基于杜芬混沌振子的磁致伸缩导波信号识别

在无损检测中,磁致伸缩导波技术已得到普遍应用。由于导波在波导中传播时会发生频散,使得信号能量在空间中散播,增加了检测小缺陷的难度。根据导波信号检测的特点,从系统输入输出特性出发,提出了基于杜芬混沌振子的导波信号识别方法。在考虑电磁脉冲的影响下,把钢绞线实验导波信号输入杜芬混沌系统,发现可以通过系统由大尺度周期状态到混沌状态的改变来辨识出小缺陷信号,为提高导波检测精度提供了一种方法。     

扭转模态超声导波在弯管中的检测试验

超声导波在弯管中的传播较在直管中人传播更为复杂,而在实际工程现场,弯管弯头部位的检测尤为重要。利用磁致伸缩超声导波激励出扭转模态T(0,1),研究了超声导波在弯管中典型部位的缺陷检测问题及不同检测频率对弯管缺陷识别的影响。试验结果表明:检测频率低会导致超声导波反射信号在拱背外侧缺陷和弯头焊缝处发生频散而难以分离;检测频率高,得到的弯头拱背内侧缺陷与拱背外侧缺陷的信号幅值都很小。因此选择合适的检测频率,才能更好地对弯头缺陷进行有效识别。T(0,1)模态导波经过弯头时,能量会在拱背外侧产生聚焦,在拱背内侧出现发散,拱背外侧缺陷比拱背内侧缺陷更容易检出;信号经过弯头后,能量衰减严重,衰减后的能量约为原来的一半。     

基于检测信号的导波频散曲线获取方法

频散曲线是导波检测的重要依据,现有方法通过数值计算获得特定波导的频散曲线,然而目前有非常多的波导构件,由于结构的复杂性无法计算其频散曲线。研究了通过导波检测信号实现频散曲线获取的方法。基于检测信号的时频分析结果,利用信号的能量最大值实现频散曲线的手动和自动获取。利用上述方法对钢棒、钢管等规则构件的检测信号实现特定模态频散曲线的获取,结果与数值求解的理论频散曲线符合得很好,验证了该方法的正确性。利用该方法得到了预应力钢绞线这一非规则结构波导的特定模态频散曲线。     

冷冻水管道腐蚀缺陷超声导波检测

采用超声导波检测方法,对中央空调冷冻水管道腐蚀缺陷进行了检测。对导波反射回波信号进行标定,拆除保温层对疑似缺陷进行验证,计算缺陷处管道周向腐蚀减薄率,并分析了影响缺陷回波信号的因素。结果表明,超声导波检测能够实现腐蚀缺陷的快速检测与定位;波包在支管与大小头处发生模态转换与发散,使得其后的区域成为检测盲区;导波信号在管道外壁腐蚀层的吸收作用下迅速衰减,沿长度方向的反射回波强度迅速下降。     

钢丝绳断裂原因分析

钢丝绳在与滑轮接触的部位断裂,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜等对断裂钢丝绳进行了观察和分析。结果表明:钢丝绳断口及断口附近多处观察到挤压磨损痕迹,断口多为压扁状断口,并且在压扁状断口附近观察到多处硬化层;分析认为钢丝绳在使用过程中局部产生了严重的挤压磨损,导致部分钢丝绳发生变形及加工硬化而变脆,甚至部分钢丝股因外力挤压出现断丝,钢丝绳的整体承重能力下降,导致局部承载过大发生断裂。     

时频重排方法在管道导波信号处理中的应用

针对超声导波的多模态和频散特性会导致信号波包在结构中传播发生展宽的现象，研究了400kHz时的管道导波时域信号。指出了用时频分析方法可以直观地描述导波信号在传播过程中的能量分布，准确反映主要模态信息和各模态群速度变化趋势，建立与导波频散曲线间的对应关系，并且利用时频重排的方法可以进一步提高分析结果的可读性。     

在役石油平台用压力容器超声导波检测

超声换能器发射波在容器壁形成的超声导波可在涂层或其他覆盖物下沿容器壁传播,可以检测出容器腐蚀形成的缺陷及其内部缺陷,实现在役容器的快速检测。采用ISONIC2005超声检测系统,针对海洋石油钻井平台压力容器,利用模拟仿真和试验测试相结合方法,采用自行研制的超声导波换能器,制定相应的导波检测规范进行检测。检测结果表明,导波频率1.5 MHz,压电陶瓷晶片尺寸23 mm×28 mm,入射角为53°时,有效检测距探头1 000 mm处的6 mm×1.25 mm的平底孔信号,在实际在役石油平台容器检测中,探测距离长度不大于500 mm时,可以有效检测出带表面漆层和内部液体压力容器内外壁腐蚀类缺陷,超声导波检测结果与实际腐蚀减薄量相一致。     

