High-strain-rate superplasticity of SiC p /8090 aluminum composite

Superplastic tensile tests of a 17 vol.% SiC _p /8090 Al-Li composite were carried out at strain rates ranging from 7.25 × 10^-4 s^-1 to 3.46 × 10^-1 s^-1 and at temperatures from 773 K to 873 K. A maximum elongation of 300% was obtained at a strain rate of 1.83 × 10^-1 s^-1 when tested at a temperature of 848 K which was slightly above the solidus temperature of the composite. The effect of a small fraction of liquid phase on high-strain-rate superplasticity was discussed. Finally, the activation energy of high-strain-rate superplastic deformation was calculated and high-strain-rate superplastic mechanism was discussed.     

应变率对T300/Al(L2)复合丝拉伸性能的影响

利用MTS810试验机和自行研制的冲击拉伸试验装置对T300／Al复合丝实施了不同应变率下的拉伸试验,获得了材料从0．001s^-1到1300s^-1应变率范围内完整的应力应变曲线。结果表明：T300／Al是一种应变率敏感复合材料,随着应变率的提高,材料的拉伸强度、失稳应变均相应提高,具有明显的应变率强化效应和动态韧性现象,这主要是由铝基体的应变率强化效应和应变率历史效应引起的。根据材料在不同应变率下的试验结果以及对其不同变形阶段机理的分析,提出了弹塑性复合丝束模型,并由此建立了相应的应变率相关的一维统计损伤本构方程,模型拟合结果与试验结果一致。     

High strain rate deformation and cracking of AA 2219 aluminium alloy welded propellant tank

Aluminium alloy AA 2219 (Al–6.6Cu–1Mn) is the candidate material for the fabrication of propellant storage tank of launch vehicle. Cold rolled sheets of 6.5 mm thickness are used to make the cylindrical shell, while sheets of 4.5 mm thickness are used for the construction of dome through petal forming technique. Petals, formed through cone rolling, treated to T87 temper condition are welded together by TIG welding to configure the dome. Such domes are joined to the cylindrical shell through a ring by TIG welding.The upper stage consists of two tanks, one oxidizer tank (liq. O₂) and other fuel tank (liq. H₂). After completing various developmental qualification tests, propellant flow rate test of one of the system was carried out. Almost all the liquid oxygen of the tank was removed and only a little quantity remained at the bottom. During one of the subsequent tests; when dry nitrogen gas was purged to evaporate the remaining liquid oxygen, the oxidizer tank dome catastrophically fractured with an audible sound. Fracture of oxidizer tank dome, placed at lower part of the system caused excessive deformation and subsequently it also caused fracture of fuel tank dome placed just over it.Detailed metallurgical investigations were carried out on the failed components and it was found that the tank failed under very high strain rate deformation. This paper brings out the details of the investigation carried out.     

金属基复合材料的高应变速率超塑性

综述并评论了金属基复合材料的高应变速率超塑变形机制,描述了金属基复合材料在高应变速率超塑变形中的一些理化现象,说明了变形过程中的各种影响因素,总结了具有高应变速率超塑性能的金属基复合材料及其性能,并指出了在金属基复合材料的高应变速率超塑性研究方面的不足。     

Refinement of microstructure and improvement of mechanical properties of Al/Al2O3 cast composite by accumulative roll bonding process

Some important problems associated with cast metal matrix composites (MMCs) include non-uniformity of the reinforcement particles, high porosity content, and weak bonding between reinforcement and matrix, which collectively result in low mechanical properties. Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process was used in this study as a very effective method for refinement of microstructure and improvement of mechanical properties of the cast Al/10 vol.% Al₂O₃ composite. The average particle size of the Al₂O₃ was 3 μm. The results revealed that the microstructure of the composite after eleven cycles of the ARB had an excellent distribution of alumina particles in the aluminum matrix without any noticeable porosity. The results also indicated that the tensile strength and elongation of the composites increased as the number of ARB cycles increased. After eleven ARB cycles tensile strength and elongation values reached 158.1 MPa and 7.8%, which were 2.54 and 2.36 times greater than those of the as-cast MMC, respectively.     

