Response of Pteromalus cerealellae to conspecific odor: Evidence for female- and male-produced pheromones?

Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is an ectoparasitoid of several pests of stored products. We investigated the role of semiochemicals in mediating intraspecific communication in this parasitoid using electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioral bioassays. Responses of virgin male and female P. cerealellae were tested to airborne volatiles from live male and female conspecifics and to whole body extracts of both sexes. Females showed significantly greater EAG responses than males to whole body extracts of both sexes. Results from Y-tube olfactometer bioassays demonstrated significant attraction of both sexes to live conspecifics of the same (intrasexual attraction) or opposite sex (cross attraction). Females also showed significant attraction to whole body extracts of females, but not to the extract of males. These findings provide preliminary evidence for possible existence of a female-produced sex pheromone and close range cuticular chemicals by both sexes of P. cerealellae, which may play a role in courtship and species recognition. Further studies are needed to characterize these chemicals and determine their roles in the behavioral ecology of P. cerealellae.     

Field monitoring Sitophilus zeamais and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using refuge and flight traps baited with synthetic pheromone and cracked wheat

Flight traps with open vertical baffles and refuge traps in the form of rectangular cardboard boxes were used to catch Sitophilus zeamais and S. oryzae in Kenya. Traps baited with the aggregation pheromone (Sitophilure), and for the first time traps baited with pheromone and food bait (cracked wheat), were field tested. Both traps types were effective in capturing Sitophilus spp and gave higher weevil catch when baited with pheromone and cracked wheat combined than with pheromone or cracked wheat alone. The combination of pheromone and cracked wheat had an additive effect on trap catch and not a synergistic effect as reported in earlier laboratory trials. Different pheromone loadings of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg were tested. The catch of S. zeamais in flight traps rose significantly with increasing dosage. For refuge traps, the same effect was observed although the difference between 1 mg and 2 mg was not statistically significant. The trend was for increasing S. oryzae catch with dosage, although total catches were very much lower than those for S. zeamais, and differences did not prove statistically significant. Traps placed on the floor near infested maize cribs captured significantly more Sitophilus spp than those actually placed in the cribs. Adult Sitophilus captured were sexed and in both flight and refuge traps the sex ratio was biased in favour of females even though the sex ratio of weevils from infested maize cobs, which were the source of the captured weevils, was approximately even.     

Short communication: Chronology of different sexual behaviors and motion activity during estrus in dairy cows

In studying the efficiency of a variety of methods for estrus detection in a large dairy herd, we suspected a definite sequence of estrus signs. Consequently, we observed a subset of animals continuously between 0400 and 2400 h, making a note of the precise timing and frequency of each sexual behavior. Sixteen Holstein-Friesian cows, >20 d postpartum, were equipped with motion activity-sensing neck collars and had milk progesterone profiles monitored simultaneously. The duration between the first and last observed estrus behavior was (mean ± SE) 14.0 ± 1.9 h, with a range 8.5 to 28.75 h. The duration of standing to be mounted (STBM) was 4.68 ± 1.49 h, with a range of 0.25 to 18.25 h. Sniffing the vulva of another cow occurred on average 5.5 ± 1.3 h (range = 0.25–18.25 h) before the first STBM. By ranking the first appearance of each behavior, we established that sniffing was followed by the active behaviors of mounting another cow and not accepting a mount, as well as the passive behaviors of being sniffed and STBM by another cow. Chin resting occurred before not accepting a mount and STBM. All these behaviors were observed in the reverse order after the last STBM. The mean profile of motion activity revealed an increase in motion activity with the onset of exploratory behaviors, and highest values occurred within the period of STBM. Such distinct behavioral sequences may be controlled by changes in peripheral progesterone and estradiol concentrations, as well as by subtle independent mechanisms via pheromones in differing concentrations or divergent composition.     

The use of a managed bulk of grain for the evaluation of PC, Pitfall beaker, Insect Probe and WBII Probe traps for monitoring Sitophilus granarius during the winter and summer in the UK

A 100 tonne flat-store of wheat has been used to evaluate PC (surface and buried), pitfall beaker, insect probe and WBII probe traps for monitoring Sitophilus granarius. Trials were conducted over 8-week trapping periods and S. granarius were seeded into the bulk at a density of one per kg. Trials were conducted during the winter/spring and during the spring/summer of the following year in the UK. WBII probe traps were used in the summer trial only. The results show the efficiency of various trap types for trapping S. granarius in a commercial environment at different temperatures. Most S. granarius per trap were caught by the surface PC traps in the winter trial and by WBII probe traps in the summer trial when compared to all other trap types. However, in the winter trial the pitfall beaker traps captured S. granarius more consistently than others while surface PC traps were more consistent in the summer. The results from both trials provide little evidence of a correlation between trap catch increase and increase in grain temperature. This may indicate that trap catch in general shows a delay in response to temperature changes, and that temperature measurement more closely related to individual trap catches may be required to reveal the true extent of any correlation between temperature and trap catch for S. granarius.     