储罐底板缺陷检测系统中侧面接触换能器的超声导波激励

通过动态光弹系统,观察并分析了侧壁激励时,超声导波在板中的传播行为。分析了侧壁纵波激励时产生Lamb波和串列纵波的转换条件和原因,超声导波在传播过程中发生的波前能量衰减,以及各波列之间的能量传递。通过光弹试验以及对比检测试验,证明了在大尺度板材检测方面,采用较高频率纵波探头侧壁激励进行检测是一种可行的方法。     

钢丝绳声发射信号传播特性分析

针对钢丝绳断丝缺陷的在役动态监测需要,提出采用COMSOL软件对钢丝绳的声发射检测信号传播特性进行研究。首先建立钢丝绳结构模型,然后模拟不同频率、不同位置的断丝声发射信号在结构中的传播过程,获得不同位置的信号位移场及能量变化,最后根据导波理论,采用模态特征曲线结合小波变换分析不同类型声发射源的特征频率与模态成分。结果表明:声发射信号传播过程中,对于不同频率和激发方向的声发射源,其主要模态成分和特征频率的差异较大,可根据不同位置的时频分析结果,结合理论频散曲线判别声发射源信号的主要模态特征,并确定结构中声发射源的不同振动方向与中心频率。该研究结果可为钢丝绳损伤声发射检测提供理论参考依据。     

TC4钛合金丝材焊件冲击失效分析

采用钨极氩弧焊接工艺获得TC4钛合金丝材防护架,随后对其进行冲击试验,发现多处焊接点发生断裂失效。为此,研究了TC4钛合金丝材焊接处的组织、显微硬度以及断口形貌。结果表明,在快速加热及冷却的热循环作用下,焊件焊合区域产生马氏体相,主要以α''相形式存在,另有少量的α″相;焊合区域的局部显微维氏硬度平均值达5.5 GPa,是母材区域硬度值的近1.5倍;相比于TC4钛合金丝材弯曲断裂的韧性断口形貌,焊件断口存在解理台阶,为脆性断裂,这主要归结于马氏体的存在使得焊接处塑性和韧性降低。     

X80管线钢气体保护焊用焊丝的研制

对所研制的焊丝进行了气体保护焊试验,测试了焊缝金属的化学成分、金相组织、冲击韧度、强度、硬度和接头的抗拉强度.金相组织主要为针状铁素体、少量的先共析铁素体和粒状贝氏体,用扫描电镜分析了冲击断口的形貌和夹杂物的组成,用透射电镜分析了焊缝金属的微观结构.结果表明,在焊丝中加入微量的Ti-B,可以有效地抑制先共析铁素体的形成,使焊缝获得细小、均匀的针状铁素体组织.焊缝中合金元素形成了弥散分布的细小夹杂物,成为了针状铁素体(AF)的形核质点.针状铁素体内有许多位错团,可以有效地阻止裂纹的扩展,提高冲击韧度.     

Study of wave propagation in a multiwire cable to determine structural damage

Multiwire cables are widely used in engineering structures, even though there is a growing concern about the presence of environmental degradation, random overloads, and corrosion affecting their structural integrity. In this work, propagation of guided waves in a multiwire aluminium conductor steel reinforced cable (ACSR) for structural damage detection is studied using time–frequency analysis based on short time Fourier transform (STFT). Identification of propagation vibrational modes and measurements of mode energy amplitude are used to correlate the spectral energy change to the extension of an artificial damage introduced to the cable sample by a notch transversal to the pulse propagation. The results showed that mechanical contact among the wires generates mode conversion of longitudinal to flexural modes.     

系列示波冲击断口三维形貌几何特征和断裂性能

应用示波冲击试验技术测量了Ｐ４６０ＮＬ１钢不同温度系列下的动态断裂性能。利用扫描电镜立体对技术,图像处理与分析和计算视觉方法对示波冲击断口形貌进行了三维重建和定量分析。     

塔式起重机钢丝绳断裂分析

通过宏观检查并结合体式显微镜SM、直读光谱仪OES、金相显微镜OM、扫描电子显微镜SEM等检测分析仪器,对一条断裂的塔式起重机钢丝绳进行失效分析。结果表明:钢丝绳上存在大量陈旧断口,同时在钢丝绳上发现了不同程度的挤压磨损。这些损伤的存在造成整条钢丝绳的承载力严重下降,在使用过程中,剩余钢丝不足以承受所加载荷,最终发生断裂。建议在以后的起吊作业过程中,定期对钢丝绳进行检查,及时更换不满足使用要求的钢丝绳;钢丝绳使用过程中采取合理的润滑方法进行维护;钢丝绳在保存或者转运过程中,应避免损伤。     

