杆类零件表面电化学机械复合光整加工的研究

根据电化学机械复合加工机理,研究并开发出了数控电化学机械加工机床和夹心式电化学机械复合光整工具头.对杆类零件加工进行分析,提高了加工精度,实现了光整加工自动化.     

电化学砂带复合加工回转沟槽表面的形貌与精度特性

目的通过电化学砂带复合加工实现回转表面上沟槽结构的光整。方法针对沟槽结构的特殊性,提出阴极悬浮定位方式控制加工间隙。通过对比有无电化学作用条件下砂带抛磨加工获得的表面形貌差异,以及分析加工过程中表面形貌的变化规律,研究电化学作用和机械作用对表面形貌与精度特性的影响机理。进行工艺参数对表面粗糙度和圆度影响的实验,获得单因素条件下各工艺参数的优化取值范围。进行正交实验和极差分析,获得各工艺参数对表面粗糙度和圆度影响重要性的排序。综合单因素和正交实验结果,确定面向表面粗糙度和圆度的工艺参数优化取值范围。结果砂带无轴向运动时,该工艺能实现小极间间隙条件下的稳定加工,同时获得良好的表面质量和加工精度。机械作用参数对表面粗糙度的影响程度大于电化学作用参数,砂带压力为主要因素;电化学作用参数对圆度的影响程度大于机械作用参数,加工电流为主要因素。结论对回转沟槽表面等磨具难以实现轴向运动的部位进行表面光整加工,电化学砂带复合加工是一种有效方法。     

电化学机械光整加工在管束式换热器管件内表面中的应用研究

针对管束式换热器管内孔表面质量差、易结垢等现象,采用电化学机械光整来提高换热器管孔内表面质量。通过金属管件内表面的电化学机械光整试验,得到各主要工艺参数对管孔内表面质量的影响规律。经过电化学机械光整加工后,显著提高了管束式换热器管孔内表面的质量,延长了其在线使用寿命。     

脉冲电化学光整加工中表面形貌变化试验*

探究脉冲电化学光整（PECF）加工过程中表面形貌变化特性及其工艺能力。在能实现表面良好加工效果的参数范围内, 对 304 不锈钢车削与磨削表面进行脉冲电化学光整加工,通过对加工前后表面微观形貌变化规律的对比分析,研究脉冲电化学光整加工工艺对不同表面的整平能力。试验结果表明：脉冲电化学光整加工车削和磨削表面所能获得的最终表面粗糙度大体相当,加工后两种表面粗糙度 Ra、R_z 和 R_sm值处于同一量级,分别达到 0.09、0.7、50 μm 左右。表面微观形貌趋于一致, 表面完整性良好,表面特征指标不具有显著差异性。脉冲电化学光整加工车削和磨削表面的形貌变化过程有所差别,车削表面存在由原始表面形貌向脉冲电化学光整加工表面形貌转变的一段中间过程,磨削表面形貌则在短时间内迅速转变为脉冲电化学光整加工表面形貌。对原始表面较为粗糙的零件或者难以采用磨削加工的薄壁件,PECF 加工是一种具有实际应用价值的加工方式,且对于一些具有特殊要求的功能性表面形貌,车削后进行 PECF 加工可能成为一种新的加工方法。     

电化学光整加工的进展及其应用

基于电化学阳极溶解的电化学光整加工方法,因其具有工具无损耗、不受工件阳极表面硬度影响、可获得光滑的表面轮廓等特性而备受关注,并得到迅速发展.从工具阴极的设计、电源设计研究、整平机理以及复合工艺等角度,探讨目前电化学光整加工的研究及其应用现状.     

脉冲电化学机械光整加工模具型腔技术研究

介绍了脉冲电化学机械光整加工模具型腔的技术特点、光整加工原理。通过实验验证了这种光整加工工艺与电化学机械光整加工工艺相比,有着高效、高表面质量的优点;分析了脉冲电化学机械光整加工工艺的机理。     

脉冲电化学机械复合光整加工模型的建立

应用BP神经网络建立了脉冲电化学机械复合光整加工的模型，并通过该模型对加工试验的零件表面粗糙度进行了预测，结果与实验数据有较好的一致性，可作为脉冲电化学机械复合光整加工理论研究和实际加工的参考模型。     

