Perceptual audio hashing algorithm based on Zernike moment and maximum-likelihood watermark detection

A new perceptual audio hashing algorithm based on maximum-likelihood watermarking detection is proposed in this paper. The idea is justified by the fact that the maximum-likelihood watermark detector responds similarly to perceptually close audio using a non-embedded watermark (i.e. virtual watermark). The feature vector, which is composed of the total amplitude of low-order Zernike moments of each audio frame, is modeled by the Gaussian or Rayleigh distribution. Then, the maximum-likelihood watermark detection is performed on the feature vector with the virtual watermarks generated by pseudo-random number generator to construct the hash vector. Extensive experiments over three large audio databases of different type (speech, instrumental music, and sung voice) demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme in terms of discrimination, perceptual robustness and identification rate. It is also verified that the proposed scheme outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in perceptual robustness and can be applied in content-based search, successfully.     

一种基于DWT的自适应大容量音频水印算法

提出了一个自适应的音频水印嵌入算法。对音频载体和水印图像分别进行了离散小波变换和离散余弦变换,根据人类听觉系统的时域掩蔽效应选择嵌入点,在小波系数中的对应位置嵌入水印信号。嵌入水印后的音频信号觉察不出明显的变化,并且嵌入后的水印具有较高的鲁棒性。     

基于音频特征的多小波域水印算法

基于对音频特征的分析,提出了一种多小波域的水印算法.结合人类听觉系统的时频掩蔽特性,该算法分析音频帧的过零率及时域能量,确定用于嵌入水印的帧.利用音频的分抽样特征和多小波变换在信号处理中的优势,将每一个音频帧进行分抽样为两个子音频帧并分别将其变换到多小波域.利用两个子音频帧在多小波域的能量来估计所嵌入水印的容量,并根据它们的能量大小关系完成水印的嵌入.水印的提取过程转为一个使用支持向量机进行处理的二分类问题.实验结果验证了所提出的水印算法能根椐音频自身的特点寻找到适合用于嵌入水印的音频帧,且能动态调整水印的嵌入强度,在保证听觉质量的同时提高了水印的鲁棒性.     

一种新的基于量化的音频数字水印算法

文章提出了一种新的基于量化的音频数字水印算法,该算法首先将视觉上可辨的二值水印图像降为一维序列,再将水印序列伪随机排序,最后对数字音频信号进行分段DCT(离散余弦变换),水印信号通过量化处理过程嵌入到DCT变换后的系数中,提取水印信号无需使用原始数字音频信号。仿真实验表明水印是不可察觉的,经过mp3有损压缩、低通滤波、重采样等操作后仍具有很强的稳健性。     

基于广义高斯分布的水印信号检测

根据数字图像离散余弦变换域交流系数的广义高斯分布模型,对盲图像水印技术进行研究,并给出了水印检测器检测性能的理论分析结果。实验验证了图像水印检测理论的有效性以及本文的局部优化检测器性能的优良性。     

Chaos-based discrete fractional Sine transform domain audio watermarking scheme

We proposed a novel discrete fractional Sine transform (DFRST) based watermarking scheme for audio data copyright protection. Chaotic sequences were adopted to improve the security of the proposed watermarking scheme. Simulations under various conditions were given to verify the effectiveness of the audio watermarking scheme. The results show the proposed scheme is secure, and the watermark is imperceptible and robust against various audio signal processing attacks.     

基于音频特征和低频系数较小值的水印算法

提出一种基于音频特征和DWT低频系数相对较小值的数字水印算法。分析音频帧的过零率及短时能量,选取适当的阈值初步舍弃表明信号中高频信号成分的音频帧,筛选出待处理的音频帧。将选定的音频帧拼接在一起进行小波变换,选取低频系数并分段,通过相邻3个水印比特组合的二进制之和确定水印在该段中的嵌入位置,将系数修改为相邻系数中较小的值。实验结果表明,该算法通过对音频特征的分析,能降低提取低频分量的时间复杂度,实现水印信息的盲检测,提高水印的鲁棒性。     

A blind digital audio watermarking scheme based on EMD and UISA techniques

In this paper, a new perceptual spread spectrum audio watermarking scheme is discussed. The watermark embedding process is performed in the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) domain, and the hybrid watermark extraction process is based on the combination of EMD and ISA (Independent Subspace Analysis) techniques, followed by the generic detection system, i.e. inverse perceptual filter, predictor filter and correlation based detector. Since the EMD decomposes the audio signal into several oscillating components–the intrinsic mode functions (IMF)–the watermark information can be inserted in more than one IMF, using spread spectrum modulation, allowing hence the increase of the insertion capacity. The imperceptibility of the inserted data is ensured by the use of a psychoacoustical model. The blind extraction of the watermark signal, from the received watermarked audio, consists in the separation of the watermark from the IMFs of the received audio signal. The separation is achieved by a new proposed under-determined ISA method, here referred to as UISA. The proposed hybrid watermarking system was applied to the SQAM (Sound Quality Assessment Material) audio database (Available at http://sound.media.mit.edu/mpeg4/audio/sqam/) and proved to have efficient detection performances in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) compared to a generic perceptual spread spectrum watermarking system. The perceptual quality of the watermarked audio was objectively assessed using the PEMO-Q (Tool for objective perceptual assessment of audio quality) algorithm. Also, using our technique, we can extract the different watermarks without using any information of original signal or the inserted watermark. Experimental results exhibit that the transparency and high robustness of the watermarked audio can be achieved simultaneously with a substantial increase of the amount of information transmitted. A reliability of 1.8 10^???4 (against 1.5 10^???2 for the generic system), for a bit rate of 400 bits/s, can be achieved when the channel is not disturbed.     

