基于小波与复倒谱变换的音频数字水印算法

为提高水印安全性,提出一种基于小波分解和复倒谱变换的音频数字水印算法。通过对原始语音信号进行三级小波分解,提取小波近似分量,对小波近似分量进行复倒谱变换。实验结果证明,该算法具有较强不可感知性和鲁棒性,能经受添加噪声、低通滤波、重采样、有损压缩等常见信号攻击。     

一种基于 DWT 的音频水印算法

基于人耳听觉特性和小波变换的时频特性,提出了一种水印嵌入与检测算法。通过提取音频信号幅度的最大值进行小波变换,再在小波变换的重要系数中嵌入水印。仿真实验证明:该算法隐藏水印具有较好的不可感知性和较强的稳健性。     

High payload multi-channel dual audio watermarking algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

Digital watermarking technology is concerned with solving the problem of copyright protection, data authentication, content identification, distribution, and duplication of the digital media due to the great developments in computers and Internet technology. Recently, protection of digital audio signals has attracted the attention of researchers. This paper proposes a new audio watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and quantization index modulation (QIM) with a synchronization code embedded with two encrypted watermark images or logos inserted into a stereo audio signal. In this algorithm, the original audio signal is split into blocks, and each block is decomposed with a two-level DWT, and then the approximate low-frequency sub-band coefficients are decomposed by SVD transform to obtain a diagonal matrix. The prepared watermarking and synchronization code bit stream is embedded into the diagonal matrix using QIM. After that, we perform inverse singular value decomposition (ISVD) and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) to obtain the watermarked audio signal. The watermark can be blindly extracted without knowledge of the original audio signal. Experimental results show that the transparency and imperceptibility of the proposed algorithm is satisfied, and that robustness is strong against popular audio signal processing attacks. High watermarking payload is achieved through the proposed scheme.     

稳健局部特征非下采样小波域数字水印

目的 基于数字水印技术的音乐作品版权保护是学术界的研究热点之一,多数数字音频水印方案仅仅能够对抗简单的常规信号处理,无法有效抵抗破坏性较强的一般性去同步攻击。为此,提出了一种基于稳健局部特征的非下采样小波域数字水印算法。方法 利用非下采样小波域平滑梯度检测算子从载体音频中提取稳定的音频特征点,结合数字音频样本响应确定局部特征音频段,采用量化调制策略将数字水印信号重复嵌入局部特征音频段中。结果 选取4段典型的采样频率为44.1 kHz、量化精度为16 bit、长度为15 s的单声道数字音频信号作为原始载体进行测试,并与经典算法在不可感知性和鲁棒性两方面进行对比。结果表明,本文算法在含水印音频与原始载体音频间的信噪比平均提升了5.7 dB,同时常规攻击和去同步攻击下的平均检测率分别保持在0.925和0.913,高于大多数传统算法,表明了本文算法具有较好的不可感知性。在常规信号处理（MP3压缩、重新量化、重新采样等）和去同步攻击（幅度缩放、随机剪切、音调伸缩、DA/AD转换、抖动等）方面均具有较好的鲁棒性。结论 本文利用描述能力强且性能稳定的平滑梯度刻画局部数字音频性质,提出一种基于平滑梯度的非下采样小波域音频特征点提取方法,有效解决了音频特征点稳定性差且分布极不均匀的缺点,提高了数字音频水印对音调伸缩、随机剪切、抖动等攻击的抵抗能力。     

奇偶量化的抗同步攻击音频水印方案

提出一种基于奇偶量化的音频水印算法,算法具有如下特点：（1）在音频信号的时间域上检索满足条件的同步信号区,同步信号区是一段具有一定长度且能量较大的音频信号;这种时间域上的同步检索具有较高的效率;（2）水印图像划分成若干块,把每一个水印分块及其分块编号嵌入在一个同步信号区的小波变换低频系数上,水印图像划分成分块循环嵌入到检索到的同步信号区,当含水印的音频信号被裁剪后,可以确保在其他音频段提取出正确的水印分块;（3）水印检测不需要参考原始音频信号,是一种盲检测水印算法。仿真实验证明了算法对常见的音频信号处理具有较好的鲁棒性和不可感知性,对同步攻击、抖动攻击具有很好的鲁棒性。     

A blind watermark algorithm in SWT domain using bivariate generalized Gaussian distributions

