Respiration of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at reduced oxygen concentrations

Adults, eggs, young and old larvae and pupae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were exposed to atmospheres containing 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% oxygen in nitrogen at 30°C and 70% r.h. Respiration rates were determined with a gas chromatograph. The oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output by insects were expressed in μl/insect/h or μl/mg/h.

Adults exposed to 21% oxygen required an initial acclimatization period of at least 5 h, after which the respiration rate remained stable. Based on this finding, all the respiration measurements were carried out after an initial adaptation of insects to the respirometer conditions for 24 h.

Respiration of eggs, young and old larvae, pupae, and adults at 30°C in normal atmospheric air was at rates of 0.0121, 9.25, 8.45, 1.45, and 4.67 μl CO₂/insect/h, respectively. Respiration rates of the same stages in terms of insect weight were 0.32, 29.08, 3.33, 0.59 and 2.37 μl CO₂/mg insect/h, respectively. At reduced oxygen levels respiration rates of eggs, larvae and pupae were proportional to the oxygen levels. Adult respiration was higher for 3% and 5% oxygen than for normal atmospheric air with rates of 4.77 and 4.98 μl CO₂/insect/h, respectively. In adults, RQ values for the same oxygen levels were also higher than for normal atmospheric oxygen and were 1.07 and 1.18, respectively.     

5种植物精油对赤拟谷盗的驱避活性研究

为筛选新型环保植物源仓储害虫驱避剂,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取椒蒿、香青兰、窃衣、驱虫斑鸠菊和啤酒花的植物精油,滤纸药膜法测定5种精油对赤拟谷盗成虫的驱避活性。结果表明：2 h后,在浓度为16 nL/cm2时,香青兰、窃衣、驱虫斑鸠菊、椒蒿精油对赤拟谷盗的驱避活性与阳性对照避蚊胺相当,驱避活性等级均为Ⅴ级,驱虫斑鸠菊的驱避等级稍弱于避蚊胺,驱避等级为Ⅳ级;随着浓度的降低,各精油的驱避活性随之较低,但在浓度为1.6 nL/cm2、0.16 nL/cm2时,5种植物精油的驱避活性明显高于阳性对照(驱避率为0%);在浓度为0.016 nL/cm2时,除香青兰精油具有驱避活性(驱避率为37%),驱避等级为Ⅱ级外,其他几种植物精油的驱避活性都为Ⅰ级,甚至无驱避活性;在浓度为0.0016 nL/cm2时,香青兰精油依然具有Ⅱ级的驱避活性,其他植物几乎均无驱避活性,有些还呈现吸引作用;4 h后,各精油的驱避活性均有所下降,但总体趋势与2 h无明显差异。研究结果表明香青兰精油对赤拟谷盗具有较强的驱避活性,值得进一步研究,该研究结果可为仓储害虫的无公害防治提供理论基础。     

赤拟谷盗侵染后玉米自身挥发性化合物动态研究

本研究运用SPME-GC-MS对玉米在储藏周期下的不同赤拟谷盗虫口密度的挥发性化合物(VOCs)进行了系统性定性与定量分析。研究旨在揭示赤拟谷盗侵染对玉米挥发性化合物组成的影响,并识别可作为赤拟谷盗侵染玉米的关键挥发性标志物。通过HS-SPME与DI-SPME技术,共鉴定出35种挥发性化合物。偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)揭示了不同储藏条件下玉米样品间挥发性化合物组成的显著差异,筛选出11种具有高变量投影重要性(VIP)值的化合物,包括2,4-壬二烯醛、苯酚和正二十四烷等。结果表明,赤拟谷盗的侵染显著改变了玉米的挥发性化合物含量,且储藏周期和虫口密度是影响这些化合物表达水平的重要因素。同时,2,4-壬二烯醛可作为玉米被赤拟谷盗侵染的潜在挥发性生物标志物。     