复倒谱域自适应音频盲水印技术

提出了一种复倒谱域的自适应音频盲数字水印技术,水印嵌入过程在音频的复倒谱域中进行,并采用循环嵌入,嵌入的强度由实际应用中检测过程的具体要求控制。该文采用原始音频的一个或两个特征参数估计引起失步的参数,在水印检测前利用估计的参数对其进行同步恢复,重新获得检测和嵌入的同步。水印采用的是具有实际意义的音频。检测过程中采用独立分量分析技术,在不需要任何原始音频、水印、嵌入的信息以及攻击等信息的情况下,可以检测到水印并可精确提取水印,实现了真正意义上的盲检测。实验数据说明这种水印算法具有很好的鲁棒性。     

A learning-based audio watermarking scheme using kernel Fisher discriminant analysis

A novel learning-based audio watermarking scheme using kernel Fisher discriminant analysis (KFDA) is proposed in this paper. Two techniques, down-sampling technique and energy relationship modulation technique, are developed in order to guarantee good fidelity of the watermarked audio signal. At the same time, local energy relationship between audio sub-frames is hid in the watermarked audio signal with watermark embedding. Moreover, a learning-based watermark detector using the KFDA is exploited and it extracts the watermark by learning the local energy relationship hid in the watermarked audio signal. Due to powerful non-linear learning ability and good generalization ability of the KFDA, the learning-based watermark detector can exhibit high robustness against common audio signal processing or attacks compared with other audio watermarking methods. In addition, it also has simple implementation and lower computation complexity.     

High payload multi-channel dual audio watermarking algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

Digital watermarking technology is concerned with solving the problem of copyright protection, data authentication, content identification, distribution, and duplication of the digital media due to the great developments in computers and Internet technology. Recently, protection of digital audio signals has attracted the attention of researchers. This paper proposes a new audio watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and quantization index modulation (QIM) with a synchronization code embedded with two encrypted watermark images or logos inserted into a stereo audio signal. In this algorithm, the original audio signal is split into blocks, and each block is decomposed with a two-level DWT, and then the approximate low-frequency sub-band coefficients are decomposed by SVD transform to obtain a diagonal matrix. The prepared watermarking and synchronization code bit stream is embedded into the diagonal matrix using QIM. After that, we perform inverse singular value decomposition (ISVD) and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) to obtain the watermarked audio signal. The watermark can be blindly extracted without knowledge of the original audio signal. Experimental results show that the transparency and imperceptibility of the proposed algorithm is satisfied, and that robustness is strong against popular audio signal processing attacks. High watermarking payload is achieved through the proposed scheme.     

基于离散余弦变换的自适应数字音频水印技术研究

提出了一种将灰度图像嵌入到音频信号的数字水印算法 .该算法以包含丰富信息的灰度图像作为数字水印 ,首先利用 DCT静态图像压缩技术 ,将二维数字水印 (灰度图像 )编码成一维二进制序列并进行随机置乱 ,再对数字音频信号进行分段处理并依据人类听觉系统 (HAS)择段做离散余弦变换 (DCT) ,最后在离散余弦变换域内通过修改中高频 DCT系数完成水印信息的自适应嵌入 .实验结果表明 :该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性 ,而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性     

基于m序列的音频水印隐藏算法

该文提出基于m序列的音频信息隐藏算法,将需要隐藏的水印信息进行m序列的扩展;对数字音频信号进行分段离散小波变换,最后将经过调制的水印信号嵌入到二层小波变换的中频系数中。在接收端,利用盲检测可以精确地提取水印信号。实验仿真结果表明:算法对原始载体音频信号的影响极小,具有较好的鲁棒性和透明性。     

A multipurpose audio watermarking algorithm with synchronization and encryption

We propose a new multipurpose audio watermarking scheme in which two complementary watermarks are used.For audio copyright protection,the watermark data with copyright information or signature are first encrypted by Arnold transformation.Then the watermark data are inserted in the low frequency largest significant discrete cosine transform(DCT) coefficients to obtain robustness performance.For audio authentication,a chaotic signal is inserted in the high frequency insignificant DCT coefficients to detect tampered regions.Furthermore,the synchronization code is embedded in the audio statistical characteristics to resist desynchronization attacks.Experimental results show that our proposed method can not only obtain satisfactory detection and tampered location,but also achieve imperceptibility and robustness to common signal processing attacks,such as cropping,shifting,and time scale modification(TSM).Comparison results show that our method outperforms some existing methods.     

