Sliding wear resistance of iron aluminides

Room temperature dry sliding wear behaviour of iron aluminides containing 28% aluminium and various amounts of chromium has been investigated using pin on disk wear tester. The aluminides were heat treated to have orderedDO ₃structure. It was found that wear rate of the aluminides increased with the increase of applied normal load and sliding speed. Wear resistance of the aluminides increased with increase in chromium content. SEM observation of the worn surface showed that the microcutting and microploughing were the dominant sliding wear mechanisms.     

Wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composite materials

Wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites is characterized by the dry spindle wear test under various conditions (volume fractions of reinforcements, sliding distances and speeds). Wear resistance of composites is improved due to the presence of reinforcements, but no noticeable improvements are observed in the wear resistance with more than 20% addition of reinforcements. To analyse wear mechanisms, wear surfaces are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The major wear mechanisms of discontinuous metal matrix composites (MMC)s are strongly dependent on sliding speeds. Dominant mechanism is the adhesive-abrasive wear at low and intermediate sliding speeds, and melt wear at high sliding speeds. Weight loss is linearly increased with the sliding distance. The effect of reinforcements' orientations on wear behaviours is also discussed.     

Wear rate,frictional temperature,and energy consumption of steel 52100 with different microstructures during sliding

In a concerned tribological system, mechanical behavior such as friction and wear, microstructural evolution, and change in environmental temperature impact each other. A complete understanding of these interactions between the above factors is important for a tribological system to function well. In this study, the relationships among the wear rate, the frictional surface temperature, the heat consumption, and the friction energy consumption of steel 52100 with different microstructures during dry sliding were investigated using wear tests and theoretical approaches. The experimental results showed that the wear rate depends strongly on the thermal physical properties of the different microstructures due to their different energy consumptions during sliding. The calculations based on a frictional temperature field model were consistent with the experimental observations.     

Comparison of high temperature wear behaviour of plasma sprayed WC–Co coated and hard chromium plated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

The wear behaviour of plasma sprayed coating and hard chrome plating on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel substrate is experimentally investigated in unlubricated conditions. Experiments were conducted at different temperatures (room temp, 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C) with 50 N load and 1 m/s sliding velocity. Wear tests were carried out by dry sliding contact of EN-24 medium carbon steel pin as counterpart on a pin-on-disc wear testing machine. In both coatings, specimens were characterised by hardness, microstructure, coating density and sliding wear resistance. Wear studies showed that the hard chromium coating exhibited improved tribological performance than that of the plasma sprayed WC–Co coating. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) of the coatings showed that the better wear resistance at high temperature has been attributed to the formation of a protective oxide layer at the surface during sliding. The wear mechanisms were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD. It was observed that the chromium coating provided higher hardness, good adhesion with the substrate and nearly five times the wear resistance than that obtained by uncoated AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel.     

Influence of reinforcement volume fraction on sliding wear behaviour of SHS derived ferrous based metal matrix composite

Abstract

Steel matrix composites reinforced with (W,Ti)C particles were processed by directaddition of an innovative powder to molten 0.4 wt-%Clow alloy steel.Thispowder was producedusing a self-propagatinghightemperature synthesis(SHS) reaction and consisted of a dispersion of fine (W,Ti)C particles (5-10 μm) in an iron binder. Dry unidirectional sliding wear behaviour ofthe compositematerialanditsunreinforced counterpartwas investigated atroomtemperature against a white cast iron counterface. In situ monitoring of wear and friction, in conjunction with electron microscopy, has been used tointerpretwearscar microstructures observed intermsofwear mechanisms. Wear experimentswere performedat a sliding speed of 1.5 m s^-1 at different test loads. It was found that the wear resistance of the composite material was superior to that of their unreinforced counterparts over the entire range of loading employed during this investigation. The unreinforced base alloy exhibited a transition from mild to severe wear at a load of approximately 70 N. No such transition was found to occur for the composite materials. Instead, after a transient period of running in wear, steady state conditions were observed. At the highest level of carbide addition this transient period did not occur and the composite wore in a regime of mild wear over the full spectrum of loading utilised.     

