Wetting behaviour of laser textured Ti3SiC2 surface with micro-grooved structures

In the present paper, micro-grooved Ti₃SiC₂ surfaces with different roughness were fabricated by pulsed laser processing. The surface topography and chemical composition of smooth and micro-grooved surfaces were characterised. The wetting behaviours of smooth and micro-grooved Ti₃SiC₂ surfaces such as static contact angle, anisotropic wettability and contact angle evolution versus time were investigated. The experimental results show that micro-grooved structures can be efficiently fabricated on Ti₃SiC₂ surface by laser processing. The contact angle of micro-grooved surface was increased by 64.2° compared with that of smooth surface. The difference values of contact angles between perpendicular and parallel direction were <?10°. The wetting state of droplet on textured surface was close to Cassie–Baxter model.     

Cellular Spacing Selection of Cu-Mn Alloy under Ultrahigh Temperature Gradient and Rapid Solidification Condition

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Solidification contact angles of molten droplets deposited on solid surfaces

Droplet impact and equilibrium contact angle have been extensively studied. However, solidification contact angle, which is the final contact angle formed by molten droplets impacting on cold surfaces, has never been a study focus. The formation of this type of contact angle was investigated by experimentally studying the deposition of micro-size droplets (∼39 μm in diameter) of molten wax ink on cold solid surfaces. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to visualize dots formed by droplets impacted under various impact conditions, and parameters varied included droplet initial temperature, substrate temperature, flight distance of droplet, and type of substrate surface. It was found that the solidification contact angle was not single-valued for given droplet and substrate materials and substrate temperature, but was strongly dependent on the impact history of droplet. The angle decreased with increasing substrate and droplet temperatures. Smaller angles were formed on the surface with high wettability, and this wetting effect increased with increasing substrate temperature. Applying oil lubricant to solid surfaces could change solidification contact angle by affecting the local fluid dynamics near the contact line of spreading droplets. Assuming final shape as hemispheres did not give correct data of contact angles, since the final shape of deposited droplets significantly differs from a hemispherical shape.     

玻纤表面动态润湿行为

提出了采用线性回归处理分析玻纤与浸润液体动态润湿的新方法,结合高精度电子天平,表征了玻纤表面动态润湿性能。研究结果表明：在玻纤表面动态润湿过程中,随着润湿速度的增加,动态接触角有增大的趋势,玻纤与去离子水、乙二醇、760E环氧、CYD128环氧的接触角分别由66.04°、42.21°、51.31°、73.90°增加到69.05°、46.95°、74.58°、170.06°,玻纤表面可润湿性能下降。玻纤表面动态润湿过程中,黏度越大,随着润湿速度增加,可润湿性能下降越快,即玻纤与CYD128环氧体系的接触角下降96.16°,而与760E环氧树脂和乙二醇的接触角下降分别为23.27°和4.74°。基于新方法的玻纤表面动态润湿系统中,玻纤所受作用力随三相接触线移动速率和浸润液体黏度的增加而增大。     

动态毛吸法测定纤维及粉末料的接触角研究

本文用动态毛吸法研究了表面处理对纤维浸润性的影响,结果表明碳纤维及聚酯纤维表面经冷等离子体氧处理,浸润性有很大的改善,碳纤维约提高四倍,这是因为等离子氧表面处理过程,将含氧基团羧基,羟基及羰基等引入到表面所致。同时从测得的浸润过程表面自由能改变值△γ,计算出水对纤维的接触角,它与采用接触角测定仪倾斜法所测得的结果基本上一致。从所测得的接触角值也可以看出表面经处理之后,浸润性得以改善。如碳纤维由77°降为63°,聚酯纤维由77°降为52°。此外我们还研究了煤粉和玻璃粉体系对水的浸润性,发现水对玻璃粉的浸润性优于煤粉,前者的浸润接触角为47°、后者则为90°,此接触角值也与采用接触角测定仪由静滴法测得水对片材的接触角相一致。由此可见动态毛吸法可以用于研究纤维及粉末体系的浸润性,而且操作简单易行,测试周期短。      

Wetting of silicon single crystal by silver and tin,and their interfaces

A study of wetting of silicon single crystals and electrode metals was undertaken to investigate the wetting mechanisms and to clarify the interfaces between the silicon wafer and silver and tin. The experiments were performed using a high-temperature surface tension measuring equipment in vacuum and 5% H₂/Ar atmospheres (10⁵ Pa). The contact angles were measured by taking photographs through a telescope during the wetting experiment. Silicon was wetted by silver with a contact angle of 42°, whereas it was not wetted by tin in vacuum and in the 5% H₂/Ar atmosphere. However, heat treatment of silicon in vacuum or 5% H₂/Ar atmosphere prior to the wetting experiment reduced the contact angles compared to the cases with no heat treatment. The bonding interfaces between silicon and silver are also discussed.     