Effect of fluoride added artificial saliva solution on orthodontic wires

In this study, effect of fluoride added artificial saliva solution on NiTi and β-Ti alloys used for orthodontic wires was investigated. The orthodontic wires were immersed into fluoride added artificial saliva solution of pH 4.8 at 37°C. The characterization of metal surfaces after ten days of immersion was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It is concluded that fluoride has an important effect on corrosion behavior of experimental wires that can be described as a type of wear. EDS analysis denotes the existence of a thin oxide film layer in addition to the Ti based oxide one on the surface of the metals.     

Propagation of stress-corrosion cracks in austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

Sensitive (<50 Å) extension measurements on direct-loaded wires of a susceptible austenitic Cr–Ni steel have revealed no discontinuities during crack propagation although the fracture surfaces are generally striated on a scale of ～0· 2 μ. These results are taken as support for the continuous mechano-chemical theory of propagation and a detailed crack model is proposed.     

Sub critical crack growth in hydrogen assisted cracking of cold drawn eutectoid steel

The fracture behaviour of eutectoid cold drawn steel wires under constant load in hydrogen charged condition was evaluated. Hydrogen charging was obtained by dipping steel wires in ammonium thiocyanate solution. Sub-critical crack growth was monitored by means of Acoustic emission (AE) technique. Fractographic analysis revealed a mixed mode crack propagation (mode I and mode II) characterized by a multi-terrace appearance of the surface fracture. A modification of the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of the steel was also evidenced by micro hardness measurements. A simplified stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion model was used to interpret experimental observations and to estimate a theoretical crack propagation rate. Such a value was in accordance with that obtained from the analysis of AE data.     

Influence of Impurities in Cathodic Copper on the Ductility of Copper Wires

The main characteristic of cathodic copper is its concentration of impurities because this determines the mechanical properties, i.e., ductility, of the derived copper wires. However, the results of standard mechanical tests to evaluate ductility show that there is no clear correlation between the content of impurities in the cathodes and the ductility of the copper wires. In this study, from traction tests on copper wires and observation of their fracture surfaces by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, it has been concluded that the principal impurity affecting the ductility of the copper wires is oxygen, which is mainly incorporated during the melting of the cathodes and casting of the rods. In addition, to discriminate the effect of oxygen concentration in copper ductility, the used probes or wires must have the same previous deformation and must not have been annealed. When copper wires are annealed, cuprous oxide particles are also more dispersed in the matrix, and not only segregated and concentrated as occurs in the non-annealed condition, thus diminishing the mechanical fragility effect of the oxide.     

Assessment of metal strand wire pre-stress in anchor head by ultrasonics

Pre-stressed strand wires embedded in a structure is a common way to reinforce the weak tensile nature of concrete or soil materials. Due to corrosion, the strands may lose the pre-tension with disastrous consequences. The accessibility to the strands is usually limited to the anchor head from where the assessment should be done. In this paper, through the thickness elastic wave simulations are conducted on the anchor head. The wave amplitude, transit time and other characteristics are influenced by the stress of the strand wires which affects the contact between wires, wedges and the surrounding matrix of the anchor head. The change of contact pressure between the strands and anchor head is simulated by modifying the rigidity of a model interphase material. The results are compared with experimental measurements on the same geometry of anchor head and different pre-stress levels. Therefore, a practical nondestructive inspection method to assess the pre-stress level of the strands is discussed.     

Evaluating the berkovitz method to predict fatigue loads in mechanical failure investigations

This article evaluates a proposed analytical-experimental methodology by which the fatigue load levels leading to failure of structural components is inferred. The so-called Berkovitz method is recognized to depend fundamentally on a 1:1 relationship of micro- and macroscopic crack propagation rates. Compact tensile specimens of a high-strength aluminum alloy were fatigue tested at room temperature according to ASTM-E647, in plane-stress and plane-strain conditions, respectively. Unloading elastic compliance and low-magnification visual techniques monitored crack propagation rates. Topographical survey of fractured surfaces was carried out in a scanning electron microscope to measure striation spacing at constant-ΔK locations. By inputting these values in the Berkovitz model, the load spectrum applied during the fatigue testing could be derived. Research results have shown that, if correctly and carefully used, the assessed procedure provides accurate estimation of fatigue loads, so constituting a powerful tool during failure analysis of mechanical components operating in constant amplitude loading conditions.