细颗粒物在旋风分离器内流动特性

为了研究操作条件和颗粒特征对细粉体颗粒在旋风分离器中流动状态的影响,文中采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法对细颗粒在旋风分离器内的停留时间进行模拟计算。探究入口气速、粉体粒径和固气比对粉体在旋风分离器内的停留时间分布密度函数、平均停留时间和停留时间量纲一方差的影响。结果表明：粉体颗粒在旋风分离器内部的停留时间分布密度函数总体呈正态分布;当入口气速u=10 m/s时,粉体颗粒平均停留时间为0.40 s,停留时间量纲一方差为0.11,此时粉体颗粒平均停留时间最长,颗粒运动状态更接近平推流;在模拟工况范围内,随着粉体粒径增大,停留时间量纲一方差增大,颗粒在旋风分离器内的返混程度加剧;颗粒粒径和固气比变化对平均停留时间影响较小。     

SK静态混合器内各截面停留时间分布实验研究

采用脉冲示踪法对SK静态混合器内各截面的停留时间进行了实验测试,比较了流量对各截面停留时间分布的影响.结果表明:在同一截面上,随着流量增加,平均停留时间减小,停留时间分布密度曲线变得高而窄;在相同流量下,沿着轴线方向,平均停留时间增大,量纲一方差减小,流体流动趋向于活塞流.同一截面上,随着流量增加应答峰初期的斜率较陡,...     

撞击流气化炉内颗粒停留时间分布的随机模拟

根据多喷嘴对置式气化炉流场测试,将气化炉划分为若干区域,运用时间离散、状态离散的马尔可夫链随机模型,模拟了气化炉内颗粒相的停留时间分布(RTD)。当颗粒在撞击区和射流区间的回流比为0.5,向下撞击流股区和管流区为平推流模型,其他区域按全混流模型处理时,模拟值与实验值吻合较好。随着进料流量的增大,平均停留时间减小,量纲1方差减小;随着回流比的增加,平均停留时间增大;气固两相平均停留时间接近,但RTD存在一定差异。     

管式搅拌反应器中流动特性实验及模型研究

为进一步研究带机械搅拌装置的新型管式反应器内流动特性,采用刺激-响应技术,测定流体在不同操作条件下的停留时间分布(RTD)曲线并与无搅拌停留时间分布曲线作对比,计算了平均停留时间分布的统计特征值。用混合时间表征混合特性,用Peclet操作准数表征轴向扩散特性。结果表明,适当增大转速、流量或降低水位,都有利于反应器内流体的均匀混合。大体上随流量的减少和液位的升高停留时间有延长的趋势,转速变化对停留时间的影响不显著。在搅拌转速不超过400 r/min时,混合时间随着搅拌转速的增大而缩短。在实验范围内,反应器相当于3个串联全混槽反应器。     

工艺条件对内旋式移动床停留时间的影响

为了给热解过程中颗粒在内旋式反应器内的停留时间和混合效果提供理论指导,在内旋式移动床试验装置上,以煤颗粒作为填充物料和示踪剂,利用脉冲法研究了转轴长度、转轴转速、粒径及给料速率等工艺条件对物料停留时间的影响。结果表明:60°倾角安装的桨叶式传动叶片测得的平均停留时间分布曲线存在较大的"拖尾",曲线尾峰较多,表明反应器内存在返混;反应器内煤料流动流型介于平推流与全混流之间;转轴长度与平均停留时间呈线性关系;转轴转速与平均停留时间呈指数关系,增大转速会加剧轴向返混,同时缩短物料在反应器内的平均停留时间;随着煤料粒径的增大,反应器内平均停留时间和轴向返混程度均呈减小趋势,且粒径大的煤颗粒在输送过程中会出现一定程度的破碎,5~6 mm煤颗粒的破碎率为35.39%;给料速率主要影响煤料在反应器内的填料量,从而影响停留时间分布,平均停留时间随着给料速率的增加而降低。     

