实时交互式软组织切割与变形计算模型

为提高虚拟手术模拟的交互性与实时性,提出一种软组织实时切割与变形计算模型.该模型以混合有限元模型为基础,根据手术过程中不同区域的交互特点,利用GPU加速手术区域的切割与变形计算;同时,对非手术区域的软组织因交互而引起的实时变形可通过选择性相乘的方法快速实现.实验结果充分证明,该计算模型可以灵活有效地实现实时软组织的交互切割与变形模拟.     

虚拟手术中软组织切割模型研究进展*

虚拟手术仿真训练系统是虚拟现实的重要应用,能够克服真实传统手术中资源少、训练不方便和可重复操作性差等问题。软组织切割是虚拟手术仿真训练系统中的重要组成部分,也是手术中最常见的操作。软组织切割模型建立的质量如何,直接决定了虚拟手术仿真的精度度和仿真度。为更好地对软组织切割模型进行深入探索,分析了虚拟手术仿真中软组织切割的研究难点。针对当前十四种有代表性的切割模型进行了研究,在此基础上对这些模型的优缺点进行了比较,并对软组织切割模型的发展趋势进行了展望。     

基于模型约简和GPU加速的软组织实时仿真

为了得到虚拟外科手术中人体软组织的实时变形仿真,采用了基于模态分析的模型约简方法,同时结合了GPU加速技术,实现了人体软组织的实时仿真计算,为虚拟手术提供了良好的人机交互.模型约简以有限元理论为基础,将软组织模型的动力学方程投射到约筒子空间,减少系统自由度.在实时仿真过程中,首先需在子空间中对低维动力学模型进行数值计算,然后利用GPU通用计算技术来加速重建原始空间中的形变向量.以心脏大变形实时仿真为例,验证方法的性能,实验结果表明心脏的变形仿真可以在很高的刷新率下运行.提出的模型约简和GPU加速方法,为人体软组织的变形实现了实时仿真,为虚拟手术提供了理论基础和技术支撑.     

人体软组织建模与实时仿真

虚拟手术系统在医学中实时仿真以建立可供手术前规划和手术时参考的虚拟环境。由于人体器官大多由软组织构成,有限元法能够精确地进行软组织几何大变形仿真。加速有限元仿真有多种方法,文章采用基于模态分析的模型约简方法,对软组织有限元模型进行模态分析,将约简子空间中的形变向量重构到原始空间,从而实现软组织实时仿真。实验结果表明,采用模型约简方法能够在仿真效率和真实性之间取得较好的平衡。     

基于复合模型的软组织变形模拟算法

为满足虚拟手术中软组织变形的精确性和实时性要求,提出一种基于复合模型的软组织变形模拟算法。该复合变形模型包括复合网格的建立,复合网格中粗糙体网格应用有限元模型,精细表面网格应用基于位置动力学模型,通过变形计算流程实现变形模拟。复合模型与传统的有限元模型和基于位置的动力学模型相比,变形的精确性和实时性取得了更好的平衡。通过变形实例,表明复合模型对于实例模型也具有很好的展示效果。     

虚拟手术实时物体碰撞检测和软组织变形研究

针对虚拟手术系统中实时碰撞检测和软组织变形的问题进行了研究。对于实时碰撞检测,使用了包围盒检测结合三角面片检测的方法来检测物体之间的碰撞,并且找到相互碰撞的两个三角面片。对于软组织变形,使用了一种基于胡克定律的弹簧质点模型来虚拟仿真变形,并提供了控制点移动的方法。采用优化虚拟手术中的物体碰撞检测方法,减少了不必要的计算和增强了系统的精确度;简化了软组织变形的算法,相对加快了有限元模型运算速度。对推动虚拟手术的发展具有积极的意义和作用。     

虚拟手术中的软组织切割方法综述

介绍了虚拟手术仿真中模拟软组织被手术刀具切割的处理流程,将现有的软组织切割算法根据四面体剖分策略的不同和根据切割处理时机的不同进行了分类。对每一类切割算法的实时性、鲁棒性和真实感进行了分析,同时对比各个算法的优缺点,并对近年来国内外学者在软组织切割算法上的研究进展进行了介绍。最后,通过现有算法的特点并结合虚拟手术仿真系统的设计要求,讨论了软组织切割算法今后的研究重点。     

虚拟手术中软组织形变仿真研究综述

软组织结构是一种非线性、各项异性、近似不可压缩的粘弹性材料体，而软组织变形仿真是虚拟手术系统中最重要的研究方向之一，同时也是难点之一。本文首先对虚拟手术做了大致的介绍，然后重点分析和总结了软组织形变的各种方法，从几何方法到物理方法，从网格模型到无网格模型，并列举了最近几年的研究情况。其中对目前比较流行的有限元方法做了较为详细的说明。最后对未来发展方向进行了展望和总结。     

一种用于实时软组织变形仿真的有限元模型

软组织模型的变形计算是虚拟手术中的一个重要组成部分,尽管大量的研究一直致力于模拟软组织的形变,软组织变形的建模仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。从仿真实时性的角度,提出了一种基于混合有限元模型的软组织模型解决方案。实验仿真表明该方案提高了计算效率,节省了大量内存,实验仿真表明达到了实时性仿真水平。     

虚拟手术中血流特效场景仿真的研究

血流特效场景可以增强虚拟手术的真实感。虚拟手术中的血流特效场景包括了有交互的血液模拟及血管壁模拟。首先基于光滑粒子流体动力学,使用Physx物理引擎模拟血液流动的物理形态,并利用Screen Space Flow算法对血流表面进行实时渲染。然后基于质点-弹簧模型,提出使用Physx物理引擎模拟可交互、有弹性形变及可切割的血管壁。最后实现两个实验场景:场景一实现肺动脉内大规模血液流动的特效;场景二实现在用户交互下的血管壁形变和切割,并通过触发事件实现血管壁破裂流血的特效。实验结果表明,该血流及血管壁模拟方法在40 000个粒子下仍能保证实时绘制,满足虚拟手术的需求。     