冷轧机工作辊光整工艺

介绍了轧辊表面精细磨削、超精机械研磨和电化学机械光整工艺,阐述了轧辊电化学机械光整原理、方法和加工结果,对三种工艺各自的特点进行了分析和比较。     

高性能零件滚磨光整加工的研究进展

通过分析高性能零件的需求、滚磨光整加工的优势和应用范围,拓展了滚磨光整加工的内涵,从离散元模拟、微观作用测试分析、新型加工介质研发、实验研究以及典型零件的滚磨光整加工效果等方面,对滚磨光整加工工艺的国内外研究现状进行了分析。使用不同类型的滚磨光整加工工艺对高性能零件光整加工后,毛刺等缺陷去除,棱边倒圆均匀,表面纹理细化,光泽度等感官质量好。表面粗糙度Ra等级提高2级左右,表面应力状态大幅改善,残余压应力明显增加,表面完整性多项指标综合改善,抗疲劳、耐腐蚀等使用性能和使用寿命得到有效提高。通过颗粒流场的创成与调控,可以为高性能零件光整加工工艺方案及参数优化提供理论依据,有效推进下一代滚磨光整加工技术的发展,满足高性能零件的光整需求。最后,从研究分析方法、加工介质研发、新型及复合加工方式等方面进行了思考。     

模具型腔复合光整加工工艺的研究

针对目前模具光整加工中难以实现高精度、高效率加工的实际问题,将电解加工、机械研磨及超声加工相复合,提出了一种新型的光整加工技术-电化学超精密研磨技术。此技术对模具型腔高效镜面加工的试验表明;选配适当 工艺参数进行光整加工,可以获得表面粗糙度Ra0.025μm镜面,效率较普通研磨提高10倍以上。     

薄壁零件绿色加工技术的研究

详细讨论了薄壁零件的绿色加工技术.针对薄壁零件刚性差、加工工艺性差、易发生加工变形和切削振动等情况,采用了高速加工技术,改变了工件的装夹方式,优化了编程策略,选择了合适的切削刀具,采用了最佳的切削工艺,实现了薄壁零件的高速切削.这种加工技术生产效率高,加工表面质量好,环境污染小,符合现代绿色加工的发展趋势.     

Analytical model to determine the critical conditions for the modes of material removal in the milling process of brittle material

Brittle materials are prone to cleavage-based fracture during machining. In conventional scale machining of brittle material, crack-propagation is the dominant mechanism of material removal which results in a degraded machined surface. The challenge is to perform machining of brittle material such that the material removal occurs predominantly by chip formation rather than the characteristic brittle fracture. In this case, a high quality finish is achieved on the machined surface. Ductile-mode machining has emerged as a promising technique to finish a crack-free machined surface on macroscopically brittle materials. In the past, ductile-mode machining has mostly been performed by single-edge cutting process. This paper outlines an analytical model to determine the critical conditions for finishing a crack-free surface on brittle material by milling process. Four distinct modes of machining have been identified in the milling process of brittle material. In this model, the critical conditions for different modes of machining have been determined with respect to the relationship between the radial depth of cut and the depth of subsurface damage caused by the brittle fracture during machining. Verification tests were performed on tungsten carbide workpiece and the experimental results have validated the proposed machining model. It has been established that if the radial depth of cut is greater than the subsurface-damage depth in the milling process of brittle material, it is possible to finish a crack-free machined surface by removal of material through a combination of plastic deformation and brittle fracture. However, if the radial depth of cut is less than the subsurface damage depth, brittle fracture must be prevented in ductile-mode milling to finish a crack-free machined surface.     

弧齿锥齿轮硬齿面刮削加工技术综述

为了降低弧齿锥齿轮传动噪声,改善齿轮副的啮合质量,修正轮齿热处理后产生的变形以提高齿轮的工作精度,硬齿面弧齿锥齿轮精加工技术是一广受行业关注的研究对象。根据弧齿锥齿轮切削加工近年来的研究成果,分析了硬齿面弧齿锥齿轮精加工方面已经取得的进展,对弧齿锥齿轮硬齿面精加工方法进行了综述,对我国弧齿锥齿轮硬齿面刮削加工中应注意的问题进行了阐述,结合运用刮削技术进行硬齿面加工的实例,对弧齿锥齿轮硬齿面刮削过程中加工工艺的制定、刮削余量的控制、机床的选定、基准的加工等方面进行了详细分析,并对今后刮削技术在刀具材料的优化、刀盘造型的设计、数控机床的应用等方面的研究进行了展望,展现了硬齿面刮削加工技术在弧齿锥齿轮精加工中应用的广阔前景,以便为后来的齿轮工作者进行弧齿锥齿轮硬齿面刮削技术的研究提供思路。     

