钛合金高速铣削刀具磨损机理和预测方法研究

钛合金的加工非常困难,刀具磨损严重。为了尽可能减小刀具磨损,在高速铣削状态下能预测刀具的耐用度,本文研究了在高速铣削钛合金时刀具磨损的机理,并提出了一种基于切削试验的刀具磨损预测方法,建立了粗、精加工两种状态下刀具磨损预测数学模型,研究了顺逆铣方式、刀尖圆弧半径对刀具磨损的影响。     

Cutting forces, chip formation, and tool wear in high-speed face milling of AISI H13 steel with CBN tools

High-speed face milling experiments of AISI H13 steel (46–47 HRC) with cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools were conducted in order to identify the characteristics of cutting forces, chip formation, and tool wear in a wide range of cutting speed (200–1,200 m/min). The velocity effects are focused on in the present study. It was found that, at the cutting speed of 800 m/min, which can be considered as a critical value, relatively low mechanical load, relatively low degree of chip segmentation, and relatively long tool life can be obtained at the same time. Both the cutting forces and the degree of chip segmentation firstly decrease and then increase with the cutting speed, while the tool life exhibits the opposite trend. By means of analyzing the wear mechanisms of tools tested under different cutting speeds, it was found that, as the cutting speed increases, the influences of fracture and chipping resulting from mechanical load on tool wear were reduced, while the influences of adhesion, oxidation, and thermal crack accelerated by high cutting temperature became greater. There exist obvious correlations among cutting forces, chip formation, and tool wear.     

高速铣削时氮铝钛涂层刀具在不同介质下的刀具磨损研究

本文通过用氮铝钛(TiA lN)涂层刀具对模具钢进行高速铣削,探讨其切削性能。在水溶性油雾和冷空气两种介质下进行了刀具磨损试验研究,发现干切削相比其它介质能大大降低刀具磨损,提高刀具寿命,对切屑粘刀现象也有一定程度上的抑制。     

蜂窝状铝合金高速加工刀具粘附行为及其作用机理研究

通过高速铣削试验方法对蜂窝状铝合金高速铣削刀具的粘附行为及粘附机理进行了研究。结果表明,由于初期铝屑粘附在刀具表面上,致使后期切削加工中的铝切屑与刀具表面的化学活性近似,使得铝屑进一步强化粘附在刀具表面,且由于高速加工中产生的高温和高压作用,使得粘附层材料发生变形。后续切屑划擦初期的粘附层,使粘附层出现变形和犁沟现象,加剧刀具与工件间的摩擦状态。同时,铝合金高速加工中高的塑性变形特征是发生粘附磨损的另一重要作用机制。此外,切屑表层材料受到剧烈剪切变形引起表面积增加,使切削形成的金属表面膜破裂,在与刀具表面紧密接触的近乎为真空环境下刀具不断切削新的表面,活性非常高,极易发生摩擦化学反应,较高摩擦化学反应形成的表面厚度达到临界值时将发生磨损,导致刀具粘附磨损加剧。     

Intelligent monitoring and prediction of tool wear in CNC turning by utilizing wavelet transform

In order to realize an intelligent CNC machine, this research proposed the in-process tool wear monitoring system regardless of the chip formation in CNC turning by utilizing the wavelet transform. The in-process prediction model of tool wear is developed during the CNC turning process. The relations of the cutting speed, the feed rate, the depth of cut, the decomposed cutting forces, and the tool wear are investigated. The Daubechies wavelet transform is used to differentiate the tool wear signals from the noise and broken chip signals. The decomposed cutting force ratio is utilized to eliminate the effects of cutting conditions by taking ratio of the average variances of the decomposed feed force to that of decomposed main force on the fifth level of wavelet transform. The tool wear prediction model consists of the decomposed cutting force ratio, the cutting speed, the depth of cut, and the feed rate, which is developed based on the exponential function. The new cutting tests are performed to ensure the reliability of the tool wear prediction model. The experimental results showed that as the cutting speed, the feed rate, and the depth of cut increase, the main cutting force also increases which affects in the escalating amount of tool wear. It has been proved that the proposed system can be used to separate the chip formation signals and predict the tool wear by utilizing wavelet transform even though the cutting conditions are changed.     