Effect of Short Fibre Reinforcement on the Friction and Wear Behaviour of Nylon 66

Use of thermoplastic composite material for load bearing components is increasing due to economical processing of complicated shapes in large quantities. Addition of fibre improves the strength and modulus of composites. Although the tribo-behaviour of thermoplastic composites were investigated, the friction and wear mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Friction and wear behaviour of injection unfilled Nylon 66, glass fibre reinforced Nylon 66 and carbon fibre reinforced Nylon 66 is investigated under dry sliding conditions. Tests were conducted at different normal loads and sliding velocities at room temperature. Coefficient of friction, wear loss and heat generation during the wear tests were quantified. Presence of fibre affects coefficient of friction and wear resistance of Nylon 66 matrix composites. The formation and stability of the transfer films affects the wear resistance. The rise in temperature during sliding was also calculated and also measured. The contact temperature rise is influenced by the composition which in turn influences the fibre adhesion and thereby the wear resistance. Glass fibre reinforced Nylon exhibited the lowest wear rate among the materials investigated. Both adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms were observed in polymer matrix composites.     

Influence of rotational speed during centrifugal casting on sliding wear behaviour of the Al-2Si alloy

The microstructures and dry sliding wear behaviour of an Al-2Si alloy cast centrifugally are studied. Results indicate that at optimum speed the cast has a microstructure consisting of uniformly distributed α-Al grains and fine eutectic silicon grains. The cast exhibited better wear resistance compared to the same cast prepared at different rpms. This paper attempts to investigate the influence of the microstructural changes in the Al-2Si alloy by varying the rotational speed of the mould and its combined action on the dry sliding wear behaviour.     

Self-lubricate and anisotropic wear behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy reinforced with ternary Ti2AlC MAX phases

The dry sliding wear behavior of Ti₂AlC reinforced AZ91 magnesium composites was investigated at sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s under loads of 10, 20, 40 and 80 N using pin-on-disk configuration against a Cr15 steel disc. Wear rates and friction coefficients were registered during wear tests. Worn tracks and wear debris were examined by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy in order to obtain the wear mechanisms of the studied materials. The main mechanisms were characterized as the magnesium matrix oxidation and self-lubrication of Ti₂AlC MAX phase. In all conditions, the composites exhibit superior wear resistance and self-lubricated ability than the AZ91 Mg alloy. In addition, the anisotropic mechanisms in tribological properties of textured Ti₂AlC-Mg composites were confirmed and discussed.     

Sliding behaviour of nanophased AISI M2 tool steel obtained by mechanomaking and hot isostatic pressing

Abstract

The friction and wear behaviour of a nanophased AISI grade M2 tool steel was studied under dry sliding conditions and compared with that of a conventional AISI M2 steel. The nanocrystalline steel was produced by mechanosynthesis followed by cold and hot isostatic pressing. Slider-on-cylinder tests were performed against a ceramic coated countermaterial under loads of 10, 20, and 30 N and sliding speeds of 0.3 and 1.2 m s^-1 up to 10 km sliding distance. The nanocrystalline material underwent mild wear with low coefficient of friction under all testing conditions. The commercial M2 steel displayed distance dependent transitions from a regime of mild wear with low coefficient of friction, to a regime of severe wear with high coefficient of friction. The first tribological regime was due to the formation of a layer of iron oxides on the worn surfaces. In this regime, the wear resistance of both steels is mainly dominated by the mechanical properties of the carbides which have high load carrying capability. The second tribological regime, observed in the commercial steel, was due to the formation of cracks both on the mechanically mixed layer and at a depth beneath this layer, which also led to the detachment of carbides from the matrix. This abrasive ‘third body’ produced high wear damage of the commercial steel under high applied loads.     

Investigation of the effect of Al-8B master alloy and strain-induced melt activation process on dry sliding wear behavior of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of Al–8B master alloy and modified strain-induced melt activation process on the structural characteristics and dry sliding wear behavior of Al–12Zn–3Mg–2.5Cu aluminum alloy. The optimum amount of B containing master alloy for proper grain refining was selected as 3.75 wt.%. The alloy was produced by modified strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process. Reheating condition to obtain a fine globular microstructure was optimized. The optimum temperature and time in strain-induced melt activation process are 590 °C and 10 min, respectively. T6 heat treatment was applied for all specimens before wear testing. Significant improvements in wear properties were obtained with the addition of grain refiner combined with T6 heat treatment. Dry sliding wear performance of the alloy was examined in normal atmospheric conditions. The experimental results showed that the T6 heat treatment considerably improved the resistance of Al–12Zn–3 Mg–2.5Cu aluminum alloy to the dry sliding wear. The results showed that dry sliding wear performance of globular microstructure specimens was a lower value than that of B-refined specimens without strain-induced melt activation process.     