Optimization of surface roughness in an end-milling operation using nested experimental design

This paper presents an experimental study to optimize the surface quality of an end-milled surface on a Vertical Machining Centre using Taguchi’s nested experimental design. The effect of various machining parameters on surface roughness was investigated on two different work piece materials, Aluminium alloy and Plain Carbon Steel. Other control factors, namely, feed rate and spindle speed, depth of cut and radial engagement of tool were varied in the experiment to measure surface roughness at four different positions on the work piece. Position was taken as an uncontrollable noise factor. Depth of cut was observed to be the most significant factor that affecting the surface roughness. Also, better surface finish was obtained while machining aluminum alloy as compared to plain carbon steel. Spindle speed and feed rate were the other two significant factors while machining aluminum alloy parts, although these factors did not significantly affect the finish for steel. Radial engagement of tool had no impact on the surface finish for aluminium alloy, while it had a significant impact for plain carbon steel. Further, the analysis of results shows that position P2 (middle of the milled surface) had the best surface finish while position P1 (at beginning of the cut) had relatively poorer finish.     

Turning of advanced Ni based alloys obtained via powder metallurgy route

Nickel based alloys (RR_X) manufactured via powder route are considered the next generation materials that can offer increased efficiency of gas turbine engines. Their chemistry and mechanical properties indicate even lower machinability than the current disc alloys. The paper reports on specifics when rough and finish turning these new Ni based alloys. Tool life, surface finish, workpiece surface integrity and residual stress distributions have been used as multi-objective quality criteria to assess the capability of shaping RR_X alloys. The optimised cutting parameters/route was then employed to produce surfaces in low cycle fatigue samples to demonstrate machining capability to Airworthiness Authorities.     

Influence of a pulsed laser regime on surface finish induced by the direct metal deposition process on a Ti64 alloy

The direct metal deposition (DMD) laser technique is a free-form metal deposition process, which allows generating a prototype or small series of near net-shape structures. Despite numerous advantages, one of the most critical issues of the technique is that produced pieces have a deleterious surface finish which requires post machining steps. Following recent investigations where the use of laser pulses instead of a continuous regime was successful to obtain smoother DMD structures, this paper relates investigations on the influence of a pulsed laser regime on the surface finish induced by DMD on a widely used titanium alloy (Ti64). Findings confirm that using high mean powers improves surface finish but also indicate a specific effect of the laser operating mode: using a quasi-continuous pulsed mode instead of fully-cw laser heating is an efficient way for surface finish improvement. For similar average powers, the use of a pulsed mode with large duty cycles is clearly shown to provide smoothening effects. The formation of larger and stable melt pools having less pronounced lateral curvatures, and the reduction of thermal gradients and Marangoni flow in the external side of the fusion zone were assumed to be the main reasons for surface finish improvement. Additional results indicate that combining the benefits from a pulsed regime and a uniform laser irradiation does not provide further reduction of surface roughness.     

Machining characteristics and fracture morphologies in a copper-beryllium (Cu-2Be) alloy

The technology of materials removal is improved greatly by the introduction of advanced cutting tools like cubic boron nitride, ceramics, polycrystalline diamond and the more recent whisker-reinforced materials. In this paper, the influence of cutting temperature on machinability, mechanical properties, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy using a polycrystalline diamond cutter is investigated. The information on machining, microstructure, and fracture morphology of Cu-2Be alloy are very useful to understand their fabrication characteristics and the basic mechanisms of its deformation and fracture. The machinability (in terms of surface finish) of Cu-2Be alloy is evaluated as a function of cutting temperature, resulting from wet and dry cutting. Machining is carried out on a Hardinge Cobra 42 CNC machine (Hardinge Inc., Elmira, NY), and the machining parameters used—cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate—are kept constant during both wet and dry cutting. The machined surface finish on Cu-2Be alloy is measured using a surface finish analyzer (Surftest 401, series 178) technique. The machined specimens are examined for their strength and hardness properties using a standard Universal Testing Machine and Rockwell hardness tester, respectively. Wet cutting (using coolants) produced a smooth surface finish when compared with dry cutting of the Cu-2Be alloy. The machined specimens are examined for their microstructural features using a Nikon optical microscope. The specimens are etched using a suitable etchant solution for revealing such microstructure constituents as grain size, phase proportions, and the possible overheated areas (especially in dry cutting). The fractured surfaces from the tensile and impact toughness tests are investigated for their fracture morphologies (dry and wet cutting) using a microprocessor-controlled scanning electron microscope (Jeol Model JSM 5910 LV). A detailed analysis is also made to understand and interpret the basic fracture mechanisms responsible for crack initiation and crack propagation. The Cu-2Be alloy showed relatively higher mechanical properties in wet cutting in comparison to dry cutting operations. Fracture studies demonstrated intergranular and ductile fractures as dominant modes of fracture mechanisms in Cu-2Be alloy.     

