皇竹草稀硫酸预处理研究

研究了中低温稀酸预处理对皇竹草化学组成变化、纤维素酶水解得率与总糖得率的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对皇竹草纤维结构变化进行了分析.结果表明,随着硫酸浓度的增大、温度的升高和时间的延长,半纤维素含量大幅度降低,且预处理后纤维素酶水解得率也逐渐增大.较好的预处理条件为100 g皇竹草原料,在固液比1:5(g:mL)条件下,用质量分数4.0%硫酸在温度110 ℃下,经过8 h预处理后,纤维素保留率为87.48%,半纤维素水解率为93.68%,所得固体渣经纤维素酶水解72 h后得率为86.3%(纤维素酶用量40 FPIU/g,以纤维素质量计),100 g原料可得到总糖量为54.53 g.预处理后皇竹草纤维表面和细胞壁受到破坏,表面积增大,有利于纤维素酶水解作用的进行.     

混酸水解纤维素的工艺研究

研究了盐酸质量分数、液固比、温度和时间对纤维素水解的影响,并对水解工艺条件进行优化。实验结果表明,水解的最佳工艺条件为:盐酸在混酸中的质量分数为4%,混酸与纤维素液固比为24∶1(g/g),反应温度65℃,反应时间8 h。在此条件下,总还原糖得率为25%,葡萄糖得率为16.7%,纤维低聚糖的得率为8.3%。     

酸水解竹黄半纤维素制备戊糖的工艺研究

以戊糖收率为评价指标,对竹黄半纤维素水解条件进行了优化试验。结果表明:竹黄水解的最优条件为液固比10∶1(体积与质量比),水解温度115℃,水解时间2.25 h,硫酸质量分数5%。在此条件下戊糖收率达73.78%,底物得率78.67%。     

稀酸法预处理对橡子壳纤维组成和结构的影响

以橡子壳为木质纤维素原料,考察了酸法预处理对其化学组成变化以及酶水解得率的影响,并采用电子扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)对橡子壳纤维结构特征进行了表征。结果表明:橡子壳用2%硫酸溶液按固液比1∶8(g∶mL)室温处理48 h,半纤维素和木质素去除率分别为21.6%和6.6%;酶水解得率从42.8%增加至71.4%,总体葡萄糖产率达到71.2%,提高了66.4%。经过121℃(0.15 MPa)处理1 h,半纤维素和木质素的去除率分别为84.6%和24.5%。酶水解得率为72.1%,较处理前提高了68.5%,但由于纤维素损失率较高,导致总体葡萄糖产率增幅不大。经过酸处理后,橡子壳纤维比表面积增大、表面孔洞增加,纤维结构的结晶度下降,有利于纤维素酶水解作用的进行。     

稻草酸水解制备乙酰丙酸的研究

以稻草为原料,高压酸水解法制备乙酰丙酸,采用气相色谱法测定水解液中乙酰丙酸的含量,考察了反应温度、反应时间、固液比和硫酸质量分数对乙酰丙酸得率的影响,通过单因素试验确定了最佳水解条件。结果表明,在高压 1.6 MPa 条件下,反应温度 170℃,反应时间 60 min,固液比1:10,硫酸的质量分数为 5% 时,所制得乙酰丙酸得率为 24.35%,此条件下水解残渣中纤维素和多戊糖均已完全反应。     

竹黄酸性亚硫酸氢钠水解提取戊糖的条件优化

以造纸厂生产线的竹黄废屑为原料,对固液比、温度、时间和加药量等影响酸性亚硫酸氢钠预水解的主要条件进行了优化,并与稀酸水解进行比较。实验结果表明,在温度175℃,固液比1∶5,时间30min,硫酸浓度1%,亚硫酸氢钠浓度1.77%时,戊糖收率达到78.57%,水解底物得率为78.28%。在最优条件下亚硫酸钠水解的戊糖收率高于稀酸水解收率。竹黄废屑具有制备糠醛的潜在应用前景,经亚硫酸氢钠预水解后的残渣可以用于制备生物乙醇。     

临沧咖啡种壳酸水解糖化工艺研究

以临沧咖啡种壳为原料,通过单因素试验研究液固比、水解温度、水解时间、硫酸浓度4个因素对咖啡种壳酸水解糖化的影响:在此基础上进行正交试验,确定咖啡种壳酸水解糖化最优工艺条件为:液固比8:1(mL:g)、温度130℃、时间90 min、硫酸浓度3.5％,实际测定水解率为35.24％.     