低温氮气射流对钛合金高速铣削加工性能的影响

在钛合金的高速切削过程中，切削区温度很高，加速了刀具的磨损，限制了切削速度的进一步提高。为降低切削区温度、防止刀具的氧化磨损，提出在低温氮气射流条件下进行钛合金的高速铣削加工。在干铣削、浇注切削液、常温氮气油雾、低温氮气射流和低温氮气射流结合微量润滑等冷却润滑条件下进行了钛合金的高速铣削对比试验。试验结果表明，低温氮气射流结合微量润滑能够最有效地降低铣削力，抑制刀具磨损。借助扫描电镜的检测手段，研究了不同冷却润滑条件下刀具的失效形式。指出在低温氮气射流条件下高速铣削钛合金时，只要热裂纹的形成与扩展未引起刀具的崩刃及刀面的剥落，进一步降低低温氮气的温度将提高刀具的使用寿命。     

氧化锆生物陶瓷铣削的刀具磨损

为了研究完全烧结氧化锆陶瓷铣削过程中金刚石刀具的磨损及其对切削过程的影响,进行了氧化锆铣削实验。分析了刀具磨损带的扩展过程以及切削力随刀具磨损过程的变化规律。通过观测切削表面微观形貌随刀具磨损过程的演变,对刀具磨损与切削模式之间的关系进行了探讨,最后揭示了刀具磨损机理。研究结果表明：铣削氧化锆陶瓷时刀具磨损随切削过程从刃口扩展到后刀面,同时切削模式从延脆混合去除转变为完全脆性去除,刀具磨损模式是崩刃、剥落及石墨化磨损。     

基于标准销—盘试验的石墨/硬质合金副滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

通过标准销—盘摩擦磨损试验对石墨与硬质合金副的滑动摩擦磨损特性进行深入研究。结果表明,硬质合金销表面有石墨转移膜形成,并发生了轻微的"抛光"磨粒磨损;提高法向载荷和滑动速度可增加石墨转移膜形成,从而降低摩擦因数;与石墨高速铣削试验的刀具磨损结果进行对比发现,标准销—盘摩擦磨损试验未能复制硬质合金刀具的严重磨损现象,说明该摩擦试验方法对于石墨切削摩擦行为的研究具有一定的局限性,需要进一步改进。     

钛合金铣削过程刀具前刀面磨损解析建模

钛合金Ti6Al4V作为典型的航空航天难加工材料,在其铣削过程中硬质合金刀具的磨损会降低加工过程稳定性,进而影响加工效率和已加工表面表面质量。刀具前刀面磨损会导致刀具刃口强度降低,并影响切屑的流向和折断情况。针对前刀面磨损机理进行分析并构建了月牙洼磨损深度预测模型。首先运用解析方法构建了前刀面应力场模型,得到切屑在前刀面滑动过程中的刀具前刀面应力分布情况及磨损位置。基于刀-屑接触关系的基础上建立了前刀面温度场模型。然后,基于所得刀具前刀面应力与温度分布,构建综合考虑磨粒磨损、粘结磨损与扩散磨损的铣刀月牙洼磨损深度预测模型,获得月牙洼磨损预测曲线;结合铣刀月牙洼磨损带沿切削刃方向分布的特点,建立了随时间变化的铣刀前刀面磨损体积预测模型。最后通过试验验证了切削宽度对前刀面磨损的影响规律,预测结果与试验测量值具有较好的吻合性。结果表明随着切削宽度的增加,月牙洼磨损深度及前刀面磨损体积都随之增加。研究结果为钛合金铣削用刀具的设计和切削参数的合理选择提供了理论基础。     

Investigation of cutting forces,surface integrity,and tool wear when high-speed milling of high-volume fraction SiC<Subscript>p</Subscript>/Al6063 composites in PCD tooling

This paper focused on high-speed milling of Al6063 matrix composites reinforced with high-volume fraction of small-sized SiC particulates and provided systematic experimental study about cutting forces, thin-walled part deformation, surface integrity, and tool wear during high-speed end milling of 65% volume fraction SiC_p/Al6063 (Al6063/SiC_p/65p) composites in polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tooling. The machined surface morphologies reveal that the cutting mechanism of SiC particulates plays an important role in defect formation mechanisms on the machined surface. In high-speed end milling of Al6063/SiC_p/65p composites, the cutting forces are influenced most considerably by axial depth of cut, and thus the axial depth of cut plays a dominant role in the thin-walled parts deformation. Increased milling speed within a certain range contributes to reducing surface roughness. The surface and sub-surface machined using high-speed milling suffered from less damage compared to low-speed milling. The milling speed influence on surface residual stress is associated with milling-induced heat and deformation. Micro-chipping, abrasive wear, graphitization, grain breaking off, and built-up edge are the dominated wear mechanism of PCD tools. Finally, a series of comparative experiments were performed to study the influence of tool nose radius, average diamond grain size, and machining parameters on PCD tool life.     