Corrosion protection and formation mechanism of anodic coating on SiCp/Al metal matrix composite

The corrosion protection from sulfuric acid anodized coatings on 2024 aluminum and SiC particle reinforced 2024 aluminum metal matrix composite (SiC_p/2024Al MMC) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution was investigated using electrochemical methods. The results show that the anodized coating on 2024Al provides good corrosion protection to 3.5 wt.% NaCl, and the anodized coating on the SiC_p/2024Al MMC provides some corrosion protection, but it is not as effective as for 2024Al because non-uniformity in thickness and cavities present are associated with the SiC particulates. Cavities above SiC particles are the reason that the anodized coating on the MMC cannot be completely sealed by hot water as with anodic Al alloy. SiC particle anodizes at a significantly reduced rate compared with the adjacent Al matrix. This gives rise to alumina film encroachment beneath the particle and occlusion of the partly anodized particle in the coating. It was found that the barrier layer of anodized Al MMC is not continuous, and it is composed primarily of the barrier layer of anodized Al matrix and a barrier-type SiO₂ film on occluded SiC particles in the coating. A new formation mechanism of coating growth during anodizing of a SiC_p/2024Al MMC was proposed.     

High strain rate compression response of carbon/epoxy laminate composites

Composite materials exhibit excellent mechanical properties over metallic materials and hence are increasingly considered for high technology applications. In many practical situations, the structures are subjected to loading at very high strain rates. Material and structural response vary significantly under such loading as compared to static loading. A structure that is expected to perform under dynamic loading conditions, if designed with the static properties, might be too conservative. Hence, it is necessary to characterize the advanced composites under high strain rate loading. In the current investigations, the response of carbon/epoxy laminated composites under high strain rate compression loading is considered using a modified split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) setup at three different strain rates of 82, 164 and 817 s⁻¹. The laminates were fabricated using 32 plies of a DA 4518 unidirectional carbon/epoxy prepreg system. Both unidirectional and cross-ply laminates were considered for the study. In the case of cross-ply laminates, the samples were tested in the thickness as well as in the in-plane direction. The unidirectional laminate samples were subjected to loading along 0° and 90° directions. Dynamic stress–strain plot was obtained for each sample and compared with the static compression test result. The results of the study indicate that the dynamic strength (with the exception of through the thickness loading of cross-ply laminates) and stiffness exhibit considerable increase as compared to the static values within the tested range of strain rates.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Al2O3 MMC produced by anodising and cold roll bonding

Abstract

In the present paper, Al–Al₂O₃ composite strips are produced by the cold roll bonding process of anodised aluminium strips. This technique has the flexibility to control the volume fraction of metal matrix composites by varying the oxide layer thickness on the anodised aluminium strip. Microhardness, tensile strength and elongation of composite strips are investigated as a function of quantity of alumina and the applied production method. It is found that higher quantities of alumina improve microhardness and tensile strength, while the elongation value decreases negligibly. Furthermore, prerolling annealing is found to be the best method of producing this composite via the cold roll bonding process. Finally, it is found that both monolithic aluminium and aluminium/alumina composite exhibited a ductile fracture, having dimples and shear zones.     

原位生成(TiBw+TiCp)/Ti复合材料的高应变速率超塑性

将纯钛粉和B4C粉按一定比例混合均匀后,通过反应热压方法原位合成制备了TiB晶须和TiC颗粒增强体积分数为3%的钛基复合材料,并在950℃以16∶1的挤压比对复合材料进行了高温热挤压变形.采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分别研究了原位生成复合材料的相结构和微观组织,并在700℃以不同应变速率对钛基复合材料进行了高温拉伸变形.研究表明:纯钛和B4C在1200℃真空热压原位合成产生两种不同形状的增强体,即短纤维状TiB晶须和等轴状的TiC颗粒;应变速率为5.95×10-4、1.19×10-3s-1和0.89×10-2s-1时,(TiBw TiCp)/Ti复合材料都表现出超塑性,延伸率分别为205.43%、148.3%和112.85%;700℃变形时(TiBw TiCp)/Ti复合材料的应变速率敏感指数为0.45.     

Improvement of the bonding interface in hybrid fiber/particle preform reinforced Al matrix composite

The bonding interface between the reinforcement and the matrix alloy in hybrid AZS fiber/SiC particle preform based aluminum metal matrix composites (Al MMCs) has been investigated as a function of reinforced particle size and the binder content. It is observed that high binder and large particle will result in a poor bonding interface. This has deleterious effects on the mechanical properties of the cast MMCs. Estimation of the binder thickness indicates that there exists a critical particle size above which the particles are not appropriate to be used in fabricating the hybrid fiber/particle preform based MMCs.     

