A novel speech content authentication algorithm based on Bessel–Fourier moments

For audio watermark schemes, the method robust against desynchronization attacks based on synchronization codes faces security challenges. In this paper, a content-based method robust against insertion and deletion attacks is given, which is aimed to solve the insecurity problem of synchronization codes embedding, and a speech content authentication algorithm based on Bessel–Fourier moments is proposed. The definition and fast computation of Bessel–Fourier moments of discrete signal are given, and the attack on synchronization codes embedding method is described. For the scheme proposed, the non-synchronized signals caused by desynchronization attack can be re-synchronized by finding the frame that the watermark generated and extracted are equal. Comparing with the synchronization codes embedding method, the scheme not only is robust against insertion and deletion attacks, but also improves the security of watermark system. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation results show that the scheme is effective.     

一种抗几何攻击的视频水印算法

提出了一种基于视频序列时空不变信息的视频水印算法。在嵌入水印时生成同步帧,并确定同步帧时空不变特征点位置,检测时根据同步帧时空不变特征点的位置,实现对视频序列几何失真的矫正,对水印信息进行检测和提取。实验表明,该算法能有效地抵抗帧插入和帧丢失等时间轴同步攻击和高强度几何攻击。     

基于HVS的抗几何攻击视频水印方案

提出一种基于人类视觉系统(HVS)的抗几何攻击视频水印方案。对原始视频对象进行规范化处理,记录同步信息。在水印嵌入时,根据人类视觉特性,从视频对象中选取高细节区域嵌入水印。在水印检测和提取前,对受攻击的含水印视频对象进行规范化处理,调整一些抖动点的位置,以进一步提高水印检测的性能。实验结果表明,该方案能较好地抵抗高强度几何攻击,协调不可见性、鲁棒性和安全性。     

一种改进的伪3D-DCT域的视频零水印算法

为进一步提高视频水印算法的鲁棒性,提出了一种改进的伪三维离散余弦变换(3D-DCT)的视频零水印算法。该算法首先采用帧间欧氏距离法选取关键帧,然后,利用三帧差分法得到关键帧的运动目标,并对关键帧的运动目标图像进行分块,同时对运动目标的几何形心坐标所在块进行伪3D-DCT变换。将变换后的AC系数用于构造视频的特征值序列,并将混沌映射加密的水印嵌入特征值序列中构造零水印。最后将零水印在数据库中进行注册。实验表明,该算法对噪声、滤波攻击,帧剪切、旋转、缩放等攻击具有很强的不可见性和鲁棒性。     

抗几何攻击的量化鲁棒视频水印技术研究

能有效抵抗信号处理又能抵抗几何攻击是当今数字水印研究的热点和难点之一,提出一种能够抵抗信号处理、旋转、缩放和平移的鲁棒视频水印.嵌入方案中,提出几何不变量--基于圆区域内的统计特征不变性;再依据离散余弦变换域(DCT)系数特性,自适应地在DCT域量化嵌入有意义的水印.提取方案中,利用同步信息定位,若发生几何形变则先矫正形变,然后在DCT域中盲提取水印.结果表明,该方案具有较好的透明性,同时具有较强的抗几何形变能力,对MPEG压缩和去帧等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性.     

鲁棒视频水印研究进展

数字视频在当前通信世界中被认为是一种重要而有效的媒体,广泛应用于新闻、短视频和有线网络广播视频节目中。随着计算机与互联网技术的发展,数字视频内容容易被侵权使用者肆意复制和传播,如何保护视频版权日益成为人们关注的问题。鲁棒视频水印是实现视频版权保护的一种有效手段。作为数字视频水印的分支,鲁棒视频水印是一种通过特定算法在需要被保护的视频对象中嵌入秘密信息——水印来证明版权归属的技术。本文对当前的视频水印技术进行了概述,对视频水印的概念、应用场景、分类方式、设计要求、发展历程和相关经典方法进行了介绍和梳理。本文归纳总结了2016—2021年鲁棒视频水印相关研究工作,包括基于内容的、基于码流的、基于深度学习和其他类型视频水印,并对其中部分工作进行了相应的性能比较和分析。其中,基于内容的视频水印方法将视频看做帧序列,由于在每一帧上应用水印算法,不考虑视频的编解码过程,这类方法实现简单,计算效率高;基于码流的视频水印方法将水印嵌入到编码比特流中,该方案更快速,故可支持实时视频水印应用;基于深度学习的方法取代了依靠手工设计的特征来提高水印的性能。最后分析了鲁棒视频水印的未来发展趋势。     