稀硫酸催化水解稻草秸秆半纤维素的研究

对稀硫酸催化水解稻草秸秆半纤维素进行了研究.考察了固液比、稀硫酸质量分数、反应温度、反应时间对半纤维素水解的影响.采用正交实验法,以总还原糖含量为考察指标,对实验结果进行直观和方差分析,探讨稀硫酸催化水解半纤维素的最优反应条件.结果表明,稀硫酸催化水解稻草秸秆半纤维素以固液比(质量体积比)1:10、稀硫酸质量分数25%、反应温度95℃、反应3h为最优条件,在此条件下,10g稻草秸秆粉末水解得到总还原糖2.704g,总还原糖收率达94.9%.     

金属离子助催化稀酸水解纤维素工艺的研究

以小麦秸秆为原料,采用正交试验考察了硫酸浓度、Fe2+浓度、反应温度和反应时间等因素对稀酸水解纤维素的还原糖得率的影响,得到了优化的纤维素水解反应工艺组合:反应温度180℃,Fe2+浓度0.0375mol/L,硫酸质量分数1%,反应时间90min。研究了Fe2+、Ni2+、Na+、Mg2+四种金属离子对稀酸水解纤维素制备还原糖的影响,结果表明,金属离子能明显提高稀酸水解纤维素的转化率和还原糖得率,其助催化作用的大小依次为:Fe2+Na+Ni2+Mg2+,Fe2+对稀酸水解小麦秸秆制备还原糖的催化效果最佳,还原糖得率最高可达73.05%,纤维素转化率达到85.79%。     

杨木废弃物稀酸水解预处理条件的响应面优化

以聚糖类转化率为考核指标,探讨了杨木废弃物稀酸水解预处理物料的适宜颗粒尺寸范围,并用响应面实验设计优化了稀酸水解条件.结果表明,稀酸水解预处理物料的适宜颗粒尺寸为0.075~0.096 mm,稀硫酸水解的优化工艺条件为:固液比1:10,温度158 ℃,时间5 min,硫酸质量分数2.5%.在此优化条件下,聚糖类转化率为59.23%.稀酸水解液的高效液相色谱分析表明,水解液主要成分为木糖(29.897 g/L),占总糖量的64.8%,其次为葡萄糖(8.748 g/L),占总糖量的18.9%,稀酸水解单糖继续降解较少.SEM形貌和XRD分析表明,水解残渣的纤维结构破坏明显,其结晶度由原料的57.45%降低到47.37%,该稀酸水解残渣存在通过酶解和发酵制备生物乙醇的可能性.     

Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosics: An application to medium consistency suspensions of hardwoods using a plug flow reactor

A one-stage process for the high temperature rapid dilute acid hydrolysis of hardwoods, to produce simultaneously furfural and fermentable sugars, is described. A continuous plug flow reactor unit designed to hydrolyse medium consistency wood suspensions (up to 13% w/w in solids) has been operated at capacities up to 90 kg/h, with temperatures ranging from 190°C to 240°C and 20-120 s as residence times. The final products, mainly furfural and sugars, have been analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Yields of 15 kg of hexoses (30% of the theoretical potential) and 10 kg of furfural (65% of the theoretical potential) for 100 kg of sawdust (dry basis) have been obtained. Two pseudokinetic modeis were used to simulate the pentosan and hexosan acid hydrolysis reactions. A Flowtran Simulation has been conducted resulting in mass and energy balances for an eventual industrial unit.     

Intensifying chitin hydrolysis by adjunct treatments – an overview

Chitin is, after cellulose, the most abundant organic natural polysaccharide on Earth, being synthesized as a dominant component in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, among other sources. In the processing of seafood for human consumption, between 40 and 50% of the total raw material mass is wasted, causing a significant problem for the environment owing to its slow degradation. Efforts to find uses for chitin derivatives, particularly their oligomers, have intensified since these chemicals are highly functional and offer a wide range of applications, especially as antimicrobial agent. As a consequence, some adjunct treatments, either chemical or physical in nature, have been employed to assist acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. This work provides a detailed review of the methods employed to intensify the formation of chitin oligomers, particularly focusing on the adjunct treatments used (microwave, ultrasonication, steam explosion and gamma irradiation), and an evaluation of the yield and characteristics of the oligomers formed. Adjunct treatments are more suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis since these treatments modify the chitin structure, and enhance the hydrolysis rate and yield of the oligomers, under milder reaction conditions. For future research, it would be worth trying pre‐treatments like the application of high‐pressure to chitin in order to lower its crystallinity. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Imidazoline hydrolysis in alkaline and acidic media—A review