花椒精油抑制赤拟谷盗虫卵孵化作用的研究

研究花椒精油抑制谷物及山货干品中危害甚大的赤拟谷盗虫卵的孵化,以延长商品货架寿命。采用水蒸气蒸馏法从东北青花椒、江津青花椒、汉源红花椒和韩城红花椒中提取精油,用GC-MS方法分析精油中的主要成分。在30℃恒温条件下通过触杀和熏蒸试验,筛选出对赤拟谷盗虫卵的孵化抑制和杀虫效果最佳的品种,确定其致死中浓度LC50和致死中时间LT50。结果表明:4种精油的提取率分别为7.2%、5.1%、4.6%、2.0%,精油中含量比较高的成分有芳樟醇、柠檬烯、α-蒎烯等,东北青花椒精油中芳樟醇含量最高;从触杀和熏蒸效果来看,东北青花椒精油的抑制孵化效果也是最佳的,致死中浓度LC50均低于其他3种花椒,对虫卵熏蒸24、48和72 h的LC50分别为34.82、29.28和16.48μL/L,精油熏蒸浓度分别为30、40和50μL/L时,致死中时间LT50分别为45.11、29.41和12.98 h。     

Inheritance of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

A strain of Tribolium castaneum, highly resistant to pyrethroids, was isolated (single-pair method) from a pyrethroid-resistant field strain and made isogenic with a susceptible laboratory strain. Insecticide assays were used to determine the mode of inheritance and linkage of pyrethroid resistance. Resistance to deltamethrin could not be measured directly but at a 2% mortality response was about 1600-fold. The responses of SR and RS hybrids to deltamethrin were intermediate between the resistant and susceptible parent strains; there was no significant difference between the SR and RS hybrids (P>0.05). Chi-square analysis of the observed responses of the F₁–backcross and F₂ progenies rejected the null hypothesis that a single gene was responsible for resistance. Successive backcrosses with selection indicated the involvement of more than one gene. Test crosses with visible mutant markers suggested that resistance was associated with linkage groups VIII and IX. Assays with deltamethrin applied to grain indicated that this resistance will be rapidly selected in the field resulting in control failures.     

主要储粮害虫赤拟谷盗研究进展的可视化分析

赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum是一种世界性的储粮害虫,对粮食的安全储藏构成了巨大威胁,对赤拟谷盗研究进行总结以发现更有效的防治方法。本文利用中国知网与Web of Science数据库,借助文献信息可视化分析软件CiteSpace,对赤拟谷盗现有的文献进行全面分析,主要综述了2002-2022年间国内外对赤拟谷盗的研究热点和未来发展趋势。关于赤拟谷盗的研究热点主要集中于RNA干扰的应用、植物精油的开发、激素对生长发育的调控、磷化氢抗性。未来其研究趋势主要是绿色杀虫剂的开发应用、揭示其生理功能机制,以及将功能基因组学的方法应用于储粮害虫行为学、生态学和综合防治等方面。通过本文的分析,为探索赤拟谷盗的基础研究和综合治理提供参考和创新思路。     

两种昆虫生长调节剂对赤拟谷盗的控制效果

选取氟啶脲(Chlorfluazuron)和灭幼宝(Pyriproxyfen)两种昆虫生长调节剂对储藏物害虫赤拟谷盗进行了控制效果的研究。结果表明,在402、0、10 mg/kg剂量下,氟啶脲对赤拟谷盗幼虫有较高的校正死亡率,依次为94.44%8、8.89%、83.33%,幼虫均不能化蛹,表明该药剂可能作用于几丁质合成酶,抑制了几丁质合成酶的活性。在相同浓度下,灭幼宝对赤拟谷盗幼虫没有明显的致死效果,但其能延长赤拟谷盗幼虫的发育历期,使其不能正常化蛹,最终导致畸形死亡,表明灭幼宝有类似保幼激素的作用。     

尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶基因UGT2B7和UGT2C1与赤拟谷盗磷化氢抗性关系研究

为明确尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶基因UGT2B7和UGT2C1基因与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum磷化氢(PH3)抗性之间的关系.本研究以PH3敏感和抗性种群的赤拟谷盗为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)和RNA干扰技术,解析UGT2B7和UGT2 C1基因的表达模式,以及基因沉默后赤拟谷盗...     