纳秒激光调控CFRP复合材料表面润湿性及其对胶接性能的影响

采用纳秒激光对碳纤维增强树脂基(CFRP)复合材料进行表面预处理,调控其表面成分、粗糙度和表面润湿性,然后采用SEM、接触角测量仪、光学轮廓仪、XPS等表征CFRP复合材料的表面微观形貌、接触角、粗糙度和化学成分,并通过拉伸剪切实验评价和分析激光表面处理对CFRP复合材料胶接强度的影响规律和机制.结果表明:优化激光表面...     

Influence of fibre treatment and glass fibre hybridisation on thermal degradation and surface energy characteristics of hemp/unsaturated polyester composites

The effect of fibre treatment on the thermal degradation and surface energy characteristics of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester (HFRUP) composites was investigated by means of a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) in a nitrogen atmosphere and contact angle measurement. In order to modify the fibre/matrix interface, NaOH treatment and glass fibre hybridisation were employed. HFRUP composites were compared to the unreinforced UP, NaOH treated hemp and glass fibre hybridised hemp/UP composites. TGA test results show that the weight loss for all samples occurred between 200 and 415 °C. The unreinforced UP had a maximum weight loss of 1.011%/°C. For the HFRUP composites, the maximum rate of weight loss was 0.81%/°C. For the NaOH treated and glass fibre hybridised hemp/UP composites, the maximum rate of weight loss was 0.78%/°C and 0.79%/°C, respectively. The effect of fibre treatment on the surface energy of studied samples and their dispersive and polar components were also investigated. Surface energy characteristics obtained from contact angle measurement revealed that for unreinforced UP, the contact angle measured with glycerol is 49.37°. For hemp/UP composites, the contact angle is 76.05°. For NaOH treated hemp/UP composites sample, the contact angle was recorded 78.89°, higher than untreated one. For hemp/CSM/UP specimen, the contact angle was recorded 69.80°. Both TGA and contact angle results indicated that surface treatment and glass fibre hybridisation led to better thermal stability and the wetting behaviour of hemp/UP composites.     

Numerical and Experimental Studies of Substrate Melting and Resolidification during Thermal Spraying

A good understanding of melting and resolidification of the substrate will help us to achieve better bonding. Anumerical model is developed to investigate the solidification of the droplet, and melting and resolidification of thesubstrate. The molybdenum     

Hyperhydrophilic rough surfaces and imaginary contact angles

The complete wetting of rough surfaces is only poorly understood, since the underlying phenomena can neither be described by the Cassie‐Baxter nor the Wenzel equation. An experimental accessiblility by the sessile drop method is also very limited. The term “superhydrophilicity” was an attempt to understand the wetting of rough surfaces, but a clear definition is still forthcoming, mainly because non‐superhydrophilic surfaces can also display a contact angle of zero. Since the Wilhelmy balance is based on force measurements, it offers a technology for obtaining signals during the whole wetting process. We have obtained evidence that additional forces occur during the complete wetting of rough surfaces and that mathematically contact angles for a hydrophilicity beyond the contact angle of zero can be defined by imaginary numbers. A hydrophilized TPS‐surface obtained by chemical wettability switching from a superhydrophobic surface has been previously characterized by dynamic imaginary contact angles of 20i°–21i° and near‐zero hysteresis. Here an extremely high wetting rate is demonstrated reaching a virtual imaginary contact angle of Θ_V,Adv > 3.5i° in less than 210 ms. For a rough surface displaying imaginary contact angles and extremely high wetting rates we suggest the term hyperhydrophilicity. Although, as will be shown, the physical basis of imaginary contact angles is still unclear, they significantly expand our methodology, the range of wettability measurements and the tools for analyzing rough hydrophilic surfaces. They may also form the basis for a new generation of rationally constructed medicinal surfaces.     