Laser surface alloying of case hardening steel with tungsten carbide and carbon

Abstract

The laser surface alloying process was used to introduce two different alloying materials, tungsten carbide (WC/Co) and carbon, into the molten surface of a case hardening steel (16MnCrS5), to improve its hardness and wear resistance. The chemical composition and the resulting microstructure in the alloyed layers were of particular interest in this investigation, because the strengthening mechanism was strongly dependent upon the type and amount of the alloy material. For laser alloying with carbon the increase in hardness and wear resistance was based on the martensitic transformation in the composition range concerned. For alloying with tungsten carbide it was necessary to consider two different strengthening mechanisms, namely, martensitic transformation and precipitation of carbides. In both cases the grain refinement in the laser affected zone had an additional effect. Resistance to dry abrasive sliding wear was measured using a conventional pin-on-disc wear testing machine. For both alloy materials the wear rate was substantially lower than that of a substrate that had been laser remelted without alloying additions.

MST/1556     

Wear performance and mechanisms of EN coating under reciprocating sliding conditions

Electroless nickel (EN) coatings are commonly used as an engineering coating for protecting components from corrosion and wear. In the present work, EN was applied to a mild steel substrate and its wear performance under dry as well as lubricated conditions was evaluated for reciprocating sliding wear. A sliding pin made from nodular cast iron was used as the mating surface. In order to assess the wear mechanisms involved in the process, both optical and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to study the wear surface and the debris. The results indicate that the EN coating performed very well under lubricated conditions. In dry tests, extensive adhesion and material transfer was observed. Scanning electron micrographs have been interpreted to analyse various wear mechanisms operating under different loading conditions.     

Susceptibility to scratch damage of high density polyethylene coating

The scratch behaviour of a polymeric coating, based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), used for pipeline application was investigated in this work. Instrumented scratch testing was used for the characterization of the friction and wear behaviour of such materials. Static contact of a diamond conical indenter against the polyethylene (PE) coating was experimentally studied. Normal and tangential forces are measured during the scratch experiments using various scratch parameters (such as sliding velocity, attack angle, applied normal load). All the experiments were performed under unlubricated conditions and at room temperature. Moreover, some hygrothermally aged coating samples were considered in order to analyze the effect of immersion aging on their scratch behaviour. Before being subjected to scratch experiments, these samples were immersed in synthetic sea water at a set temperature of 70 °C and for 6 months. The scratch behaviour of the polymeric coating was discussed in terms of friction coefficient, wear resistance and wear mechanisms. Thus, scratch tracks were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. To characterize the scratch process, three-dimensional topography of the scratched surfaces was measured. In fact, wear morphologies of the PE coating were observed after scratching by tactile profilometer and laser interferometer. Friction response was correlated to wear mechanisms. Wear volume can be considered relevant responses to describe the material's scratch resistance. It was found that friction and wear behaviours are significantly affected by scratch parameters. Hygrothermal aging considerably affects the wear resistance of the studied coating. In terms of wear mechanisms, the ploughing controls the wear of such PE coating whole the retained test conditions.     

Effect of sliding condition and wear surface state on the tribological behaviour of SiCp/Cu composite

Abstract

The present work was undertaken to investigate the effect of sliding condition and wear surface state on the dry sliding wear behaviour of SiC_p/Cu composite. Three kinds of sliding conditions, namely continuous sliding, interrupted sliding, and interrupted and cleaning sliding were employed. It was observed that a compact mechanically mixed layer (MML) was present on the worn surface of the composite, which effectively decreased the wear loss of the sliding pair. The new running in period of the interrupted tests led to breakage of the MML. Sufficient sliding and entrapment of wear debris in the contact region were two important preconditions for the formation of an MML. Therefore, continuous sliding or long period sliding is favoured to extend the life of this dry tribosystem.     

Impact of lubrication on the tribological behaviour of PTFE composites for guide rings application

In this study, the friction and wear behaviours of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based composites were comparatively evaluated under dry sliding and oil-lubricated conditions. Two PTFE composites filled with bronze and bronze + molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) were considered. These composites were used as guide rings for hydraulic actuating cylinder. Friction and wear tests of the composite specimens sliding against high chromium steel ball were conducted using reciprocating linear tribometer. The wear mechanisms of the composites under the two different sliding conditions were analysed and discussed based on scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examinations of the worn surface and optical micrographs of the steel counterface. Under the oil-lubricated condition, the friction and wear behaviours of the composites were considerably improved if compared to that under the dry sliding. The oil adsorbed layer limited the transfer of the composite to the steel counterface and avoided the oxidation of the MoS₂ during the sliding test.     