赤拟谷盗和玉米象的相互关系研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

在75%RH、30 ℃条件下通过相互选择性实验、单独饲养和混合饲养实验研究赤拟谷盗和玉米象在小麦中的相互关系。研究结果表明：在相同生态环境中,赤拟谷盗和玉米象间的相互选择行为不明显。在小麦中单独饲养情况下,赤拟谷盗种群中成虫数量随处理时间延长先减少后增加,且增长缓慢,在处理56 d后最大成虫数量增加为起始虫数的11.5倍;而玉米象种群中成虫数量随处理时间延长而显著增加,在处理56 d后最大种群中成虫数量增加为起始虫量的53.9倍。与单独饲养相比,在小麦中混合饲养时,赤拟谷盗和玉米象的繁殖速率和种群中成虫数量都显著增加,在处理56 d后最大种群中成虫数量分别增加为起始虫量的20.3倍和93.4倍。因此,赤拟谷盗和玉米象均为小麦储藏过程中重要害虫,玉米象的危害对赤拟谷盗种群增长有促进作用。     

黄花蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫的生物活性研究

本研究分析了黄花蒿挥发油的化学成分及其对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫两个阶段的防治作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,GC-MS分析挥发油的化学成分和相对含量。结果表明,黄花蒿挥发油的主要成分和质量分数为:蒿酮13.2%,β-芹子烯12.3%,樟脑12.2%,桉叶油醇10.3%等。生物活性测试结果显示,黄花蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫的触杀活性LD₅₀分别为37.32μg/头和70.34μg/头。同时,黄花蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫均具有明显的驱避作用。因此,本研究能够为黄花蒿挥发油防治粮食仓储害虫提供参考。     

不同温度对赤拟谷盗生长发育和繁殖的影响

分别在自然变温(室温,作为对照)、25、30、35℃和相对湿度(75±5)%条件下研究了重要储粮害虫赤拟谷盗不同虫态的发育历期、存活率、雌虫产卵量及生命表参数。研究结果表明,不同温度对赤拟谷盗生长发育和繁殖具有显著影响。在25～35℃温度范围内,赤拟谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹及整个世代发育历期均随处理温度升高而缩短,每雌产卵量均随处理温度升高而显著增加。赤拟谷盗种群趋势指数均大于1,且随温度升高而增大。赤拟谷盗净增殖率(R₀)、内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)均随着温度升高而增大,世代平均周期(T)、种群加倍时间(D_t)均随着温度升高而减小。     

12种植物精油对两种仓储害虫熏蒸活性的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取12种香料植物精油,密闭容器熏蒸法测定精油对赤拟谷盗和花斑皮蠹的熏蒸活性,为仓储害虫的生物防治提供依据。结果表明:精油熏蒸处理24 h后,在3个筛选浓度(166.67、33.33、6.67μL/L)下,5种植物精油(大蒜、花椒、小茴香、肉桂和八角茴香)对赤拟谷盗表现出较好的熏蒸活性,在高浓度(166.67、33.33μL/L)时,熏蒸致死率达到90%,在低浓度6.67μL/L时,致死率依然在60%以上;5种精油对赤拟谷盗的LC_(50)分别为0.71、1.15、1.39、1.58、1.73 mg/L。4种植物精油(大蒜、肉桂、小茴香和八角茴香)对花斑皮蠹的熏蒸活性最好,在高浓度(166.67μL/L、33.33μL/L)时,致死率高达100%,在低浓度(6.67μL/L)时,致死率均在80%以上;4种精油的LC_(50)分别为0.41、1.03、2.92、3.28 mg/L。12种植物精油中,大蒜精油对两种仓储害虫的熏蒸活性最好,且大蒜精油资源丰富,原料易得,对人类安全无毒,可成为理想的绿色环保仓储害虫熏蒸剂。     