一种抗几何变换攻击的MPEG-4视频对象水印方案

基于对象的视频水印在几何变换的攻击下将丧失同步信息．采用图像规范化的方法，比较水印嵌入和检测时的规范化信息来达到同步检测，并进一步校正了由于插值误差产生的波动点．同时为了抵抗MPEG-4压缩，通过分析水印嵌入量、鲁棒性和视频质量三者的关系，使用编码阶段量化后的四个SA—DCT系数来嵌入一个水印分量．算法可方便地并入到MPEG-4基于对象的编码框架中．实验结果表明本方案具有失真小、鲁棒、简单易行及可操作性强等优点．     

一种基于DCT域特征块的抗几何攻击的视频水印

针对现有大部分抗几何攻击的水印技术不具有实时嵌入的特性,提出了一种新颖的基于DCT域特征块的抗几何攻击的视频水印方案。该算法在DCT域中通过选取一定的特征块作为水印嵌入点,再利用由特征块计算得到的同步块来在水印检测前进行几何校准,即在检测端首先定位特征块,再由此计算得到同步块,并对同步块采用邻域搜索方法精确估计视频帧的几何失真。视频帧校准后,系统再次通过提取特征块来进行水印检测。实验表明,该水印方案能够有效地抵抗旋转、平移、缩放等基本几何攻击,并具有较好的实时性和安全性。     

人眼视觉特性与SIFT相结合的视频双水印算法

针对视频水印容易遭受几何攻击以及水印的鲁棒性与透明性的平衡问题,提出一种基于人眼视觉特性与尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）相结合的抗几何攻击视频双水印算法。首先获取视频序列中人眼视觉掩蔽阈值作为水印的最大嵌入强度。其次,将视频帧进行离散小波变换（DWT）,对中高频子带系数提出基于视频运动信息的自适应水印算法;针对低频子带,提出基于小波低频系数统计特性的抗几何攻击视频水印算法。最后,以SIFT作为触发器判断视频帧是否遭受几何攻击,对遭受几何攻击的视频帧利用SIFT的尺度与方向不变性进行校正,并对校正后的视频帧提取水印信号;针对非几何攻击的视频帧,直接利用中高频提取算法。所提算法与实时性视频水印算法——基于小波域直方图的视频水印（VW-HDWT）算法比较,峰值性噪比值（PSNR）提高了7.5%;与基于特征区域的水印算法相比,水印嵌入容量提高约10倍。实验结果表明,在保证水印透明度较好的情况下,所提算法对常规几何攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

一种抗同步攻击的视频水印新方案

文章提出一种新颖的基于纠错和同步编码的视频水印方案,在嵌入水印时先将水印信息进行纠错编码后,和同步码作数据封装,然后嵌入到视频数据中。在检测水印时,先检测同步码,然后对得到的信息码进行纠错译码,还原出水印信息。此外,为了抵抗几何攻击,算法利用Zernike矩来确定水印嵌入的位置。实验表明,该水印方案具有低复杂性,能够有效抵抗帧丢失、帧插入等时间域的同步攻击与几何攻击。     

A geometrically robust multi-bit video watermarking algorithm based on 2-D DFT

The development of the Internet, together with the progress of multimedia processing techniques, has led to the problems of data piracy, data tampering and illegal dissemination. Digital watermarking is an effective approach to data authentication and copyright protection. This paper proposes a geometrically robust multi-bit video watermarking algorithm based on 2-D DFT (two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform). While most of the existing video watermarking schemes require synchronization to extract the watermark from rotated or scaled videos, which is time-consuming and affects the accuracy, the proposed method can do direct extraction without performing synchronization for videos attacked by rotation, scaling or cropping. For embedding the watermark, circular templates in DFT domain are transformed into spatial masks and added to the video frames in spatial domain. A perceptual model based on local contrast is applied to keep the fidelity of the watermarked video. We also propose an accurate and efficient extraction method which is based on the cross-correlation between the Wiener-filtered DFT magnitude and the stretched template sequence in polar coordinates. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust against various kinds of attacks, such as compression, filtering, rotation, scaling, cropping, frame averaging and frame rate changing.