TiAlN涂层铣刀铣削9SiCr钢切削性能试验研究

采用TiAlN涂层刀具,对合金工具钢9SiCr的高速铣削加工性能进行试验研究,分析铣削速度对铣削力、表面粗糙 度、表面形貌、切屑变形和刀具的磨损的影响。并获得能够保证对其进行高效高精度加工的合理工艺参数。     

INVESTIGATION OF THE TOOL WEAR AND SURFACE FINISH IN LOW-SPEED MILLING OF STAINLESS STEEL UNDER FLOOD AND MIST LUBRICATION

This paper examines the performance of AlN/TiN coated carbide tool during milling of STAVAX® (modified AISI 420 stainless steel) at a low speed of 50 m/min under conventional flood and mist lubrication. Abrasion, chipping, fracture resulting in the formation of crater and catastrophic failure are the wear mechanisms encountered during machining under flood lubrication. The flank wear, and the likeliness of the cutting tool to fracture, chip and fail prematurely increased with an increase in the hardness of the workpiece and a reduction in the helix angle of the tool. Small quantity of mineral oil sprayed in mist form was effective in reducing the flank wear and severity of abrasion wear, and preventing the formation of crater and the occurrence of catastrophic failure. In milling 35 and 55 HRC-STAVAX® using a feed rate of 0.4 mm/tooth and a depth of cut of 0.2 mm under mist lubrication, the cutting edge of the 25° and 40° helix angle tools only suffered small-scale edge chipping and abrasive wear throughout the entire duration of testing. The influence of the ductility of the workpiece on the surface finish and the effectiveness of mist lubricant in improving the surface finish are also discussed.     

Detection process approach of tool wear in high speed milling

The cutting tool wear degrades the quality of the product in the manufacturing process, for this reason an on-line monitoring of the cutting tool wear level is very necessary to prevent any deterioration. Unfortunately there is no direct manner to measure the cutting tool wear on-line. Consequently we must adopt an indirect method where wear will be estimated from the measurement of one or more physical parameters appearing during the machining process such as the cutting force, the vibrations, or the acoustic emission, etc. The main objective of this work is to establish a relationship between the acquired signals variation and the tool wear in high speed milling process; so an experimental setup was carried out using a horizontal high speed milling machine. Thus, the cutting forces were measured by means of a dynamometer whereas; the tool wear was measured in an off-line manner using a binocular microscope. Furthermore, we analysed cutting force signatures during milling operation throughout the tool life. This analysis was based on both temporal and frequential signal processing techniques in order to extract the relevant indicators of cutting tool state. Our results have shown that the variation of the variance and the first harmonic amplitudes were linked to the flank wear evolution. These parameters show the best behavior of the tool wear state while providing relevant information of this later.     

PCD刀具高速铣削GH4169合金的刀具磨损规律研究

为研究PCD刀具高速铣削GH4169合金时刀具的磨损规律,采用单因素试验法分别对不同铣削参数下后刀面磨损程度随切削路程的变化进行对比。结果显示主轴转速对高速铣削GH4169合金时刀具磨损的影响不大,采用顺铣、切削液冷却的方式,并适当降低每齿进给量有助于减小刀具磨损。使用BP神经网络对试验数据进行训练,建立了刀具磨损预测的模型,预测结果与实际结果误差在5%以内。     

Ti-6Al-4V合金激光辅助铣削的刀具磨损特性

对激光辅助铣削钛合金Ti-6Al-4V进行了实验研究,分析了切削力、切屑形貌和刀具的磨损特性。结果表明,与普通铣削相比,激光辅助铣削条件下,刀具切向的切削力明显减小,刀具径向的切削力略有增大;随着激光功率的增大,钛合金切屑呈现出从锯齿形向连续形过渡的特征,不再具有明显的绝热剪切带;与普通铣削时刀具崩刃的损伤不同,激光辅助铣削时刀具的磨损主要表现为后刀面磨损;激光辅助铣削可以减小后刀面的最大磨损量,但并不能改善后刀面平均磨损量。激光辅助铣削时,刀具寿命得到了延长,当后刀面的平均磨损量在0.15~0.20mm之间时,可以降低刀具的磨损速度,从而延长刀具的使用寿命,但激光辅助铣削并不能降低刀具的初期磨损速度。     

硬质合金刀具高速切削高强度钢切削力非线性规律研究

利用2k因子试验设计和均匀试验设计方案,进行了硬质合金刀具高速铣削高强度钢的切削力试验,找出r埘切削力有重要影响的主效应及交互效应,建立了切削用量与动态切削力之间的非线性数学模型.试验结果表明,切削深度和每齿进给量之间的交互作用对切削力有显著影响,切削力与切削用量间存在非线性特征规律,切削用量对切削力的影响效应随切削用...     