Inverse grain-size-dependent strain rate sensitivity of face-centered cubic high-entropy alloy

It is well documented that the strain rate sensitivity(m)increases at refined grain size for face-centered cubic(FCC)metals and alloys.Through a series of nanoindentation testing,however,we experimentally demonstrated a striking departure from conventional FCC metals that CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy(HEA)with FCC lattice structure exhibits monotonously decreased m as grain size reduced from～30.3μm to 7.2 nm.Moreover,the apparent activation volume v*,which generally shows an opposite trend of m,exhibited the identical decreasing trend with reduced grain size as that of m.Such an unusual trend of m and its correlation with v* in the FCC HEA alloys can be understood by a distinct deformation-mechanism-transitions and unique dislocation morphology evolution that differs from conventional FCC metals.     

Mesoscopic grain boundary sliding as the rate controlling process for high strain rate superplastic deformation

Important features observed during high strain rate superplastic deformation are enumerated. Starting from the premise that the phenomenon of structural superplasticity in different classes of materials results when grain boundary sliding that develops to a mesoscopic scale (defined to be of the order of a grain diameter or more) controls the rate of flow, the particular case of high strain rate superplasticity is explained. The rate equation developed is validated using experimental results concerning 5 alloy systems in which an ultra-fine grain size is developed by thermomechanical processing and retained in a similar condition during superplastic deformation by fine, grain boundary pinning particles and 3 alloy composites in which the volume fraction of the reinforcing constituent is significant (15–25%). It is demonstrated that the analysis results in estimates for the externally measured strain rates that are within a factor of two, in addition to providing a physically meaningful free energy of activation for the rate controlling process. This approach explains superplastic flow in different classes of materials in terms of a single rate controlling mechanism of deformation, viz., mesoscopic grain boundary sliding, with the help of a few constants that have the same values for all systems. The system-dependent variables of threshold stress needed for the onset of mesoscopic boundary sliding and free energy of activation are obtained directly from superplasticity stress–strain rate data, without external inputs.     

The static and high strain rate behaviour of a commingled E-glass/polypropylene woven fabric composite

In this paper the effect of strain rate on the tensile, shear and compression behaviour of a commingled E-glass/polypropylene woven fabric composite over a strain rate range of 10⁻³–10² s⁻¹ is reported. The quasi-static tests were conducted on an electro-mechanical universal test machine and a modified instrumented falling weight drop tower was used for high strain rate characterisation. The tensile and compression modulus and strength increased with increasing strain rate. However, the shear modulus and strength were seen to decrease with increasing strain rate. Strain rate constants for use in finite element analyses are derived from the data. The observed failure mechanisms deduced from a microscopic study of the fractured specimens are presented.     

Effects of Al addition on high strain rate deformation of fully austenitic high Mn steels

The effects of Al addition on dynamic flow response of the fully austenitic high Mn steel were investigated by conducting high strain rate compression tests on Fe-22Mn-xAl-0.6C steels (x = 0, 3, 6 in wt.%). While dynamic yield strength of the 0 Al steel and the 3 Al steel were comparable, the 6 Al steel exhibited the highest one. Meanwhile, strain hardenability of the 0 Al steel was the highest and that of other two steels was nearly same. Under the present dynamic loading, no obvious dynamic recrystallization by adiabatic heating was observed in all steels. Fully compressed microstructures revealed (a) ?-martensite and mechanical twin bands for the 0 Al steel, (b) multi-layer deformation bands and mechanical twin bands for the 3 Al steel, and (c) a variety of dislocation configurations such as the directional slip traces, tangled dislocations, and incomplete dislocation cells for the 6 Al steel. These findings inform that dynamic flow of the 0 Al steel was associated with both TRIP and TWIP, and that of other two steels was dominated by dislocation gliding - mainly, planar glide for the 3 Al steel and the combination of both planar glide and wavy glide for the 6 Al steel. The dynamic flow response of the present steels was discussed in terms of the stacking fault energy affected by the Al content and adiabatic heating during dynamic loading and of the strain rate effect on the critical stress for mechanical twinning.     

