.308070…的O斗﹁2峨1朽‘娜器叩50﹁加一印性石怡拒 4129.71870访砧7.只钟生碑归事瞬_j使6 910 5*OQ~牛李_40 2.80一52031_6021.50一氏牛O_490一7.901李40夕汤6尸etr01eo爪bit自巾碑的OO一勺﹃二︺LPGCOke冷以furi杏aci诊(c峥nta)丽牙浮p归多日{笋口动53318.伯由认〕黔燕薰井鞘3621070…     

Liquid backmixing and circulation in rectangular downcomer

1 INTRODUCTIONDowncomers,employed in tray columns,are widely used nowadays in industrialseparation processes.They function as channels for the liquid phase to fall fluentlyfrom one tray onto its neighbouring places for the held-up bubble to separate fromthe liquid phase.It is well known that liquid flow patterns and mixing characteristicsin downcomers are closely related to the initial liquid distribution on the tray,andhence to tray efficiency.For a long period of time,little attention has been paid to     

Output of Petroleum and Chemical Products in China in February 2005

ProdUCtFebruary outPut000 tonSGrOWth OVefFeb.,2004% January to February outPut Growth over same000 tons Period of 2004,%Crude Coa!CrUde 011Natural gas(billion m3)Pyrite(eontaining 35%sulfur)phosPhorus ore(Containing 30%P205)CrUde SaltPaPer PulP0 11 Proeessed GaS0line Ke「osone 0 iese! Lubrjcatingoils Fuel 0115Petroleumb计umeoLPGCO油Su!furie aeid(containing 100%H2s04)12202 .7015.30一1 .10 7 .10 5 .00 0 .80 930 2 .10 7,50一158010.9033一8018.5070 00 30 20 20 90 50806 1 4 9 2 6 00…     

Output of Petroleum and Chemical Products in China in May 2005

25ST凡TIST!C忿峰OutPut滋翁熬越赔秘能达叹水鉴之蜜索毛轰ProdUCt MayOutPut Growth over000 tons May,2004%告二二言吕奋苦公昌盆盆盆二盆二二言石‘January to May OutPut Growth over same000 tons Period of 2004,% 一26 CHINA CHEMICAL REPORT〔R June 26,2005Output of Petroleum and Chemical Products in China in May 2005~~…     

BBCA Biochemical-Joys and Worries in Diversification Expedition

1. Start of new sectorsThe economic performance in the pro-duction units of leading products inBBCA Biochemical Co.,Ltd.such as cit-ric acid,edible oil,lysine and starch sugaris not very optimistic today.The capacity of citric acid in the com-pany is around 210000t/a,holding thefirst place in China.Nevertheless,the     

Static Generation and Control in Fiber Processing

静电是纤维生产及后加工过程中常见的问题。介绍了美国高尔斯顿公司在抗静电方面的研究与开发。     

Study on Adsorption and Diffusion in Zeolite

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Incorporation of α-tocopherol in marine lipid-based liposomes: in vitro and in vivo studies

Liposomes made from a natural marine lipid extract and containing a high polyunsaturated n−3 fatty lipid ratio were envisaged as oral route vectors and a potential α-tocopherol supplement. The behavior of vesicles obtained by simple filtration and of giant vesicles prepared by electroformation was investigated in gastrointestinal-like conditions. The influence of α-tocopherol incorporation into liposomes was studied on both physical and chemical membrane stability. Propanal, as an oxidation product of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, was quantified by static headspace gas chromatography when α-tocopherol incorporation into liposome ratios ranged from 0.01 to 12 mol%. Best oxidative stability was obtained for liposomes that contained 5 mol% α-tocopherol. Compared to the other formulas, propanal formation was reduced, and time of the oxidation induction phase was longer. Moreover, α-tocopherol induced both liposome structural modifications, evidenced by turbidity, and phospholipid chemical hydrolysis, quantified as the amount of lysophospholipids. This physicochemical liposome instability was even more pronounced in acid storage conditions, i.e., α-tocopherol incorporation into liposome membranes accelerated the structural rearrangements and increased the rate of phospholipid hydrolysis. In particular, giant vesicles incubated at pH 1.5 underwent complex irreversible shape transformations including invaginations. In parallel, the absorption rate of α-tocopherol was measured in lymph-cannulated rats when α-tocopherol was administrated, as liposome suspension or added to sardine oil, through a gastrostomy tube. α-Tocopherol recovery in lymph was increased by almost threefold, following liposome administration. This may be related to phospholipids that should favor α-tocopherol solubilization and to liposome instability in the case of a high amount of α-tocopherol in the membranes. A need to correlate results obtained from in vitro liposome behavior with in vivo lipid absorption was demonstrated by this study.     