将生态引入卫生间设计

住宅卫生间是室内环境的重要组成部分,本文从生态化设计的理念出发, 提出了卫生间的设计原则和技术实现手法。     

绿色浪潮,绿色纤维和绿色纺织品（二）

2 绿色纤维 有关“绿色纤维”的定义目前尚无确切的说法,但从纺织生态学的角度来看,无非涉及这些方面:(1)纤维在生长或生产过程中未受污染;(2)纤维生产过程不会对环境造成污染;(3)纤维制成品在失去使用价值后可回收再利用或可在自然条件下降价消化,不会对生态环境造成危害;(4)生产纤维的原料采用可再生资源或可利用的废弃物,不会造成生态平衡的失调和掠夺性的资源开发;(5)纤维对人体具有某种保健功能。诚然,到目前为止,要找出一种能满足上述所有要求的“绿色纤维”尚不现实,但人们在开发能符合其中一项或多项要求的“绿色纤维”方面已取得了长足的进展,其中有些已实现了工业化生产。     

绿色纺织品及相关的染料（二）

2 绿色纺织品2.1 绿色消费随着全球生态环境状况的不断恶化,当今世界     

Laboratory studies on behavioural interactions of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) with conspecifics, synthetic pheromone and the predator Teretriosoma nigrescens (Lewes)(Coleoptera: Histeridae)

A bioassay method was devised to test the responses of adult Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to conspecific adults or synthetic pheromone and to observe the response of the predator Teretriosoma nigrescens (Lewes) to adult or larval P. truncatus or the synthetic pheromone of this species.

The results confirmed earlier observations that male P. truncatus are the source of a pheromone attractive to both males and females, P. truncatus adults (in this case virgin females) are disinclined to leave food in response to the pheromone and maize itself is relatively unattractive to P. truncatus. For the first time it has been demonstrated that males are not attracted to females, females repel or avoid each other and males are less attracted to the naturally produced pheromone secretion than are females. In view of the fact that unmated females will not leave food to locate a calling male it was concluded that the female response to the pheromone is primarily a means of locating a food source, rather than a sexual partner. In contrast, males release their secretion to attract females.

When adult P. truncatus were tested against grains treated with the synthetic pheromone the response of males and females was apparently identical, in contrast to the lower response of males when tested against conspecific males. It seems probable that the amounts of pheromone used when testing the synthetic mixture are greater than would be produced naturally by a calling male and that this may mask the apparently lower sensitivity of males to the natural pheromone.

The pheromone of P. truncatus is known to be a kairomone for T. nigrescens, but in the bioassay this species was not attracted to synthetic pheromone and responded more strongly to empty maize grains than to adult or larval P. truncatus. It would appear that when walking, adult T. nigrescens are unwilling to approach closely to P. truncatus. The possible significance of this is discussed.     

生态绿色家具设计

本文对绿色家具的定义进行了阐述,就绿色家具设计的特征进行了分析。     

生物颜色与生态染色（一）

本文较系统介绍了自然界广泛存在的生物色素,包括叶绿素、胡萝卜素、靛蓝中间体,动物的黑色素、血红素和荧光素等的化学结构及特点;重点分析了它们存在于自然界的状态,指出与它们共同存在的脂质、蛋白质及糖类化合物对它们的分布起的重要作用,文章还结合笔者研究开发的所谓增溶染色,分析了助剂在染色过程中的重要性,从多方面提出了进行生态染色的可能性,包括进行仿生染色等新思路。     

生物颜色与生态染色（二）

2　纤维、染料和助剂的染色相关性近代染色技术是建立在“相似相亲”概念上的 ,即含离子性基团的纤维用具有相反电性基团的染料染色 ;或含极性基团的亲水性纤维用含离子基或极性基的水溶性染料染色 ;疏水性纤维用低极性的难溶性染料染色。这种概念固然不错 ,但它仅基于纤维和染料两者的结构和性质。而事实上 ,染料上染纤维时 ,必须通过一定的介质 ,还有种类繁多的助剂或添加物存在 ,这些物质不仅影响染料上染纤维 ,有时还会改变纤维与染料的适应性。前面已经指出 ,虽然天然生物的颜色是由其中的色素产生的 ,但色素在生物中不是以简单形式存…     