磷酸陈化槽内桨叶高度对颗粒悬浮特性影响的数值模拟

以磷酸陈化槽为研究对象,使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对陈化槽内的磷石膏固体颗粒的悬浮特性进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明在高搅拌转速条件下,过大或过小的桨叶离底高度都不利于颗粒悬浮,搅拌功率随着桨叶的离底距离先增大,然后趋于稳定,但是离底距离对搅拌功率的影响较小,可以忽略不计,结合搅拌槽内固相的浓度分布情况,得出相对最好的桨叶离底距离为陈化槽直径的0.33倍。     

自热转化炉停留时间分布

以氢气作为示踪剂,运用脉冲法测定自热转化炉内停留时间的分布。实验结果表明:随着催化剂床层的增高,停留时间分布密度函数变窄,平均停留时间和量纲一方差均减小;当进口气量增大时,平均停留时间减小,量纲一方差增大。应用N个全混流反应器(CSTR)、轴向混合模型和平推流模型串联建立自热转化炉停留时间分布模型,由Laplace变换法和阻尼最小二乘法对模型参数进行估算,模型估计停留时间曲线与实验测量曲线吻合良好。     

带导流板的自吸式搅拌槽内流动场的数值模拟

对一带导流板的自吸式搅拌槽进行了数值模拟,研究搅拌转速、桨叶高度、叶片数目对搅拌槽内流动场的影响.结果表明,随着搅拌转速的均匀增大,搅拌槽内流体速度均匀度增大,搅拌轴功率也逐步增大;随着桨叶高度的逐渐增大,搅拌功率先降低再增加;桨叶安装高度为150 mm,搅拌混合效果较好;随着桨叶数目的增多,搅拌槽内的流体速度分布更加...     

假塑性流体在双螺带桨搅拌釜内停留时间分布

采用电导率法研究了羧甲基纤维素水溶液假塑性流体在双螺带搅拌釜内的停留时间分布(RTD)情况,考察了物料黏度、流量、搅拌转速和转向对停留时间分布的影响.发现假塑性流体在釜内的停留时间分布类似于全混釜,但有一定的拖尾现象.物料黏度对平均停留时间和当量全混釜数影响不大;随着流量增大,平均停留时间减小,而当量全混釜数基本不变;...     

新型自吸式多相搅拌槽临界悬浮特性的实验研究

在不通气的情况下,对新型多相搅拌槽进行实验,得出了其固相含量w、颗粒密度r、搅拌槽内径D与临界悬浮转速Nc的关系,在相同条件下,与给定结构尺寸的标准搅拌槽对比了临界悬浮转速. 结果表明,Nc随固相分率j增加和粒径dp增大而增大,不利于达到良好的悬浮效果;固相颗粒密度越大,临界悬浮转速随之增大;槽径增大使达到悬浮状态的临界转速降低. 该新型搅拌槽临界悬浮转速的关联式是Nc=6.3dp0.21(gDr/rL)0.45w0.19/D0.55;同一固相分率下,新型多相搅拌槽的临界悬浮转速比标准搅拌槽降低了30%,在较低转速下就能使颗粒悬浮.     

折流板设备中流体停留时间分布与流动形态的对比研究

折流板结构在大空间设备中形成折流通道,以防止短路,从而使流体与换热管和颗粒床等内构件充分接触。停留时间分布(RTD)实验具有简单便捷的优势,针对设备中的短路与如何确定设备合理结构的问题分别设计了几组结构来进行RTD实验与流场数值模拟研究。对比分析结果表明,设备中的短路和死区是相对存在的,通过RTD密度函数曲线的出峰时间及拖尾情况能判断设备中短路与死区的情况,该结论可以为设备设计提供理论依据。利用多釜串联模型的釜数及RTD曲线的出峰时间和方差分析了流量、折流板缺口面积及板距对设备中流体流动形态的影响;研究了设备中的压降,综合考虑设备的能耗和性能,提出了以RTD实验来确定折流板设备合理结构时最合适的釜数、出峰时间及方差。     

Residence time distribution of a pharmaceutical grade polymer melt in a single screw extrusion process

The residence time distribution (RTD) of a flowing polymer through a single screw extruder was studied. This extruder allows injecting supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) used as physical foaming agent. The tested material is Eudragit E100, a pharmaceutical polymer. RTD was measured at various operating conditions and a model describing RTD has been developed. High screw speed or high temperature implies short residence time, but these parameters do not have the same effect on polymer flow. In the flow rate range studied, scCO₂ has no significant influence. A mathematical model consisting of a plug flow reactor in series with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) cross-flowing with a dead volume fitted well the experimental data.     

