酱油制曲过程中蛋白质的降解规律研究

研究了酱油制曲过程中总氮含量、氮溶指数、氨基酸转化率、挥发性盐基氮含量及可溶性多肽分子量分布的变化规律;结果表明:豆粕曲和大豆曲的总氮含量、氮溶指数、氨基酸转化率均随培养时间的延长呈上升趋势,培养48h后,豆粕曲和大豆曲的总氮含量分别提高了15.89%和12.43%,豆粕曲和大豆曲的氮溶指数分别达到26.37%和34.45%;氨基酸转化率分别达到12.11%和16.00%,大曲的氨基酸转化率与氮溶指数呈明显正相关。不同培养时段的豆粕曲和大豆曲的肽分子量均以1000～5000u为主,制曲结束后,分别占肽总量的63.55%和67.62%。     

A study of chemical characteristics of soy sauce and mixed soy sauce: chemical characteristics of soy sauce

Mixed soy sauce is one among the Korean traditional fermented soy sauces consumed as condiment for cooking in Korea, especially mixed soy sauce is made of the fresh seafood and the meat different from the soy sauce. Therefore, mixed soy sauce provides the strong and complicated umami taste, which is stronger than that of soy sauce. The objective of this study was to investigate for the chemical characteristics changes of mixed soy sauce in comparison with soy sauce during fermentation process (0, 120, 240 and 360 days) at different fermentation temperatures (4 and 20 °C), change in moisture, total nitrogen, crude fat, ash, pH, titratable acidity, total acidity, salt content and reducing sugar of mixed soy sauce in comparison with soy sauce. Especially, histidine, arginine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, and lysine, essential amino acid and among adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-related compounds, inosine (HxR) and hypoxantine (Hx) were prominent in mixed soy sauce at 20 °C. Otherwise, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivative and 3DG content were prominent in soy sauce at 20 °C. The content of 2,4-DNPH derivative and 3DG in soy sauce is correlated with its browning intensity.     

Monitoring of the microbial communities involved in the soy sauce manufacturing process by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Soy sauce is a traditional seasoning produced through the fermentation of soybeans and wheat using microbes. In this study, the microbial communities involved in the soy sauce manufacturing process were analyzed by PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The bacterial DGGE profile indicated that the bacterial microbes in the koji were Weissella cibaria (Weissella confusa, Weissella kimchii, Weissella salipiscis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus iners, or Streptococcus thermophilus), Staphylococcus gallinarum (or Staphylococcus xylosus), and Staphylococcus kloosii. In addition to these bacteria, Tetragenococcus halophilus was also detected in the mash during lactic acid fermentation. The fungal DGGE profile indicated that the fungal microbes in the koji were not only Aspergillus oryzae but also several yeasts. In the mash, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii appeared in the early fermentation stage, Candida etchellsii (or Candida nodaensis) and Candida versatilis were detected at the middle fermentation stage, and Candida etchellsii was detected at the mature fermentation stage. These results suggest that the microbial communities present during the soy sauce manufacturing process change drastically throughout its production. This is the first report to reveal the microbial communities involved in the soy sauce manufacturing process using a culture-independent method.     

Amino acid composition,molecular weight distribution and antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates of soy sauce lees

The proteins of soy sauce lees (SSLP) were hydrolysed by Alcalase in the presence of ultrasound or traditional water bath to obtain hydrolysates S2–S6. The analysis of protein content indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis could significantly improve the extraction efficiency of proteins. By determination of molecular weight distribution, >10 and 5–10 KDa fractions of native SSLP (S1) decreased during hydrolysis, whilst 3–5 KDa fraction increased. Gradual increases of free, total and antioxidant amino acids were observed for S1–S4, and the differences between S4 and S6 were slight. Tyrosine was the major free amino acid of S1–S6, whilst glutamic acid had the highest amount in total amino acid composition. S2–S6 showed stronger DPPH radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner than S1. All the results suggested that ultrasound treatment showed an inhibition behaviour on the enzymatic hydrolysis of SSLP.     

酱油多菌种制曲工艺条件研究

研究不同条件对黑曲霉制曲效果的影响，确定黑曲霉制曲的最适条件，以利于与米曲霉分别制曲后混合发酵，提高曲料蛋白酶活力。结果显示：黑曲霉制曲的最适原料配比为膨化大豆粉67％，小麦粉26％，麸皮7％，膨化大豆：水=1：1．3；采用固态培养法，接种黑曲霉量为0．3％，制曲温度控制在30℃～33℃，培养36h出曲。     

大米蛋白渣酿造酱油制曲工艺的研究

大米蛋白渣是生产淀粉糖的下脚料,可以作为酿造酱油的蛋白质原料。文章首先以蛋白酶活力为评价指标,确定最佳制曲时间为48 h。然后以制曲温度、原料配比、水分添加量为试验因素分别进行了单因素和正交试验,确定制曲最佳工艺条件为:大米蛋白渣与豆粕比例为1∶2,加水量为80%,搅拌均匀后蒸料30 min,然后冷却至室温,接入菌种,30℃条件下制曲48 h。在此条件下成曲蛋白酶活力高,制得的酱油感官质量良好。     