Investigation of UV-photon induced hydrophilicity of titanium ion-implanted soda-lime silicate glasses

The UV-induced wetting effect on titanium oxide surface is well-known; however, the UV-induced hydrophilicity of titanium implanted soda-lime silicate glass has not been investigated. Hence the contact angle of water droplet under the indoor fluorescent lights on titanium-ion implanted soda-lime silicate glasses was investigated. The silicate glasses were implanted by MEVVA ion implanter by 40 keV titanium ions with a fluence of 10¹⁵ ions cm^?2. The contact angle, the chemical bonding environment, and surface morphologies were examined. Results show the formation of TiO₂, the increase of surface roughness, and the reduction of the contact angle after the ion implantation. Further enhancement of hydrophilicity after the 254 nm pre-UV irradiation for 1 h on the implanted sample surface was observed. The enhancement of the wetting effect after ion implantation could be attributed to rougher TiO₂ content surface. However, according to the mechanisms of UV photo-induced hydrophilicity on TiO₂ proposed previously, the enhancement of hydrophilicity of titanium implanted surface with and without 254 nm pre-photon radiation can be attributed to not only the reduction of hydrocarbon on surface during the UV radiation but also to the oxygen vacancies produced by 254 nm UV photon irradiation.     

Interfacial structure of steel–aluminum bonding plate under non-equilibrium rapid solidification

A steel–aluminum solid–liquid bonding plate is prepared using a non-equilibrium rapid solidification method (including four kinds of processes such as roughening the steel plate surface, immersing in flux at the steel plate surface, short-time bonding and rapid solidification). The interfacial structure of the bonding plate is investigated by means of electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the interfacial structure of the bonding plate under non-equilibrium rapid solidification is quite different from that of the bonding plate in conventional steel–aluminum solid–liquid bonding, i.e. the interface of the bonding plate under non-equilibrium rapid solidification is made up of an aluminum-rich region (in the form of a group of Fe₄Al₁₃ teeth that grow from the contact surface to the steel side) at the bulge of steel plate surface and an aluminum-poor region (in the form of Fe–Al solid solution of which the Al content is less than 3.5 wt%) at the concave surface of the steel plate alternately.     

液态金属汞在硅片表面的润湿行为研究

针对常温下的液体在固体表面的润湿行为研究。以液态金属汞为研究对象,采用真空等离子体刻蚀工艺制备不同表面形貌的硅片,研究不同硅片的润湿行为,并探究了液滴体积对润湿性的影响。利用金相电子显微镜、白光干涉三维形貌仪以及接触角测量仪分别对不同硅片的表面形貌、表面粗糙度以及润湿行为进行了测量与表征。结果表明:当液滴体积相同时,随硅片表面粗糙度Sa增大,接触角增大;当液滴体积为1μL,表面粗糙度为257.01μm时,测得静态接触角达到最大,为158.3°;而在同一形貌的硅片表面,当液滴体积由1增加到4μL时,硅片表面的接触角呈现逐渐减小的趋势,在致密的网状结构硅片表面,接触角减小的幅度最大,达到11.6°。为今后研究汞在不用材料表面的润湿行为具有一定的参考意义。     

Interfacial structure of steel–aluminum bonding plate under non–equilibrium rapid solidification

A steel–aluminum solid–liquid bonding plate is prepared using a non–equilibrium rapid solidification method (including four kinds of processes such as roughening the steel plate surface, immersing influx at the steel plate surface, short–time bonding and rapid solidification). The interfacial structure of the bonding plate is investigated by means of electron probe microanalysis and X–ray diffraction. The results show that the interfacial structure of the bondingplate under non–equilibrium rapid solidiication is quite different from that of the bonding plate in conventional steel–aluminum solid–liquid bonding, i.e. the interface of the bonding plate under non-equilibrium rapid solidification ismade up of an aluminum-rich region (in the form of a group of Fe₄Al₁₃ teeth that grow from the contact surface to the steel side) at the bulge of steel plate surface and an aluminum–poor region (in the form of Fe–Al solid solution of which the Al content is less than 3.5 wt%) at the concave surface of the steel plate alternately.     

Modulating calcium phosphate formation using CO2 laser engineering of a polymeric material

The use of simulated body fluid (SBF) is widely used as a screening technique to assess the ability of materials to promote calcium phosphate formation. This paper details the use of CO₂ laser surface treatment of nylon® 6,6 to modulate calcium phosphate formation following immersion in SBF for 14 days. Through white light interferometry (WLI) it was determined that the laser surface processing gave rise to maximum Ra and Sa parameters of 1.3 and 4.4 μm, respectively. The use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) enabled a maximum increase in surface oxygen content of 5.6%at. to be identified. The laser-induced surface modifications gave rise to a modulation in the wettability characteristics such that the contact angle, θ, decreased for the whole area processed samples, as expected, and increased for the patterned samples. The increase in θ can be attributed to a transition in wetting nature to a mixed-state wetting regime. It was seen for all samples that calcium phosphate formed on each surface following 14 days. The largest increase in mass, Δg, owed to calcium phosphate formation, was brought about by the whole area processed sample irradiated with a fluence of 51 J cm^− 2. No correlation between the calcium phosphate formation and the laser patterned surface properties was determined due to the likely affect of the mixed-state wetting regime. Strong correlations between θ, the surface energy parameters and the calcium phosphate formation for the whole area processed samples allow one to realize the potential for this surface treatment technique in predicting the bone forming ability of laser processed materials.     