Development of a PC-based automatic monitoring system for Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in a rice warehouse

Flight traps were constructed and hung 6 m from the floor of a rice warehouse, with a 5 m polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube attached to the base of each trap. The PVC tube channelled any Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) caught into a plastic specimen vial at the bottom. A pair of traps was placed at each of four designated locations in the warehouse. One of the pair of traps at each location had the vial resting on a top pan balance. The four balances were interfaced with an IBM-compatible personal computer. The signals from the balances were recorded as the weights of the insects by the computer sequentially and continually. The other trap at each location was set 1 m from the computer-controlled trap and acted as a reference trap. The insects collected from it were weighed manually on a daily basis. Trap catches using both methods were recorded for 50 days. The system was not influenced by temperature and r.h. changes, and dust fall was negligible. The weights of individual live beetles recorded monthly for 6 months did not change significantly. Thus the weights obtained during monitoring could be converted to the number of T. castaneum. A good correlation was obtained between the computer and manual trap catches, with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.898 (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using a technique which monitors flight trap catches electronically and remotely.     

Thermal death kinetics of adult red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in canola seeds during radio frequency heating

Thermal mortalities of adult red flour beetles Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) infesting canola seeds at various moisture contents and volumes were determined after radio frequency (RF) heating (i.e. temperature between 30 and 80°C). The mortality of 92% was achieved at the end temperature of 343 K for small-volume (1.96 × 10^?4 m³, 0.250 kg) seeds, and the mortality of 99% at 333 K for large-volume (1.77 × 10^?3 m³, 2.26 kg) seeds. Regardless of sample volume, the thermal mortalities of the test insects increased significantly after the seed temperature reached 333 K (60°C). The kinetic parameters of the thermal death of the adult T. castaneum were estimated using inverse simulation. The ordinary differential equation-based kinetic model with the Arrhenius temperature-dependent reaction rate constant was solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The kinetics followed first-order reaction with the activation energy of 100 kJ/mol. Good agreements were observed between the mortalities predicted using the kinetic model and the experiments (R² = 0.972–0.987) except for the small-volume seeds at 11% MC (11 g/100 g raw materials) (R² = 0.741). The predicted lethal times (s) to achieve 95 and 99% mortalities using the kinetic model agreed well with those determined from the experiments.     

北艾精油对赤拟谷盗的控制作用

为明确北艾精油对赤拟谷盗的杀虫活性,采用亚临界萃取法提取了北艾精油,用背部点滴法、滤纸药膜法和滤纸熏蒸法测定了北艾精油对赤拟谷盗不同虫态的控制作用.结果 表明,北艾精油处理浓度越高,触杀效果越好,且200 μL/mL以上浓度的北艾精油对成虫和幼虫均具有很强触杀效果;北艾精油浓度和虫态显著影响了熏蒸效果,在北艾精油浓度1...     

赤拟谷盗气门的超微结构研究

气门是昆虫气管在体壁的开口,昆虫通过调节气门的开闭结构来完成气体交换,然而储粮害虫气门超微结构尚不清楚。本文利用扫描电镜对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫气门的超微结构进行观察。结果表明,赤拟谷盗成虫共有6对气门,胸部1对,腹部5对,属多气门型,气门类型为内闭式气门;气门因其分布不同外面观呈不同形状,胸部气门外面观呈椭圆形,腹部1～3节呈圆形,腹部4～5节呈长椭圆形;胸部气门最大,腹部第1节气门最小;气门的过滤结构呈蜂巢状,分布密集且整齐排列,连接处有尖刺状凸起;气门外围体壁光滑,无疏水状结构;赤拟谷盗幼虫体表着生少量毛状物,共有9对气门,胸部1对,腹部8对,分布于体壁两侧;气门类型为内闭式气门;幼虫气门无形态上的差异,均呈圆形;幼虫胸部气门最大,其余8对气门大小无明显差异;气门的过滤结构外面观簇生,呈尖刺状,分支较少,多数顶端呈二歧分枝,表面光滑。赤拟谷盗主要生活在粉屑等环境中,成虫气门有坚硬的鞘翅遮挡,幼虫体壁光滑,气门裸露,因此成虫气门筛板数量少于幼虫。本研究对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫气门的分布、形态、大小及气门的过滤结构等进行研究描述,为防治赤拟谷盗等鞘翅目储粮害虫提供理论依据。     