The literature was reviewed for information on imidazoline hydrolysis. Conflicts involving structures and mechanisms of hydrolysis have been found. Researchers also disagree as to the role of water and whether a protonated form of the imidazoline exists. However, there is agreement that the rate of hydrolysis is dependent on pH and temperature.     

改进水解-A~2/O工艺处理城镇污水的试验研究

在A~2/O池前加水解池,并将二沉池出水部分同流到水解池,增加水解反硝化作用,研究改进水解池-A~2/O工艺对处理城镇生活污水的影响情况.试验结果表明,在二沉池到水解池的回流比分别为28%和40%时,系统出水TN质量浓度分别为13.22 mg·L~(-1)和9.61 mg·L~(-1),COD分别为72 mg·L~(-1)和54 mg·L~(-1),TP质量浓度分别为1.9 mg·L~(-1)和1.1 mg·L~(-1),2个工况下出水TN质量浓度均小于15 mg·L~(-1),达到了城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A标准,满足了试验目的.     

尿素水解方法的简述及展望

综述了现今国内外尿素水解技术的研究现状,对各种水解技术的优点和存在的不足进行了梳理与总结。并展望其发展前景,提出了需进一步研究及解决的问题。     

聚氨酯弹性体水解稳定性

以聚氨酯水解机理为基础，讨论了影响聚氨酯弹性体（ＰＵＲ）水解稳定性的因素，并综述了改善ＰＵＲ水解稳定性的方法。     

ETHANOL FROM SOUTHERN HARDWOODS: THE ROLE OF PRESULFONATION IN THE ACID HYDROLYSIS PROCESS

A two-stage acid hydrolysis process is currently used in the production of ethanol from hardwoods. In this process, dilute sulfuric acid in water at high pressure and short residence times hydrolyzes the wood and first stage substrate. The chemical action is particularly impeded in the second stage by the presence of acid condensed lignin.

Presulfonation followed by delignification is proposed using a sulfur dioxide/water sulfuric acid/ethanol treatment step in place of the first stage acid hydrolysis step to alleviate this problem.

Results presented include the effects caused by varying treatment time, sulfur dioxide concentration, temperature and ethanol concentration on the degree of delignification, and, on the recovery of C₅ and C₆ sugars in the hydrolysates. A preliminary economic feasibility analysis is made to determine the impact of improved ethanol yields and lignin by-product values in the production of ethanol from hardwoods.     

厌氧水解的新解读：快速水解和慢速水解

挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）具有可生化性好、附加价值高等优点而得到广泛应用,厌氧消化产VFA是目前学术界的研究热点,但对有机物经过水解后的生物降解性能则少有论及,厌氧发酵过程中的水解产物存在“数量”和“质量”之间的权衡问题。为了进一步提高厌氧发酵过程中微生物对有机物的利用效率,突破水解对厌氧消化的限制性作用,从基质碳源释放快慢及厌氧发酵过程中碳源降解性能不同,本文将厌氧水解分为快速水解和慢速水解,分别阐述了两种水解方式的含义、分类以及优缺点,指出细胞内外碳源的释放速率和释放方式的不同是影响厌氧产酸和生物降解性能的决定性因素。最后指出快速水解与慢速水解相结合的分阶段联合处理方式,是今后厌氧消化产VFA的主要研究方向。     

尿素深度水解装置运行总结

简介了国内、外成熟的尿素工艺冷凝液处理工艺的主要特点,介绍了采用国内立式水解塔处理尿素工艺冷凝液的工艺流程及装置运行情况.实践证明,装置设计是成功的,吨尿素氨耗降低了8 kg,取得了明显的经济效益和环保效益.     

塑料水解稳定剂的研究进展

简述了塑料水解的机理。重点介绍了国内外塑料水解稳定剂的制备及使用情况。比较了不同的塑料水解稳定剂的优势与应用前景。