Evaluation of the wafer polishing pad capacity and lifetime in the machining of reliable elevations

The purpose of the wafer polishing process is to ensure wide planarization, uniformity, a precise surface finish and a non-defective surface. Its significance is increasing with the trend toward large-diameter wafers. The polishing pad used in these processes is an important factor that influences the wafer surface finish. Maintenance of the pad capacity plays a key role in the machining of reliable elevations. If the machining time increases, the pad capacity decreases, creating the need for a suitable shift time. A rough pad surface condition can contain microscopic holes that serve as an exhaust pathway for minute chip particles. Such particles become reaction materials on the pad surface.In this study, a dressing effect on the machining capacity, deformation degree and pad lifetime are investigated. A 300 mm silicon wafer was polished and the dressing defect and control condition were compared and analyzed with no change of the other machining conditions. The pad capacity and lifetime were evaluated in terms of the pad deformation degree, pad surface variation and silicon wafer surface finish under various pad deformation conditions. The AE (Acoustic Emission) signal of various pad surface conditions was detected using a AE sensor during the silicon wafer polishing process. The polishing process was monitored and analyzed using the AE raw signal, RMS (Root Mean Square) conversion data and FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) analyses. The AE signal is a spontaneous elastic wave signal caused by a change in the stress condition of each material. Using a loadcell with the wafer head fixture, variations in the applied pressure signal were detected and compared while varying the condition of the pad surface and final wafer surface finish.The silicon wafer polishing process has sensitive machining characteristics due to the interaction between various complex process factors. These can include the pad, slurry, applied pressure, rotation speed, dressing condition and the machining temperature. Among these important machining factors, the pad capacity and lifetime evaluation as they pertain to the dressing control were assessed. These characteristics were investigated through an analysis of the deformation of the pad, the wafer surface finish, the detected sensor signal and the signal process.     

Developments in the non-traditional machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composites

The non-traditional machining of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites is relatively new. However, researchers seem to pay more attention in this field recently as the traditional machining of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites is very complex. This research investigates different non-traditional machining, such as electro-discharge, laser beam, abrasive water jet, electro-chemical and electro-chemical discharge machining of this composite materials. The machining mechanism, material removal rate/machining speed and surface finish have been analysed for every machining process. This analysis clearly shows that vaporisation, melting, chemical dissolution and mechanical erosion are the main material removal mechanisms during non-traditional machining. The thermal degradation and the presence of reinforcement particles mainly damage the machined surface. The understanding of electro-discharge, laser beam and abrasive water jet machining is more developed than that of electro-chemical and electro-chemical discharge machining for particulate reinforced MMC.     

Real-time acoustic emission monitoring for surface damage in hard machining

Hard machining is a competitive finishing process with substantial benefits in manufacturing precision mechanical components. However, hard machining applications have been remaining slow due to the existence of surface damage such as white layer. The process-induced white layer may have detrimental effect on component life. However, the white layer on a machined component surface could be found only after machining. This post-process scenario imposes a great potential danger to subsequent product performance such as fatigue life. Therefore, real-time monitoring of white layer formation during hard machining has significant economical and durability importance. In this study, a real-time acoustic emission (AE) monitoring system was developed to investigate the sensitivity of a broad AE signal parameters including RMS, frequency, amplitude, and count rate to white layer and corresponding surface finish and tool wear. The experimental results show that AE RMS, frequency, and count rate have good correlation with white layer formation and, thus, may be used to monitor surface integrity factors. The findings provide fundamental information to develop practical on-line AE monitoring system for surface integrity in hard machining.