Anti-hydrogen peroxide activity of fish and soy sauce

Shoyu is the Japanese name for soy sauce and the most popular liquid condiment (seasoning) used in Japanese cuisine as well as in cuisines of other oriental countries. Shoyu is prepared by digesting mold-cultured soybeans and wheat seeded with an aspergillus (koji in Japanese) in the presence of sodium chloride. Gyoshoyu is produced when the soybeans and wheat are replaced with fish. Both Shoyu and Gyoshoyu have high level of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity. Hydrogen peroxide is produced in green tea after exposure to air. To find a safe and economical method of preventing the production of H₂O₂ in green tea, effects of Shoyu and Gyoshoyu on H₂O₂ level in bottled green tea were examined. Both Shoyu and Gyoshoyu suppressed the production of H₂O₂. Gyoshoyu decomposed H₂O₂ possibly because of the presence of a thermostable catalase, while Shoyu did not. Some components of Shoyu and Gyoshoyu may be useful to suppress the production of H₂O₂ in green tea.     

铁酱油中NaFeEDTA含量测定的研究

酸性条件下，强化铁酱油中NaFeEDTA中的铁解离出Fe^3＋。被盐酸羟胺还原为Fe^2＋并显色剂反应生成稳定的红色络合物，红色络合物在510nm波长处有最大吸收，吸光度与铁离子浓度之间成良好的线性关系，回归方程为：Y=0．387X＋0．0208．相关系数R=0．9994。此方法简便、快速、准确，测定强化铁酱油中NaFeEDTA含量结果满意。     

酱油废水处理效果的影响因素

酱油废水部分COD来源于色素物质。色素物质在好氧过程中由大分子分解成小分子,又由小分子合成大分子,但是出水COD不会降低。处理酱油废水时浓度过高容易引起微生物有机负荷过高,造成分解不完全,从而影响处理效果。     

Antioxidant effects of soy sauce on color stability and lipid oxidation of raw beef patties during cold storage

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant effects of soy sauce on lipid oxidation and color stability of raw beef patties. Raw beef patties were formulated with four solutions such as NaCl (sodium chloride solution), NaCl/SS (1:1 ratio of sodium chloride and soy sauce solution), SS (soy sauce solution), or SS/A (soy sauce solution combined with 0.05% ascorbic acid) in the same salt concentration. Addition of soy sauce resulted in the decreased pH, lightness, and increased yellowness. Treatment SS/A had the lowest percent of metmyoglobin during storage (P < 0.05). A reduction (P < 0.05) in the 2-thiobarbituric acid, peroxide, and conjugated diene concentration as result of soy sauce addition were observed in treatments SS and SS/A at the end of the storage period. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in free fatty acid concentration at the end of storage. The combined addition of soy sauce and ascorbic acid greatly improved (P < 0.05) color stability and retarded lipid oxidation.     

Efficacies of soy sauce and wine base marinades for controlling spoilage of raw beef

Fresh beef slices were marinated by immersion in marinades based on soy sauce without (SB) or with lactic acid (SBLA) or red wine base without (WB) or with 0.5% v/v oregano essential oil (WBO). For control samples (immersed in saline), a mean increase of 0.9log CFU/cm² in total viable counts (TVCs) occurred during the 24 h treatment. During marination with WB and SB, mean TVC decreased by 0.7 and 0.3log CFU/cm², respectively. The mean decrease in TVC for samples marinated in WBO or SBLA was 1.2log CFU/cm². Subsequent storage of beef resulted in a rapid increase of TVC in control samples, to ≥9.5log CFU/cm² after 8 days at 5 °C or 3 days at 15 °C. Significant (P < 0.05) microbial growth occurred in marinated samples stored at 5 °C. During storage at 15 °C TVC increased in only WB samples but the final numbers of 5.9log CFU/cm² were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the numbers in the control. Results similar to those for TVC were observed for Pseudomonas spp. All marinades also gave meat with significant lower TBARS values than the controls. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the toughness of the marinated samples compared to the control, except for SBLA samples which had significantly higher (P < 0.05) shear force values. Marination with soy sauce or red wine marinades can evidently control microbial spoilage and oxidation of meat.     

国内外酱油法规标准对比及分析

目的分析国内外酱油标准,为今后完善我国标准内容以及提高行业管理水平提供参考。方法收集我国与日本、韩国、新加坡、印度、马来西亚等国家酱油相关的标准与法规,从理化指标、污染物和真菌毒素指标、微生物限量三方面进行对比研究。结果我国的酱油标准与国外标准比较,在理化指标、污染物和真菌毒素指标、微生物限量方面差异不大,日本酱油标准对原料和工艺的要求最为详细,且色泽有相应的检验方法可以做到量化。结论日本酱油标准在原料、工艺、色泽方面的详细要求值得我国标准借鉴,日本农业标准(JAS)认证的管理方式对于我国行业管理也具有一定参考意义。     

酱油市场发展趋势及生产企业的对策

本文分析目前国内酱油市场产品现状及产品发展趋势和市场格局,提出国内酱油生产企业应以提高生产工艺为突破口,调整酱油产品品种结构和技术含量,走高新技术改造传统产业的道路。     