流量控制方式对离心泵停留时间分布的影响

采用脉冲示踪法研究离心泵的停留时间分布(RTD),将离心泵与等径等体积空管对比,定性描述了离心泵的返混特征,考察了泵前阀控、泵后阀控、转速控制对RTD的影响. 结果表明,RTD曲线呈单峰分布,泵内有死区存在,返混大于等径等体积空管,无因次方差为0.39~0.61;离心泵的返混程度既不靠近平推流,也不靠近全混流,受流量影响显著,随流量增大,返混显著减小. 3种流量控制方式对离心泵返混有一定影响,转速控制的返混情况明显大于2种阀控方式,2种阀控方式的影响较接近;随流量减小,流量控制方式引起的RTD差异更显著,3种方式的无因次方差的最大相对偏差达13.6%.     

Estimation of liquid phase mixing due to solids in a turbulent bed contactor

The mixing in two-phase gas-liquid and three-phase gas-liquid-solid system (turbulent bed contactor) is evaluated through residence time distribution (RTD) studies in terms of Peclet number. RTD experiments are conducted for various gas and liquid velocities, and number of stages for two- and three-phase systems. Since the mean residence time is very short in both the systems, a mixed flow tank with exponential decay RTD is used in series. After deconvolution, the RTD of the system is obtained. The experimental RTD curves are satisfactorily compared with the axial dispersion model and Peclet numbers are evaluated for all the experiments. The axial dispersion coefficients are calculated from Peclet numbers. With this study, it is thought that liquid phase mixing may be controlled by changing the quantity of solid particles in the bed.     

Modelling of flow in a wiped film evaporator

In a wiped film apparatus, the hydrodynamic conditions of the flow have a direct effect on the film thickness and on the residence time of the molecules and thus on the effectiveness of mass and heat transfer. Measurements of the residence time distribution (RTD), for different stirring velocities, allowed to propose a model for the flow as a series of perfectly mixed cells in parallel with a series of perfectly mixed cells exchanging mass with a dead zone.     

Mixing performance comparison of milliscale continuous high‐shear mixers

Mixing performance of two continuous flow millilitre‐scale reactors (volumes 9.5 mL and 2.5 mL) equipped with rotor‐stator mixers was studied. Cumulative residence time distributions (RTD) were determined experimentally using a step response method. Distributions were measured for both reactors by varying impeller speed and feed flow rate. The mixing effect was determined by measured RTDs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to verify that the residence time distribution in the measurement outlet agreed with the outlet flow. The mixing power of both reactors was determined using a calorimetric method. The reactor inlet flow rate was found to affect mixing performance at 1–13 s residence times but the effect of impeller speed could not be noted. Both milliscale reactors are close to an ideal continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) at the studied impeller speed and flow rate ranges. The specific interfacial area was found to depend on the reactor inlet flow rate at constant impeller speed for the case of copper solvent extraction.

     

Modeling of a cokneader for the manufacturing of composite materials having absorbent properties at ultra‐high‐frequency waves. Part 1: Modeling of flow from residence time distribution investigations

The purpose of this study is to gain better understanding of flow patterns and mixing conditions in a particular single‐screw extruder: the Buss Cokneader. To this end, the residence time distribution (RTD) of the polymer was investigated experimentally for different combinations of the operating variables (i.e. feed rate, screw rotation speed). The measurement of RTD used a standard stimulus‐response technique. Two kinds of tracer were used: free anthracene and anthracene grafted on the polymer. It was shown that only the second could characterize the actual flow of the polymer in the extruder. It does not perturb the flow and has the same rheological behavior as the studied fluid. Thanks to the RTD data, a model of the extruder based on the combination of ideal reactors, such as continuous stirred tank reactors or plug flow reactors, was finally set up. The establishment of relationships between model parameters and extrusion conditions allowed the prediction of RTD with good agreement.