一种可抵抗MP3压缩的音频水印算法

提出了一种稳健的自适应混合域数字音频水印算法,该算法具有以下特点：(1)通过采纳更为稳健的同步信号及其全新嵌入策略,提高了音频水印的抗攻击能力;(2)充分利用DWT的多分辨率特性和DCT的能量压缩特性,改善了数字水印的隐藏效果;(3)结合听觉掩蔽特性自适应确定量化步长,提高了数字水印的不可感知性;(4)以保证不可感知性和稳健性的良好平衡为前提,实现了数字水印的盲检测．仿真实验表明,所提出的算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性,而且对诸如重新采样、重新量化、叠加噪声、低通滤波、随机剪切等攻击均具有较好的稳健性．特别地,该算法对于最为普通的MP3压缩攻击具有极强的抵抗能力(尤其是高压缩比下).     

A robust content based audio watermarking using UDWT and invariant histogram

Desynchronization attack is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. Based on undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) and invariant histogram, we propose a new content based audio watermarking algorithm with good audible quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks in this paper. Firstly, the undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) is performed on original host audio. Secondly, the invariant histogram is extracted from a selected wavelet coefficients range in the low frequency subband. Then, the bin of histogram is divided into many groups, each group including four consecutive bins. For each group, one watermark bit is embedded by reassigning the number of wavelet coefficients in this group of four bins. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the original audio signal in UDWT domain by modifying a small set of wavelet coefficients. Simulation results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is not only inaudible and robust against common signal processing operations such as MP3 compression, noise addition, and low-pass filtering etc, but also robust against the desynchronization attacks such as random cropping, time-scale modification, pitch shifting, and jittering etc.     

基于多位平面嵌入的二元纯位相滤波器水印

二元纯位相滤波器（BPOF）数字水印是一种用于图像真实性认证的半脆弱水印技术。它由图像离散Fourier变换（DFT）的幅值和相位分别得到幅值位平面和BPOF,并将BPOF作为水印嵌入到幅值位平面中。本文〖BP）〗在简要分析基于单一幅值位平面嵌入BPOF水印的基础上,讨论了使用多个幅值位平面嵌入水印并进行了性能分析。通过仿真实验得到了优化方案：以多个幅值位平面嵌入水印,而从其中的最高位平面中提取水印可以明显提高水印性能。     

On Integer MDCT for Perceptual Audio Coding

In MPEG-4 scalable lossless coding (SLS) which was recently published as an ISO standard in June 2006, the integer modified discrete cosine transform (IntMDCT) was adopted to enable efficient lossless reconstruction. In addition, there is an MDCT filterbank which is inherent to the advanced audio coding (AAC) core that is present in the SLS codec. The presence of two filterbanks have undoubtedly increased the complexity of the implementation, and it is for this reason that the MDCT is disabled and the IntMDCT is then the only type of filterbank that is employed in SLS for both lossy and lossless operations. Because of the rounding operations in the IntMDCT, there is a concern if the use of IntMDCT for perceptual audio coding will eventually degrade the fidelity of the audio codec. This paper addresses this concern by analyzing the performance of the IntMDCT in a lossy coding scenario. It is found that noise introduced by the IntMDCT does not affect the perceptual quality of the coded audio under standard playback circumstances. As such, it concludes that the MDCT and IntMDCT filterbanks are interchangeable at lossy bitrate, and the way of using only the IntMDCT filterbank in scalable audio coding is also justified.     

基于弱信号检测理论的离散小波变换域数字水印盲检测算法

水印检测是数字水印技术的一个关键步骤,但是目前所提出的绝大多数水印检测算法既不具备赖以支撑的理论基础,其检测性能也不是优化的.利用数字水印的不可感知特性,应用弱信号检测理论进行水印检测的研究.首先从图像小波变换系数的统计特性出发,利用广义高斯分布(GGD)来建立小波细节子带系数的统计分布模型;然后针对水印嵌入强度未知的情况,将水印检测问题转化为非高斯噪声中具有未知参数的确定性信号的检测,在弱信号条件下提出一种离散小波变换(DWT)域图像水印的优化盲检测算法.检测性能分析表明,该检测算法能够实现恒虚警率水印检测.实验结果验证了检测性能理论分析的有效性和实际性能的优越性.     

Hidden messages in heavy-tails: DCT-domain watermark detection using alpha-stable models

This paper addresses issues that arise in copyright protection systems of digital images, which employ blind watermark verification structures in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain. First, we observe that statistical distributions with heavy algebraic tails, such as the alpha-stable family, are in many cases more accurate modeling tools for the DCT coefficients of JPEG-analyzed images than families with exponential tails such as the generalized Gaussian. Motivated by our modeling results, we then design a new processor for blind watermark detection using the Cauchy member of the alpha-stable family. The Cauchy distribution is chosen because it is the only non-Gaussian symmetric alpha-stable distribution that exists in closed form and also because it leads to the design of a nearly optimum detector with robust detection performance. We analyze the performance of the new detector in terms of the associated probabilities of detection and false alarm and we compare it to the performance of the generalized Gaussian detector by performing experiments with various test images.