Cutting forces,tool wear and surface finish in high speed diamond machining

We have investigated the cutting forces, the tool wear and the surface finish obtained in high speed diamond turning and milling of OFHC copper, brass CuZn39Pb3, aluminum AlMg5, and electroless nickel. In face turning experiments with constant material removal rate the cutting forces were recorded as a function of cutting speed between v_c = 150 m/min and 4500 m/min revealing a transition to adiabatic shearing which is supported by FEM simulations of the cutting process. Fly-cutting experiments carried out at low (v_c = 380 m/min) and at high cutting speed (v_c = 3800 m/min) showed that the rate of abrasive wear of the cutting edge is significantly higher at ordinary cutting speed than at high cutting speed in contrast to the experience made in conventional machining. Furthermore, it was found that the rate of chemically induced tool wear in diamond milling of steel is decreasing with decreasing tool engagement time per revolution. High speed diamond machining may also yield an improved surface roughness which was confirmed by comparing the step heights at grain boundaries obtained in diamond milling of OFHC copper and brass CuZn39Pb3 at low (v_c = 100 m/min) and high cutting speed (v_c = 2000 m/min). Thus, high speed diamond machining offers several advantages, let alone a major reduction of machining time.     

高速成型车削镍基合金Inconel718的建模和有限元分析

利用Deform 3D有限元分析软件,模拟成型车削Inconel 718,分析了不同切削深度和切削速度下的切削力及卷屑排屑状况,并对刀具应力及刀具磨损进行了分析。     

Chatter stability of micro end milling by considering process nonlinearities and process damping

The micro end milling uses the miniature tools to fabricate complexity microstructures at high rotational speeds. The regenerative chatter, which causes tool wear and poor machining quality, is one of the challenges needed to be solved in the micro end milling process. In order to predict the chatter stability of micro end milling, this paper proposes a cutting forces model taking into account the process nonlinearities caused by tool run-out, trajectory of tool tip and intermittency of chip formation, and the process damping effect in the ploughing-dominant and shearing-dominant regimes. Since the elasto-plastic deformation of micro end milling leads to large process damping which will affect the process stability, the process damping is also included in the cutting forces model. The micro end milling process is modeled as a two degrees of freedom system with the dynamic parameters of tool-machine system obtained by the receptance coupling method. According to the calculated cutting forces, the time-domain simulation method is extended to predict the chatter stability lobes diagrams. Finally, the micro end milling experiments of cutting forces and machined surface quality have been investigated to validate the accuracy of the proposed model.     

Surface generation modeling of micro milling process with stochastic tool wear

Micro milling is widely used to manufacture miniature parts and features at high quality with low set-up cost. To achieve a higher quality of existing micro products and improve the milling performance, a reliable analytical model of surface generation is the prerequisite as it offers the foundation for surface topography and surface roughness optimization. In the micro milling process, the stochastic tool wear is inevitable, but the deep influence of tool wear hasn't been considered in the micro milling process operation and modeling. Therefore, an improved analytical surface generation model with stochastic tool wear is presented for the micro milling process. A probabilistic approach based on the particle filter algorithm is used to predict the stochastic tool wear progression, linking online measurement data of cutting forces and tool vibrations with the state of tool wear. Meanwhile, the influence of tool run-out is also considered since the uncut chip thickness can be comparable to feed per tooth compared with that in conventional milling. Based on the process kinematics, tool run-out and stochastic tool wear, the cutting edge trajectory for micro milling can be determined by a theoretical and empirical coupled method. At last, the analytical surface generation model is employed to predict the surface topography and surface roughness, along with the concept of the minimum chip thickness and elastic recovery. The micro milling experiment results validate the effectiveness of the presented analytical surface generation model under different machining conditions. The model can be a significant supplement for predicting machined surface prior to the costly micro milling operations, and provide a basis for machining parameters optimization.