具有力感觉的声带肿物切除仿真方法研究

在虚拟手术系统中,实时的图形显示和使操作者感觉到真实的操作力是非常重要的。该文介绍了在建立虚拟手术系统中,具有力感觉的声带肿物切除的仿真方法。首先介绍了软组织声带以及声带肿物的几何建模办法,考虑到虚拟手术中对实时性的要求,采用了分块建模的方法;然后通过对软组织生物力学特性的分析,利用弹簧-质量-阻尼模型对其建模。采用的算法减小了计算量,真实地仿真了声带肿物取出时声带的变形以及操作者感觉到的力。     

Interaction model between elastic objects for haptic feedback considering collisions of soft tissue

The simulation of organ–organ interaction is indispensable for practical and advanced medical VR simulator such as open surgery and indirect palpation. This paper describes a method to represent real-time interaction between elastic objects for accurate force feedback in medical VR simulation. The proposed model defines boundary deformation of colliding elements based on temporary surface forces calculated by temporary deformation. The model produces accurate deformation and force feedback considering collisions of objects as well as prevents unrealistic overlap of objects. A prototype simulator of rectal palpation is constructed on general desktop PC with a haptic device, PHANToM. The system allows users to feel different stiffness of a rear elastic object located behind another elastic object. The results of experiments confirmed the method expresses organ–organ interaction in real-time and produces realistic and perceivable force feedback.     

Soft tissue deformation with reaction-diffusion process for surgery simulation

This paper presents a new methodology to conduct modelling and analysis of soft tissue deformation from the physicochemical viewpoint of soft tissues for surgery simulation. The novelty of this methodology is that soft tissue deformation is converted into a reaction-diffusion process coupled with a mechanical load, and thus reaction-diffusion of mechanical load and non-rigid mechanics of motion are combined to govern the dynamics of soft tissue deformation. The mechanical load applied to a soft tissue to cause a deformation is incorporated into the reaction-diffusion system and consequently distributed among mass points of the soft tissue. An improved reaction-diffusion model is developed to describe the distribution of the mechanical load in the tissue. A generic finite difference scheme is presented for construction of the reaction-diffusion model on a 3D tissue surface. A gradient method is established for derivation of internal forces from the distribution of the mechanical load. Real-time interactive deformation of virtual human organs with haptic feedback has been achieved by the proposed methodology for surgery simulation. The proposed methodology not only accommodates isotropic, anisotropic and inhomogeneous materials by simply modifying diffusion coefficients, but also accepts local and large-range deformations simultaneously.     

虚拟手术中肝脏形变仿真系统

由于肝脏具有复杂的生物力学特性,因此在进行形变仿真时,计算量大而难以达到实时性要求;同时在对肝脏形变实时仿真时却很难达到真实感.为了解决这一矛盾,需要研究一种可以自动依据手术器械操控区域及施力大小而动态转换的混合模型,通过理论分析提出了一种肝脏网格与无网格混合模型的构建方法.实验结果表明,该算法具有较高的计算效率且形变具有较好效果,能够满足虚拟肝脏手术仿真的真实感与实时性要求,对虚拟肝脏软组织手术研究具有一定的指导意义.     

Real-time elastic deformations of soft tissues for surgerysimulation

We describe a novel method for surgery simulation including a volumetric model built from medical images and an elastic modeling of the deformations. The physical model is based on elasticity theory which suitably links the shape of deformable bodies and the forces associated with the deformation. A real time computation of the deformation is possible thanks to a preprocessing of elementary deformations derived from a finite element method. This method has been implemented in a system including a force feedback device and a collision detection algorithm. The simulator works in real time with a high resolution liver model     

Simulation of postoperative 3D facial morphology using a physics-based head model

We propose a prototype of a facial surgery simulation system for surgical planning and the prediction of facial deformation. We use a physics-based human head model. Our head model has a 3D hierarchical structure that consists of soft tissue and the skull, constructed from the exact 3D CT patient data. Anatomic points measured on X-ray images from both frontal and side views are used to fire the model to the patient's head. The purposes of this research is to analyze the relationship between changes of mandibular position and facial morphology after orthognathic surgery, and to simulate the exact postoperative 3D facial shape. In the experiment, we used our model to predict the facial shape after surgery for patients with mandibular prognathism. Comparing the simulation results and the actual facial images after the surgery shows that the proposed method is practical.     

虚拟肩关节镜手术中软组织形变的模拟

为实现虚拟肩关节镜手术中软组织的形变模拟,提出一种改进的质点-弹簧模型.通过自适应采样及K阶最邻近节点快速查询算法,建立表面质点密度高而中心质点密度低的拓扑结构模型,在传统质点-弹簧形变模型的基础上,增加防止弹簧翻转的复原力,采用计算统一设备构架实现图形处理器的加速.模拟结果表明,该模型能够实现较真实的形变模拟.     

Interactive deformable geometry maps

Haptics on 3D deformable models is a challenge because of the inevitable and expensive 3D deformation computation. In this paper, we propose a new technique that extends the conventional rigid geometry images approach proposed by Gu et al. [9]. Our approach not only flattens the geometry, but also helps to accomplish deformation in an effective and efficient manner. Our approach is suitable for haptics computing, as it performs the deformation on the geometry map itself thereby avoiding the expensive 3D deformation computation. We demonstrate construction of the deformable geometry map representation and its application utilizing practical methods for interactive surgery simulation and interactive textile simulation.