Wetting of refractory titanium hard metals by sodium disilicate glass

The sessile drop technique has been used to investigate the wetting in vacuo of a series of polycrystalline titanium monoxides by sodium disilicate glass. To a lesser extent the wetting behaviour of titanium metal, titanium nitride and titanium carbide have also been investigated. Measurements of contact angle were made at 1000° C. Qualitative observations were made of the interaction and degree of bonding between the glass and the substrates and a relationship between the valency electron concentration of the substrate and the degree of wetting and bonding is obtained. Some microhardness data on the arc cast substrates and information on the chemical reactivity of the powdered substrates with the glass are also given.     

Transformation of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) into thin surface films of SiO x by UV/Ozone treatment. Part I: Factors affecting modification

UV/ozone treatment of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was used to produce thin surface films of SiO _x . Films of PDMS were applied by spin-coating onto gold-coated silicon wafers having (100) orientation. Characterization of the UV/ozone system was performed to map the spatial distribution of intensities of UV radiation. This mapping was used to ensure reproducible modification of films and to aid in the understanding of modification as measured by advancing contact angle using deionized water and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) was used to measure thickness of the PDMS films. Treatment reduced the wetting angle, in some cases from a value greater than 100° to a value less than 5°. High resolution XPS spectra were used to study the nature of the modified PDMS film and its relationship to the characteristics of the unmodified PDMS. High resolution XPS spectra in the Si 2p region show that O–Si–C bonds in the siloxane, observed prior to treatment, are converted to SiO _x , where x is between 1.6 and 2. Modified films also contain some oxidized carbon components. The time required to reduce the contact angle to a minimum value was greater for the thicker PDMS film samples. The effects of ozone alone (without UV) and UV radiation at 184.9 and 253.7 nm (without ozone) were also investigated. The results of UV/ozone treatment are compared to results achieved by means of plasma surface oxidation.     

Nanomechanical and surface behavior of polydimethylsiloxane-filled nanoporous anodic alumina

In this article, the mechanical and wetting behavior of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and nanoporous-filled AAO were investigated using nanoindentation and contact angle measurements. The results showed that the nanoporous AAO was hydrophobic with a contact angle of 105°. The polymer filling affected the surface property and reduced the contact angle to 84°. The effects of the nanoporous filling on the Young’s modulus and the hardness are investigated and discussed. A three-dimensional finite element model was also successfully developed to understand the nanoindentation-induced mechanism. A maximum von Mises stress of 1058 MPa occurred beneath the indenter.     

The effect of interfacial morphology on wetting of graphite by molten silver at high temperature

The wetting of graphite by molten silver was investigated at the temperature range from 1000 to 1350?°C using the sessile drop method coupled with a video-enhanced image digitization technology and a best-fitting algorithm. At the temperature range from 1100 to 1175?°C the contact angle θ was observed suddenly increasing and then decreasing, repeatedly. A similar behavior was not found in the comparison test performed on wetting of refractory (ZrO₂) by molten silver at the same range of temperature. A surface analysis of the graphite used in the measurements was performed, showing a rings-shaped surface morphology. The correlation between the wetting diameters, the ring diameters and the observed drop contractions was then brought out. The measured contact angle decreases while a “trough” forms at the three phases contact line. At the observed θ sudden increase, the drop is actually “jumping out” from the trough, since the rate of the formation of the trough is lower than the rate at which the drop changes its shape. The process then starts again, with the formation of a new trough. The measured θ is obviously affected by the trough geometry.     

Cell culturing on nanogrooved polystyrene petri dish induced by ultraviolet laser irradiation

Nanogrooved surface of polystyrene (PS) petri dishes was induced by an ultraviolet laser irradiation (ULI) method. After laser treatment, the water contact angle was decreased significantly from 72° to 38°. The influence of the surface modification on the growth of the human tongue squamous cells carcinomas (HTSCC) was investigated. The laser-irradiated PS surface showed enhanced attachment and growth in HTSCC cell culture test. Moreover, cell orientation was successfully controlled by selectively treating the PS surface.