     

基于SURF视频分割的视频水印算法

提出一种基于SURF快速鲁棒特征点的视频分割方法,结合独立分量分析,并通过奇异值分解变换进行视频水印的嵌入,使水印在具有较好的抗时间不同步攻击和抗共谋攻击的前提下,提高对抗几何攻击的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,该算法对几何攻击、丢帧和持续时间不变减少帧数等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Audio watermarking scheme robust against desynchronization attacks based on kernel clustering

In this paper, we propose an adaptive audio watermarking scheme based on kernel fuzzy c-means (KFCM) clustering algorithm, which possesses robust ability against common signal processing and desynchronization attacks. The original audio signal is partitioned into audio frames and then each audio frame is further divided as two sub-frames. In order to resist desynchronization attacks, we embed a synchronization code into first sub-frame of each audio frame by using a mean quantization technique in temporal domain. Moreover, watermark signal is hid into DWT coefficients of second sub-frame of each audio frame by using an energy quantization technique. A local audio feature data set extracted from all audio frames is used to train a KFCM. The well-trained KFCM is used to adaptively control quantization steps in above two quantization techniques. The experimental results show the proposed scheme is robust to common signal processing (such as MP3 lossy compression, noise addition, filtering, re-sampling, re-quantizing) and desynchronization attacks (random cropping, pitch shifting, amplitude variation, time-scale modification, jittering).     

基于三维整数小波变换的视频水印算法

随着计算机和网络技术的快速发展,数字水印技术正成为一种保护数字作品知识产权的有效方法.针对数字视频的版权保护,提出一种基于三维整数小波变换的视频水印算法.利用视频场景分割将视频信号切分成不同场景,然后随机选择一场景中视频序列进行三维整数小波变换.采用对小波系数进行均值量化的方法嵌入水印信息,水印提取过程中不需要原始视频信号.该算法实现简单,可满足实时性要求.实验结果表明,该水印方案对于帧丢失、帧插入等时间域去同步攻击以及MEPG有损压缩等具有很好的鲁棒性.     

Contourlet-based image and video watermarking robust to geometric attacks and compressions

In this paper, we first propose a new blind image watermarking scheme robust to geometric attacks and compressions. The scheme is based on contourlet transform (CT) and principal component analysis (PCA). The scheme uses the principal components of the largest contourlet coefficients of the last directional subband of the cover image to embed the watermark. Meanwhile, with the noise visibility function (NVF), the watermarking strength is adjusted adaptively to preserve the perceptual quality of the image. The watermark can be detected with high accuracy after various possible distortions. The normalized correlation (NC) between the original watermark and the watermark extracted from the distorted watermarked image is used as the robustness evaluation criterion. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has good performance in terms of both quality and robustness against a variety of image-processing attacks, such as rotation, scaling and image compressions. Then we extend the scheme to blind video watermarking. The performance of the video watermarking scheme is evaluated against video attacks like rotation, frame averaging, noise additions and video compressions. The introduction of the CT produces robustness against image and video compressions, and the PCA yields resistance to geometric attacks.

     

A robust watermarking scheme against frame blending and projection attacks

Camcorder based video copy attack has become a serious threat to the electronic movie distribution services. Although watermarking is used to authenticate against such camcorder based copy attack, in the camcorder recorded videos, the embedded watermark suffers from several geometric distortions and temporal de-synchronizations. This paper proposes a watermarking scheme which is robust against the distortion due to cam-cordering process. Firstly, a comprehensive literature survey has been done on the watermarking schemes resilient to the cam-cording attack. Based on the existing limitations of the state-of-art literature, a watermarking scheme is devised to embed a watermark which is robust against to frame blending and projection attacks which are the major distortions caused during cam-cording. A comprehensive set of experiments has been carried out to show the applicability of the proposed scheme over the existing literature.     