Effect of temperature on the stability of various peptidases during peptide-enriched soy sauce fermentation

We previously developed a peptide-enriched soy sauce-like seasoning called Fermented Soybean Seasoning (FSS) with high-temperature fermentation, and we have reported the antihypertensive effects of FSS. Seryl-tyrosine (Ser-Tyr) and glycyl-tyrosine (Gly-Tyr) were identified from FSS as active constituents in the antihypertensive effects. They were found to be particularly enriched in FSS; more so than in regular soy sauce. In the present study, we clarified one of the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of these bioactive peptides during high temperature soy sauce brewing. Crude enzyme extracts were prepared from model soy sauce mash (moromi) fermented at various temperatures. Leucine aminopeptidase-I, II, and seryl-tyrosine hydrolytic activity were found to decrease in the moromi incubated at the fermentation temperature of FSS whereas almost no decrease was observed in that of regular soy sauce. The concentrations of ACE inhibitory peptides, Ser-Tyr and Gly-Tyr, in the moromi incubated at high temperature were revealed to be higher than those at low temperature through quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis. These results suggested that the peptidases responsible for degrading low molecular weight bioactive peptides were inactivated during the high temperature fermentation, thus, these peptides would be likely to remain in the high temperature fermentation.     

尼泊金酯在酱油和大酱中防腐效果的研究

为推广尼泊金乙酯、丙酯在酱油和大酱中的应用,通过对尼泊金乙酯、丙酯在酱油和大酱中使用不同剂量和按不同比例混合添加的防腐效果进行了对比研究,可以得知:尼泊金乙酯和丙酯对酱油的防腐效果最佳的是尼泊金丙酯和尼泊金乙酯以2:1的比例混合使用,最大添加量为250 mg/mL;对大酱的防腐效果单一使用和混合使用效果基本相同,最大添加量为250 mg/kg.     

日本酱油与中国酱油在不同模拟条件下挥发性呈香物质分析

采用无溶剂萃取检测,结合主成分分析（PCA）法,研究中日酱油在模拟蘸料和炒菜条件下挥发性呈香物质的差异,确定出典型呈香物质,为快速区分中日酱油的风味提供参考。结果显示：在模拟蘸料条件（25 ℃）下,检测到日本酱油呈香酯类物质居多,其含量约是中国酱油的2倍;中国酱油呈香吡嗪类物质居多,是日本酱油的1.6倍。在模拟炒菜条件（95 ℃）下,日本酱油呈香物质种类增加35%,中国酱油增加59%,约是日本酱油的1.7倍。日本酱油中醇类、酯类和醛类物质表现突出,乙醇为日本酱油的典型呈香物质,赋予其浓厚醇香;中国酱油中吡嗪类、酯类和酮类物质占比较大,赋予其浓郁酱香,苯乙醇为中国酱油的典型呈香物质,赋予一定的花香和果香。     

中日酱油文化比较

本文对中日两国的酱油产业文化从多种角度进行比较。认为两国酱油生产历史有先后，发展有差距。认识现状与原因，对发展我国酱油产业有所启示。     

酱油二次沉淀制备方法的对比

通过静置法、离心法、低温法、超声法及低温-超声法制备了酱油二次沉淀样品,对比研究了其溶解性能、常规指标和氨基酸组成,通过聚类分析法对5种样品的氨基酸组成进行了分析。实验结果表明:5种方法制备的酱油二次沉淀中的蛋白质均不溶解于酸性缓冲溶液(pH<7.0),低温-超声法制备样品的蛋白质含量明显高于其他4种方法制备样品的蛋白质含量,且其相应的氨基酸组成也与其他4种方法制备样品的氨基酸组成存在明显差异。以上结果说明采用低温-超声法制备酱油二次沉淀样品更为科学和快速。     

酱油中铵盐含量的监测与来源分析

目的研究开平市产酱油中铵盐含量及其污染来源,为酱油生产过程质量控制提供参考依据。方法检测酱油中的铵盐和氨基酸态氮含量,计算铵盐比率和合格率;检测原料焦糖色中氨氮含量和糖蜜中铵盐含量。结果半成品酱油铵盐合格率(100%)和成品酱油铵盐合格率(91.3%)差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.3,0.01相似文献   

酱油色泽的化学计量分析法研究

酱油是烹调过程中必不可少的调味品之一,起着调味与着色作用,其色泽是一项重要评价指标。实验以10种市售酱油(生抽)色泽为研究对象,通过测定密度(ρ)、白利度(B)、明度指数(L*)、红绿指数(a*)、黄蓝指数(b*)、色率(CI)、红色(RI)和黄色指数(YI),采用主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析(CA)和判别分析(DA)三种化学计量学方法对不同品牌酱油按色泽进行区分。结果表明:10种酱油按色泽差异可分为4组,第一组为1、2、4号(厨邦、海天、淘大),第二组为3、5、6、7、10号(东古、味事达、千和、加加、三不加)、第三组为8号(中坝)、第四组为9号(瓦岗)。研究结果可为酱油的色泽评价区分提供一定的理论与方法支撑。