Imperceptibility, robustness, and payload are three main requirements of any audio watermarking systems to guarantee desired functionalities, but there is a tradeoff among them from the information-theoretic perspective. Generally, in order to enhance the imperceptibility, robustness, and payload simultaneously, the human auditory system and the statistical properties of the audio signal should be fully taken into account. The statistical model based transform domain multiplicative watermarking scheme embodies the above ideas, and therefore the detection and extraction of the multiplicative watermarks have received a great deal of attention. Although much effort has been made in recent years, improving the ability of imperceptibility, watermark capacity, and robustness at the same time remains a challenge within the audio watermarking community. In this paper, we propose a blind audio watermark decoder in stationary wavelet transform domain based on bivariate generalized Gaussian distributions, wherein both the local statistical properties and inter-scale dependencies of the stationary wavelet transform coefficients of digital audio are taken into account, and also the adaptive nonlinear watermark embedding strength functions are designed. The results of our tests with different host audios, digital watermarks, and various attacks, we experimentally confirm that the proposed approach performs well compared to the state-of-the-art audio watermarking methods.

     

基于经验模式分解的音频水印算法

针对传统基于经验模式分解(EMD)的音频水印算法鲁棒性不强的问题,提出一种基于固有模态函数(IMF)极值的盲音频水印算法.首先对音频信号进行分帧,每个音频帧经过EMD后得到IMF; 接着利用均匀量化的方法将水印信息和同步码嵌入到最后一个IMF的极值中.所提算法的数据嵌入率是46.9~50.3 b/s,且携水印音频保持了原始音频的感知质量.对携水印音频进行加噪、MP3压缩、重新采样、滤波、剪切和重采样攻击后,提取出的水印信息变化不大,算法鲁棒性较好.与时间域和小波域算法相比,提出的算法在保证高数据嵌入率的同时,可以抵抗32 kb/s的MP3压缩攻击.     

鲁棒的混合域音频信息隐藏算法

提出了一种基于离散小波变换(DWT)和离散余弦变换(DCT)的音频信息隐藏算法。对载体音频整体进行小波分解,将其划分成若干频带,然后根据人耳听觉的频率掩蔽效应,选择对人耳听觉不敏感的频带所对应的小波系数,将小波系数分段进行离散余弦变换,将水印嵌入到DCT直流系数上。实验表明,嵌入水印后的音频文件不仅具有良好的不可感知性,而且对诸如噪声、低通滤波、重采样、回声和Mp3压缩等的攻击具有很强的鲁棒性,并能抵抗一定程度的样点裁剪攻击,算法的鲁棒性和不可感知性达到了很好的平衡。     

An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization

Quantization index modulation is one of the best methods for performing blind watermarking, due to its simplicity and good rate-distortion-robustness trade-offs. In this paper, a new audio watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization is presented. The watermark is embedded using dither-modulation quantization of the singular values of the blocks of the host audio signal. The watermark can be blindly extracted without the knowledge of the original audio signal. Subjective and objective tests confirm high imperceptibility achieved by the proposed scheme. Moreover, the scheme is quite robust against attacks including additive white Gaussian noise, MP3 compression, resampling, low-pass filtering, requantization, cropping, echo addition and denoising. The watermark data payload of the algorithm is 196 bps. Performance analysis of the proposed scheme shows low error probability rates.     

一种基于傅利叶域的音频水印嵌入算法

提出了一种基于傅立叶域的音频水印嵌入算法。该算法充分利用人耳听觉系统特性,把水印信号嵌入到音频信号快速傅立叶变换后的相位系数上。实验证明,该算法易于实现,具有较好的不可觉察性及鲁棒性,是一种实用的音频水印算法。     

Variable-dimensional vector modulation for perceptual-based DWT blind audio watermarking with adjustable payload capacity

A variable-dimensional vector modulation (VDVM) scheme is introduced to maximize the efficiency of the norm-space DWT-based blind audio watermarking technique. This flexible scheme allows the watermarking algorithm to reach a balance between robustness and capacity, while the imperceptivity is always ensured. The imperfection of applying quantization index modulation in the open-loop case has been rectified. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is proven using the perceptual evaluation of audio quality (PEAQ) and bit error rates of recovered watermarks under various signal processing attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed VDVM scheme is comparable to other recently developed methods in robustness and imperceptivity even at a capacity as high as 301.46 bps. Such a capacity can be further doubled by halving the dimension of the involved DWT vector, while the robustness is still maintained at a satisfactory level.     