Different kinetic in incorporation and depletion of n−3 fatty acids in erythrocytes and leukocytes of mice

n−3 PUFA are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects. However, there has been only limited study on the kinetics of incorporation and depletion of n−3 PUFA in immune cells. In the present study we investigated the incorporation and depletion of n−3 PUFA in erythrocytes and leukocytes in mice during a 6-wk feeding period. Over the first 3-wk period (the incorporation period) the mice were fed a special diet with a high n−3/n−6 PUFA ratio. In the following 3-wk period (the depletion period) the mice were fed a standard chow diet. A linear incease of the concentration of EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes was observed during the incorporation period, whereas a stagnation was observed after the second week for leukocytes. The level of EPA did not fall to the background level after the depletion period, and the level of DHA was kept almost constant during the depletion period in the erythrocyte membranes. In leukocytes the concentration of both EPA and DHA decreased during the depletion period, but did not reach the background level after the 3-wk depletion. In conclusion, the kinetics of EPA and DHA in the different cells are different. The rate of incorporation is faster than that of depletion for n−3 PUFA. More n−3 PUFA can be incorporated into leukocytes in comparison with erythrocytes. The ratio of n−3/n−6 PUFA is more important than the amount of n−3 FA in changing the FA compositions of membrane lipids.     

Foliar Mono- and Sesquiterpene Contents in Relation to Leaf Economic Spectrum in Native and Alien Species in Oahu (Hawai’i)

Capacity for terpene production may confer advantage in protection against abiotic stresses such as heat and drought, and also against herbivore and pathogen attack. Plant invasive success has been intense in the Hawaiian islands, but little is known about terpene content in native and alien plant species on these islands. We conducted a screening of leaf terpene concentrations in 35 native and 38 alien dominant plant species on Oahu island. Ten (29%) of the 35 native species and 15 (39%) of the 38 alien species contained terpenes in the leaves. This is the first report of terpene content for the ten native species, and for 10 of the 15 alien species. A total of 156 different terpenes (54 monoterpenes and 102 sesquiterpenes) were detected. Terpene content had no phylogenetic significance among the studied species. Alien species contained significantly more terpenes in leaves (average ± SE = 1965 ± 367 μg g⁻¹) than native species (830 ± 227 μg g⁻¹). Alien species showed significantly higher photosynthetic capacity, N content, and lower Leaf Mass Area (LMA) than native species, and showed higher total terpene leaf content per N and P leaf content. Alien species, thus, did not follow the expected pattern of “excess carbon” in comparison with native species. Instead, patterns were consistent with the “nutrient driven synthesis” hypothesis. Comparing alien and native species, the results also support the modified Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis that suggests that alien success may be favored by a defense system based on an increase in concentrations of less costly defenses (terpenes) against generalist herbivores.     

Imports and Exports of Rubber Raw Materials and Rubber Products in China in Jan.-Feb. 2015

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Xinji Chemical:Simultaneous Development in the South and in the North

Hebei Xinji Chemical Group Co.,Ltd.,one of the 6 major production basesof China Haohua Corporation,has suc-cessfully constructed barium carbon-ate and strontium carbonate bases inGuizhou Tianzhu and ChongqingTongliang in 2004. Barium carbonate and strontium     

Dyestuff and Organic Pigment Performed Steady in 2004

Stable growth of production2004 was a year in which the dyestuffsector met quite a lot of difficultiesin production and operation com-pared with other recent years.Theprice of raw materials was kept onthe high side for long.Energies such     

Sticky Region in Drying—Definition and Identification

Abstract

A device has been developed, to characterize the stickiness of materials prone to shearing that is based on torque measurement during intermittent stirring. Experiments were carried out, using materials of various origin, and over a range of moisture contents that span the pasty to free-flowing powder consistencies. To reflect the complex nature of stickiness, often noted by researchers during the drying of slurries and pastes, the concept is proposed, of a stickiness region, adjacent to the stickiness curve. Referring to the two-dimensional visualization of a drying process with evolving moisture content and material temperature, possible trajectories are suggested, to deal with the stickiness problem.