高羟基含量苯丙乳液聚合工艺稳定性研究

鉴于某种特殊功能涂料的应用,采用预乳化工艺和半连续种子乳液聚合技术,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,合成了羟基含量在48%左右的St-MMA-BA-AA-HEMA五元共聚苯丙乳液,重点考察了乳化剂的种类和用量、种子单体用量、单体滴加工艺、预乳化单体滴加速率和搅拌速率对乳液聚合工艺稳定性的影响.     

聚硅氧烷与丙烯酸酯弹性体的制备及性能

用含乙烯基的硅氧烷单体和八甲基环四硅氧烷与丙烯酸酯共聚,制备出不同硅含量的硅丙乳液,研究了有机硅含量对微乳液聚合过程和乳胶膜透明性、交联度、热性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着硅含量的增加,综合性能均得到改善,当有机硅单体用量达20%时为最佳配比。     

PHMS为反应性助稳定剂制备高固含量苯丙共聚细乳液

以含氢聚硅氧烷(PHMS)为反应性助稳定剂,采用一步法和半连续法细乳液聚合制备了固含量为50%苯丙共聚乳液。考察了不同细乳液聚合体系中反应稳定性、单体转化率、共聚乳胶粒子粒径及粒径分布变化、粒子数目变化及乳液稳定性的不同。结果表明,与一步法细乳液聚合相比,半连续细乳液聚合过程中单体转化率增长缓慢,聚合稳定性好;乳胶粒径由156.8 nm增大到215.3 nm;粒径分布指数在0.151~0.254之间,乳胶粒子数目相对稳定;制备高固含量苯丙乳液贮存稳定性、冻融及钙离子稳定性比一步法细乳液聚合体系好。     

氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液的制备与表征

将氟醇和乙烯基硅氧烷为原料合成的氟硅单体,与甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯进行乳液聚合制备氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚乳液。考察了乳液离心稳定性的影响因素;通过TEM及AFM对乳胶粒的形态和结构进行表征,发现乳胶粒呈规整的球形结构,且分布较为均一;研究了氟硅单体、乳化剂及引发剂的用量对乳胶膜吸水率的影响;采用Wilhelmy方法测定了乳胶膜对水的接触角,结果表明乳胶膜对水的抗浸润力大大提高。     

有机硅/氟预处理对改性苯丙乳液的影响

采取改性单体预处理再共聚工艺,制得稳定的改性苯丙乳液.探讨了改性单体预处理工艺对聚合体系稳定性、改性乳液涂膜性能、反应速度、乳胶粒形态等影响.研究表明在40～60 ℃下用预处理剂对改性单体进行预处理,可以明显地抑制体系中硅烷的水解缩合反应,改善共聚效果和聚合体系的稳定性,使改性单体加入量由10%提高到18%.对改性单体进行预处理不影响反应速度,但处理剂的用量会影响乳胶粒形态及乳液的黏度.     

乳液聚合理论与实践：3.丙烯酸酯的乳液聚合和共聚合

本讲座根据乳液聚合的基本原理，叙述了丙烯酸酯共聚单体的组成，功能性单体以及聚合工艺对聚合物乳液性能的影响。     

支化丙烯酸酯乳液的制备和性能

目的研究支化单体对丙烯酸酯乳液的影响。方法以顺丁烯二酸酐和季戊四醇为原料,通过酯化反应制备聚酯型四臂支化单体,将其水分散液与甲基丙烯酸甲酯等单体进行乳液聚合,得到支化丙烯酸酯乳液。测定不同比例分散液对乳液基本性能的影响。结果制备乳液粒径分布100~200 nm,表面张力稳定在30~35 m N/m,增加分散液的比例可适当降低乳液粘度,降低吸水率。结论将支化聚合物引入乳液聚合体系,可有效降低乳液粘度和吸水率。     

用于水性防锈涂料的BA/St/AN功能乳液的合成

为了研制无毒环保的水性防锈涂料,采用丙烯酸丁酯、苯乙烯、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸以及磷酸酯功能性单体合成了一种功能性乳液,通过对粒径、凝聚率、吸水率、钙离子稳定性、附着力等性能分析,确定了阴离子型乳化剂与非离子型乳化剂按1:1混合配比,用量为单体总量的3%,自制的磷酸酯功能单体用量为单体总量的2%时,乳液及其涂膜有较好的综合性能.用该乳液配制的水性防锈涂料漆膜在3%的盐水中浸泡时间超过720 h.     

含硅水性环氧丙烯酸酯乳液的制备与性能研究

采用接枝共聚方法制备了储存稳定性良好的含硅水性环氧丙烯酸酯乳液,通过红外光谱仪和粒径测试仪表征了聚合物的结构,确定了水性乳液的粒径分布、粒子形态,并采用DSC研究了该水性乳液的固化过程.结果表明:用等摩尔量的丙烯酸(AA)单体代替常用的亲水单体甲基丙烯酸(MAA),当AA单体含量为24%,硅氧烷含量为25%时,合成的水性乳液黏度较低,粒径小,具有良好的储存稳定性.     

水性油墨用丙烯酸酯乳液的制备及应用

目的研究塑料包装薄膜印刷水性油墨用丙烯酸酯乳液的制备工艺。方法选用可聚合乳化剂,通过种子乳液聚合制备丙烯酸酯乳液,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对乳液聚合产物进行了表征。结果采用适宜的可聚合乳化剂复配,以及引入单体甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯均可提高涂膜的耐水性。改变甲基丙烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯(硬单体)与丙烯酸丁酯(软单体)的比例,可以调整乳液涂膜的耐水性和附着力。结论当乳化剂质量分数为单体量的2.5%,软硬单体质量比为1∶1,甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯质量分数为单体量的8%时,所得乳液涂膜以及该乳液配制的油墨在聚酯薄膜上均具有良好的附着力、耐水性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...