基于DWT的盲音频水印算法研究

提出了一种基于离散小波变换的盲音频数字水印算法,该算法采取分段重复嵌入方式在能量最强的小波系数内隐藏水印信号。仿真实验结果表明,该算法具有较强的鲁棒性和不可感知性,能有效抵御各种常见攻击,并且在水印检测时不需要原始的音频信号。     

基于小波和倒谱域的数字音频水印算法

给出一种基于小波和倒谱域的强鲁棒数字音频水印算法。该算法利用人耳听觉模型和频率掩蔽效应,选择出音频小波变换后对人耳听觉不敏感的低频系数,对其进行分帧并作倒谱变换。再利用倒谱域能量集中在零点附近的特性,将一段伪随机序列嵌入在每帧相对稳定的倒谱系数中,从而实现水印的嵌入。采用相关检测的方法,根据相关值的极性来提取水印信息。实验表明,嵌入水印后的音频信号不仅具有良好的不可感知性,而且对诸如加噪、低通滤波、重采样、重量化、回声、MP3压缩和去同步等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于小波域的均值量化数字音频水印算法

提出了一种均值量化的小波域数字音频水印算法。均值量化可以减少攻击对水印的影响,算法选择合适的小波基对音频信号进行小波分解,对其中的中、低频系数进行均值量化,嵌入水印,水印提取过程不需要原始音频信号。实验结果表明,与一般水印量化算法相比,该算法对MP3、重量化、重采样、低通滤波和噪声干扰等信息处理型攻击具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Norm ratio-based audio watermarking scheme in DWT domain

In order to reach a balance between robustness, imperceptibility, and data payload, a novel blind audio watermarking scheme is proposed using the norm ratio of approximate coefficients in discrete wavelet domain (DWT). A chaotic sequence generated by Tent map is used to encrypt the watermark image and enhance the security of watermarking system. Firstly the original audio signal is segmented into non-overlapping frames and DWT is applied to each frame. Then, the approximate components are divided into two parts, and the norm ratio is calculated and modulated to embed the watermarks. Finally, the approximate components are scaled by optimizing the quality of the watermarked audio. Experimental results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme is robust against different common attacks, such as noise addition, resampling, re-quantization, MP3 compression and amplitude scaling. The comparison analysis shows that the proposed scheme has high data payload and provides superior performance compared to the state-of-the-art watermarking schemes.     

基于小波变换和倒谱变换的音频水印技术

提出了一种基于小波变换和倒谱变换的数字音频水印算法。该算法将音频信号进行小波分解,选取低频系数。对低频系数进行倒谱变换,并根据统计均值思想,把水印嵌入到倒谱域中,实现了在音频信号中嵌入二值图像。实验结果表明该算法具有比较好的鲁棒性,能抵抗常见信号的攻击,如低通滤波、重采样、重量化、有损压缩、音量变化、添加白噪声等。     

局部特征点的3维模型变换域水印算法

目的 为进一步提高变换域水印的鲁棒性,解决多分辨率小波变换对三角形网格形状的限制,提出一种基于局部特征点的变换域水印算法。方法 首先根据经度角和纬度角对模型分区,并求出局部特征点;其次由局部特征点的模长与非局部特征点模长的均值构成的比值组成2维矩阵,对2维矩阵进行离散小波变换,并修改小波系数中的各分辨率层的中高频系数来嵌入水印;最后通过逆向离散小波变换得到空域信号,修改3维模型局部特征点的模长以得到含水印的3维网格模型。结果 本文方法能够不受平移、旋转、均匀缩放和顶点重排序的影响,并能有效抵抗噪声、简化、剪切、细分、量化和联合攻击等一系列的常见攻击。结论 实验结果表明,该算法具有很好的鲁棒性和不可见性,对模型的网格形状无严格要求。     

基于DWT和DCT的自适应双重音频水印

针对数字音频版权保护和内容认证的问题, 提出了一种用于版权保护和内容认证的自适应双重音频水印算法。算法对每段原始音频信号进行离散小波变换和离散余弦变换, 分别提取混合变换域的低频系数和中低频系数作为水印的构造和嵌入域, 利用音频载体的统计特性自适应地构造零水印和嵌入半脆弱水印, 实现音频版权保护和内容认证。实验结果表明, 该算法的不可感知性很好, 在抵抗多种攻击时具有良好的鲁棒性, 并且能够对恶意窜改进行定位。     

基于局部特征点的三维模型变换域水印算法HHME2013-ID83

为进一步提高变换域水印的鲁棒性,解决多分辨率小波变换对三角形网格形状的限制,本文提出一种基于局部特征点的变换域算法。首先根据经度角和纬度角对模型分区,并求出局部特征点;其次由局部特征点的模长与非局部特征点模长的均值构成的比例组成二维矩阵,对二维矩阵进行离散小波变换,并修改小波系数中的各分辨率层的中高频系数以嵌入水印;最后通过逆向离散小波变换得到空域信号,修改三维模型局部特征点的模长以得到含水印的三维网格模型。实验结果表明,该算法具有很好的鲁棒性和不可见性,对模型的网格形状无严格要求,能够不受平移、旋转、均匀缩放和顶点重排序的影响,并能有效抵抗噪声、简化、剪切、细分、量化和联合攻击等一系列的常见攻击。