High strain rate superplasticity of hot extruded and hot rolled AA 6013/20 vol.-%SiCp composite

Abstract

High strain rate superplasticity(HSRS)of an AA 6013/20SiC_pcomposite, produced by powder metallurgy and then hot extruded or hotrolled, was evaluated by means of tensile tests carried out over a range of initial strain rates from 1 × 102 to 3.8 × 10^-1 s^-1 and temperatures from 520 to 590 ° C. A maximum elongation to failure of 370% was achieved in a hot rolled composite deformed at 1 × 10^-1 s^-1 and 560 ° C. Substantially lower elongations were achieved in hot extruded composites, with a maximumof200% at1 × 10^-2 s ^-1 and 580 ° C. The lower elongations in the hot extruded composite could be related to the large quantity of intermetallic compounds, shown by TEM analyses, which probably hinder large superplastic elongations. In both hot extruded and hot rolled composite, the flow stress was strongly dependenton temperature and strain rate; a steady state flow stress region was observed in the specimen that exhibited the maximum elongation to failure. The strain rate sensitivity index m reached a maximum ofabout 0.4 for the hot rolled composite, and about 0.35 for the hot extruded composite. Analyses of the fracture surfaces of hot rolled composite deformed at the maximum elongation, were characterised by the presence of many filaments or 'whiskers', which are generally considered as evidence of a liquid phase present at grain boundaries or interfaces.     

Structure and hardness of surface of Al18B4O33w/Al composite by laser surface melting

As a new material, aluminum borate whisker reinforced aluminum composites have attracted interest and have been considered for a wide range application because of their high specific strength, high modulus and low cost. The study included a detailed characterization of the laser melting surface in terms of microstructures, phase analysis and a ratio of Al₂O₃ (the decomposition products of whiskers during laser process) and Al in intensity with tests parameters as an indication of Al₂O₃ distribution. Microhardness of the laser layer was also studied in detail. The results indicated that the most of γ-Al₂O₃ exists at the bottom of the laser pool, which led to a maximum value in the hardness be obtained. Microhardness of the laser layer was improved to 294 Hv as compared to 178 Hv of the as-cast composite, because of the existence of Al₂O₃ particles, solid solution hardness and the grain refinement of the laser layer following rapid quenching associated with the process.     

Study on squeeze casting of an in situ 5 vol.-% TiB2/2014 Al composite

Abstract

An in situ 5 vol.-% TiB₂/2014 composite was prepared by an exothermic reaction of K₂TiF₆, KBF₄ and Al melts. The effect of introduction of in situ formed TiB₂ particles on the squeeze-casting formability of the composite was discussed. The microstructural evolution and changes in the mechanical properties of the composite at different squeeze pressures were investigated. The results showed that a pouring temperature of 710°C, a die temperature of 200°C and a squeeze pressure of 90 MPa were found to be sufficient to get the qualified squeeze cast and maximum mechanical properties for an Al 2014 alloy. However, the pouring temperature, die temperature and squeeze pressure need to be increased to 780°C, 250°C and 120 MPa for the composite to get the qualified squeeze cast and maximum mechanical properties as a result of the effect of introduction of in situ formed TiB₂ particles on the solidification process, plasticity and fluidity of the composite. The microstructural refinement, elimination of casting defects such as shrinkage porosities and gas porosities and improved distribution of TiB₂ particles in the case of the composite result when pressure was applied during solidification. Compared with the gravity-cast composite, the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the squeeze-cast composite at 120 MPa increased by 21%, 16% and 200%.     

2024Al和SiCp／2024Al基复合材料阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性

用动电位阳极极化和电化学阻抗技术研究了SiCp／2024Al复合材料硫酸阳极氧化膜在3．5％NaCl水溶液中的耐蚀性；作为比较，对2024Al的阳极氧化膜耐蚀性也进行了研究。结果表明，经阳极氧化处理的SiCp／2024Al复合材料具有良好的耐NaCl溶液腐蚀的能力，其腐蚀速度较未处理的样品降低了2个数量级以上。但其耐蚀性不如2024Al合金的阳极氧化膜。这是由于氧化膜中SiC颗粒的存在破坏了氧化膜的完整性和均匀性所致。对SiCp／2024Al MMC，采用小电流密度来进行阳极氧化处理，可获得较好的防护效果。此外，阳极氧化膜层的抗蚀性随浸泡时问的增加有降低的趋势。     

Al2O3／Al复合材料阻尼行为的研究

研究了Ａｌ２Ｏ３／Ａｌ复合材料的室温和高温阻尼行为，发现增强物含量增加，此复合材料的阻尼性能显著增加，优于铝合金，较多的位错阻尼和界面阻尼是提高复合材料阻尼性能的原因。