基于重心的抗同步攻击的音频水印算法

抗同步攻击是音频水印领域公开的难题. 相对重心是音频的一个稳定的全局特征量, 对 TSM (Time scale modification)等同步攻击不敏感. 本文提出一种基于相对重心的抗同步攻击的音频水印算法,提出的算法通过量化音频的相对重心生成水印, 生成的水印由混沌序列加密后以量化的方法嵌入载体音频三级小波近似分量均值中. 为了降低同步攻击后同步位置的连续偏移, 水印嵌入提取过程采用了均匀分帧的方法. 实验结果表明提出的算法能抵抗常规信号处理操作, 同时 能抵抗20%的TSM操作(包含音调不变TSM和重采样操作)和 1/10的抖动操作, 有很好的鲁棒性.     

A new robust video watermarking algorithm based on SURF features and block classification

In this paper, we propose a robust block classification based semi-blind video watermarking algorithm using visual cryptography and SURF (Speed-Up Robust Features) features to enhance the robustness, stability, imperceptibility and real-time performance. A method of selecting the best frames in each shot and the best regions or blocks within best frames is proposed to avoid employing frame–by-frame method for generating owner’s share in order to enhance robustness as well as reducing time complexity. In our method, Owner’s share is generated using the classification of selected robust blocks within the chosen frames along with corresponding watermark information. In extraction process, the SURF features are employed to match the feature points of selected frames with all frames to detect selected frames. Moreover, we resynchronize the embedded regions from distorted video to original sequence using SURF feature points matching. Afterwards, based on these matched feature points, rotation and scaling parameters are estimated next, selected blocks are retrieved using side information being stored eventually, watermark information is reconstructed successfully. Selecting Best frames, best regions, and employing surf features make our method to be highly robust against various kinds of attacks including image processing attacks, geometrical attacks and temporal attacks. Experimental results confirm the superiority of our scheme in case of being applicable in the real world, enhancing robustness and exploiting idea imperceptibility, over previous related methods.     

Digital Video Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase

Most video watermarking algorithms embed the watermark in I-frames, but refrain from embedding in P- and B-frames, which are highly compressed by motion compensation. However, P-frames appear more frequently in the compressed video and their watermarking capacity should be exploited, despite the fact that embedding the watermark in P-frames can increase the video bit rate significantly. This paper gives a detailed overview of a common approach for embedding the watermark in I-frames. This common approach is adopted to use P-frames for video watermarking. We show that by limiting the watermark to nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames, the video bit-rate increase can be held to reasonable values. Since the nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames correspond to nonflat areas that are in motion, temporal and texture masking are exploited at the same time. We also propose embedding the watermark in nonzero quantized ac residuals with spatial masking capacity in I-frames. Since the locations of the nonzero-quantized ac residuals is lost after decoding, we develop a watermark detection algorithm that does not depend on this knowledge. Our video watermark detection algorithm has controllable performance. We demonstrate the robustness of our proposed algorithm to several different attacks.      

A robust rotation resilient video watermarking scheme based on the SIFT

This paper proposes a blind and robust video watermarking algorithm for copyright protection of the video in the wavelet transform. The watermark bit is embedded by modifying two random high frequency coefficients in the first level discrete wavelet transform of the frames of the video. The watermark is encrypted before embedding by using the cat map for better security. During the watermark extraction phase, it is verified whether the video is attacked by rotation attack. Frame restoration against rotation attack is done based on matching at least two feature points each generated by the scale invariant feature transform in the original video frame and the watermarked one. The angle between the two lines formed by joining these feature points is used to restore the video frames to the original position. Experimental results show the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed method against variety of attacks. It is especially robust against rotation attack in comparison with other popular watermarking methods. Normalized Correlation, Structural Similarity Index and Peak Signal-to-Noise-Ratio are nearly 100%, 1, above 48 dB respectively against the various attacks.