几种捕食真菌对烟草根结线虫致病力研究初报

本文应用捕食真菌Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ，Ａ．ｍｕｓｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ，Ａ．ｃｌａｄｏｄｅｓ，Ａ．Ｖｅｒｍｉｃｏｌａ，Ｍｏｎａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｌｙｓｉｐａｇａ，Ｍ．ｍｅｇａｌｏｓｐｏｒｕｍ，Ｍ．ｍｕｔａｂｃｌｅ，对南方根结线虫（Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅｉｎｃｏｇｎｉｔａ）进行了致病力测定和捕食过程观察，结果表明：各菌株对根结线虫二龄幼虫均具有致病性，Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓ属菌种以三维粘性菌网捕食，Ａ．ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ捕食率最高；Ｍｏｎａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ属菌种形成粘着孢和非收缩环两种捕食器官。     

截面异形纤维捕集烟气气溶胶的微观研究

采用显微镜放大和CCD拍摄技术,在所建立的烟气捕集微观观测通道中对截面异形纤维捕集烟气气溶胶的过程进行拍摄,对所拍图片进行图像二值化处理,考察单丝线密度、颗粒物浓度及气体流速对烟气气溶胶在纤维迎风面覆盖率的影响。结果表明:在相同的捕集时间下,颗粒物在纤维丝迎风面的覆盖率随截面异形纤维丝单丝线密度减小而增加;颗粒物在纤维丝迎风面的覆盖率随颗粒物浓度升高而增加;在气体流速0.18～0.72 m/s范围内,颗粒物在纤维丝迎风面的覆盖率随气体流速增大而增加。     

酿酒葡萄生态区划问题初探

本文在总结前人葡萄气候区划成果的基础上,提出了酿酒葡萄生态区划的新概念,更加全面地体现了葡萄品质与生态的关系     

Oko—Tex（生态—纺织品）的检测

对生态纺织品标准100(Oko-Tex Standard 100)的限值、有害物质及危害性作了分析.详细介绍了生态纺织品标准的检测方法,如:纺织品上禁用偶氮染料、重金属离子含量、游离甲醛含量等指标的检测.最后结合中国环境产品认证委员会送检样品的检测,介绍了纺织品绿色标志需检测的内容及方法.     

从\"绿色技术壁垒\"看我国生态纺织品的发展

随着关税的逐步降低和非关税贸易措施的逐步取消,国际贸易呈现全球化的趋势,“绿色壁垒”已成为制约我国纺织品参与全球经济竞争的最 大障碍。因此,要不断地跟踪掌握发达国家的“绿色技术壁垒”动态,制定适合我国国情的技术法规标准,大力开发生态纺织品,推广生态纺织品的绿色认证,采用清洁生产技术,提高我国纺织业的绿色信誉。本文系统地评述了“绿色壁垒”对我国纺织品的影响。     

Spatio-temporal analysis of trap catches of Tribolium confusum du Val in a semolina-mill, with a comparison of female and male distributions

By using food-bait traps, we evaluated the presence and the spatio-temporal distribution of insect pests in an industrial semolina-mill, with particular attention to Tribolium confusum du Val in which the spatio-temporal dynamics of females and males were also studied separately. A total of 1401 insect specimens was captured in the traps, belonging to 14 taxa, mainly Coleoptera. The most abundant species were T. confusum (with 1002 adults), followed by Typhaea stercorea (L.) (with 158 adults) and T. castaneum (Herbst) (with 110 adults). Of particular interest was the presence in the food-bait traps of T. confusum and T. castaneum adults in a mixed population with equal numbers of males and females. Furthermore, analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics suggested that the distribution of the two sexes in T. confusum was almost the same during the entire sampling period. The findings of our study can usefully be applied to the management of Tribolium infestations, but further and more detailed studies are needed to better understand the ecology and behaviour of the species in association with searching for food and production of aggregation pheromones.     

Laboratory evaluation of traps for the detection of beetle pests in bulk grain

Traps have been evaluated against three species of storage beetle in plastic bins containing 150 kg wheat. The bins were used to generate data for a comparison of the trapping effectiveness of the pitfall cone (PC), pitfall beaker and insect probe traps. The data produced reflect those obtained from field studies and illustrate the advantages of this method over less rigorously controlled field trials. The PC trap, a single type developed to replace both of the previously recommended traps, buried to a 5 cm depth in grain, was as effective as the insect probe for detecting Cryptolestes ferrugineus. The buried PC trap was also as effective as the insect probe trap for trapping Oryzaephilus surinamensis below the grain surface, and the PC trap on the surface was as effective as the pitfall beaker trap. The PC trap below the surface was more effective for trapping Sitophilus granarius than the insect probe trap. This pilot-scale method is a cost-effective alternative to field-scale trials and could be used to investigate various factors influencing trap catch.