Friction and wear behavior of three-dimensional braided carbon fiber/epoxy composites under lubricated sliding conditions

The friction and wear characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) braided carbon fiber-epoxy (C_3D/EP) composites under lubricated sliding conditions against a quenched medium-carbon steel counterface were studied. Wear tests were performed under different loads at two velocities. Comparative wear tests under dry conditions were carried out to investigate the influence of lubrication. Tribological properties of the C_3D/EP composites with various fiber loadings and two different fiber-matrix adhesion strengths were assessed. It was found that the lubricated contact promoted lower wear rates and friction coefficients. Compared to dry sliding, the tribological performance of the C_3D/EP composites under lubrication was less dependent on fiber content, fiber-matrix bonding, load, and velocity than dry sliding. The worn surfaces of the C_3D/EP composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the relevant mechanisms.     

Tribological properties of Ti40Zr25Ni8Cu9Be18 bulk metallic glasses under different conditions

The tribological behavior of Ti₄₀Zr₂₅Ni₈Cu₉Be₁₈ bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) under dry sliding and deionized water, as well as in 30%, 60%, and 90% hydrogen peroxide solution, were investigated by a block-on-disc test. This study demonstrates that the environmental conditions significantly affect the tribological behavior of the BMGs. The friction coefficient was lowest under the dry sliding condition and highest under 60% hydrogen peroxide solution. The wear resistance of BMGs was highest under the dry sliding condition, and lowest under 30% hydrogen peroxide solution. Analysis of the worn surface revealed that the Ti-based BMGs exhibited inhomogeneous plastic deformation, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, micro-cutting, and peeling off during sliding. In addition, the wear mechanism may have changed with an alteration in the environment.     

Effect of aging on the abrasive wear properties of AlMgSi1 alloy

In this paper, the wear performance of the aged AlMgSi1 alloy was investigated. Great improvements in mechanical properties of Al alloys can be achieved by suitable solution treatment and aging operations. A pin-on-disk wear machine was designed and developed for abrasive wear tests. The wear resistance was evaluated using a pin-on-disk wear testing method with a SiC abrasive paper counterface. The variation of wear volume is presented as a function of applied normal load, abrasive grit size and sliding distance for running speed. Mass losses were measured within a load range of 6.45–11 N, a sliding velocity range of 0.078–0.338 m/s and abrasive grit size of 5–30 μm. The effects of different sliding speeds and loads on wear resistance and surface roughness were also examined. It was measured amounts of mass loss and examined worn surfaces. Metal microscope was used to study the microstructures of the wear scars. Natural aged specimen observed maximum wear resistance.     

Wear resistance of austenite–TiC–graphite microstructures prepared by laser coating

Abstract

Cast iron was laser coated with a nickel based covered electrode. The cover material consisted of titanium, cobalt, carbon, rare earth, and slag forming powders. The laser coated layer included substantial amounts of austenite, some TiC particles, and nodular graphite, as well as small quantities of austenite–Fe₃C eutectic. Sliding wear tests were carried out to evaluate the wear properties of the microstructures. The effects of alloying elements and microstructures on wear resistance were investigated. The role of austenite during wear was particularly emphasised by experimental tests.     

Influence of melt treatments on sliding wear behavior of Al–7Si and Al–7Si–2.5Cu cast alloys

The microstructures and dry sliding wear behavior of Al–7Si and Al–7Si–2.5Cu cast alloys were studied after various melt treatments like grain refinement and modification. Results indicate that combined grain refined and modified Al–7Si–2.5Cu cast alloys have microstructures consisting of uniformly distributed α-Al grains, eutectic Al– silicon and fine CuAl₂ particles in the interdendritic region. These alloys exhibited better wear resistance in the cast condition compared with the same alloy subjected to only grain refinement or modification. The improved wear resistances of Al–7Si–2.5Cu cast alloys are related to the refinement of the aluminum grain size, uniform distribution of eutectic Al-silicon and fine CuAl₂ particles in the interdendritic region resulting from combined refinement and modification. This paper attempts to investigate the influence of the microstructural changes in the Al–7Si and Al–7Si–2.5Cu cast alloys by grain refinement, modification and combined action of both on the sliding wear behavior.