小麦气味中诱集赤拟谷盗的有效成分

本研究通过采用独立陷阱气味诱集方法对8种小麦类物料的气味诱集赤拟谷盗的效果进行测定,气相离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)对这8种物料的气味成分进行测试,对有效诱集赤拟谷盗的气味成分进行了研究.结果显示:小麦细麸皮诱集效果最好,诱集率为(56.65±4.82)％.通过分析、验证,筛选出2-庚酮、己酸、辛酸、己醇是具有良好诱集赤...     

千里香杜鹃提取物对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫的防治作用

本文以千里香杜鹃枝、叶为实验材料,石油醚、甲醇、95%乙醇为提取剂,采用热浸法得到提取物,测试提取物对赤拟谷盗和烟草甲的触杀、熏蒸和拒食活性以及其对马铃薯茎线虫的毒杀活性,以此初步筛选出对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫具有较好抗虫活性的提取物。结果表明：千里香杜鹃叶95%乙醇提取物对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫具有明显杀虫活性(LD50分别为15.32、16.18 μg/头;LC50=0.78 mg/mL);对赤拟谷盗具有明显拒食活性,在质量浓度（2 mg/mL）测试条件下,拒食率为78.17%。各提取物对赤拟谷盗和烟草甲无明显熏蒸活性。综上,千里香杜鹃叶95%乙醇提取物对赤拟谷盗、烟草甲和马铃薯茎线虫具有一定防治作用。     

赤拟谷盗在小麦粮堆内部分布特征研究

利用新型害虫探管诱捕器,采集分析赤拟谷盗在试验仓内小麦粮堆中的活动和分布情况,探究其在粮堆内的分布规律及主要影响因素,建立虫口密度评估方程,为其准确监测预警提供科学依据。结果表明：赤拟谷盗的每日捕获数不会随时间出现明显变化。当虫口密度较小时,赤拟谷盗主要在粮堆内的顶层和中层聚集分布;当虫口密度较大时,赤拟谷盗在粮堆内均匀分布。赤拟谷盗表现出趋温性和趋湿性,其适宜活动的温度为22~30 ℃,相对湿度为40%~53%。综合分析害虫时空分布的规律以及温度、湿度的影响,可根据探管透捕器捕获害虫数量对实际虫口密度做出估算,其虫口密度评估方程为：y = 10.566 – 0.321 × x1 – 0.017 × x2 + 0.026 × x3,x1为温度（℃）、x2为相对湿度（%）、x3为捕获数（头）。     

13种植物精油和茴香脑对赤拟谷盗成虫熏蒸活性研究

在20μL/L的剂量下,测试了13种植物精油对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸作用,其中以八角茴香油效果最佳,熏蒸24 h的校正死亡率达到100%,显著高于其他精油。随着熏蒸时间的延长,八角茴香油对赤拟谷盗的LC50值逐渐降低,熏蒸12 h时LC50值为13.88μL/L,熏蒸72 h时降为5.08μL/L,仅为熏蒸12 h的0.36倍。继而采用GC-MS技术对八角茴香油的主要组分进行分离鉴定,共从八角茴香油中鉴定出21种组分,其中茴香脑的相对百分含量为79.81%,为八角茴香油的主要成分。进一步测试了茴香脑对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸毒力,熏蒸12 h时LC50值为7.76μL/L,72 h时LC50值降为3.36μL/L,不同熏蒸时段茴香脑的LC50值均低于相应时段八角茴香油的LC50值,与八角茴香油相比,茴香脑对赤拟谷盗具有更强的熏蒸作用。