浅谈“如鱼得水壶”的文化蕴意

紫砂壶作为民间高档的实用工艺品,其装饰手段多样,充分体现了紫砂壶艺的千姿百态、多种多样.纵观紫砂壶艺的发展史,紫砂壶的装饰工艺伴随着紫砂壶的成长而发展,其中不乏创意.早在北宋时期,随着紫砂壶艺的成熟,装饰技艺上也达到了一定水准,比如紫砂壶的壶嘴用鸡头作为装饰,手法简练、神态各异,创意颇有玩味;元代,陶刻文字装饰的兴起也是一大创举;明代,由于著名书画家、文学艺术家广泛参与到紫砂壶的装饰中来,进一步提高了紫砂壶的档次,促进了紫砂壶由日用工艺品向艺术品的过渡.综观紫砂壶的装饰艺术及其发展,要达到好的设计效果,要提升紫砂壶的档次,使之成为真正的高档艺术品,必须紧密围绕紫砂壶的创意,采用多种装饰手段,做到适度得体,才能达到紫砂壶装饰的目的.     

浅论紫砂陶的陶刻装饰和雕塑装饰

紫砂壶器的装饰是紫砂艺术的重要组成部分,紫砂装饰艺术品位高低将直接关系到人们对紫砂壶器的审美。纵观紫砂壶器的发展,虽在各个历史时期都显示了时代风格情趣和艺术特色,然而紫砂壶器的装饰更多的还是沿袭传承,有绘画饰、书刻饰、雕塑饰、纹饰、釉饰、金属饰等,依然是紫砂壶器装饰艺术的主流,这才使我们的紫砂壶器装饰艺术日臻成熟,形成了独特的紫砂壶器的艺术美,下面就本人从事紫砂壶器制作及装饰的实践主要谈谈陶刻装饰和雕塑装饰。     

以“美”点亮紫砂壶的经纶

围绕紫砂壶艺的美感理念,就如何感受紫砂壶的"美"文化,本文对赏读紫砂壶艺的造型美、气韵美、装饰美等作了探索,点亮紫砂壶"美"的经纶。     

紫砂壶的材质和适用略谈

介绍了紫砂泥的组成、结构,并对紫砂壶的颜色进行了检测,得出紫砂壶的优点,最后详细的描述了紫砂壶的优良性能.     

浅谈“抽角藏六方壶”的传统文化蕴意

紫砂壶历来为人们所推崇,它使看似简单的泡茶、饮茶多了几分特别的韵味,给人以赏心悦目的美感.紫砂壶蕴含了中国的传统文化,给人一种风雅高洁的感觉.因此,从百姓的日常用品到文人雅士的生活,紫砂壶受到了许多人的青睐,紫砂壶也逐渐成为了兼具实用性和欣赏性的工艺品.特别是清代嘉靖年间,文人士大夫开始参与紫砂壶的设计与制作,使得紫砂壶的造型趋于典雅古朴,光素的壶面更适合书法、绘画、篆刻等的表现.紫砂壶经装饰,书卷气、金石味更浓,紫砂壶的艺术性也达到了很高的高度.为什么百姓和文人雅士如此喜爱紫砂壶?原因是紫砂壶艺蕴含的文化内涵,尤其是传统文化中儒、释、道不断的交融,追求和谐,一团和气,不偏不倚地顺应自然法则的中庸,成为文人修养的最高境界."无欲无求品自高"是历代文人自我修行的准则,而紫砂壶朴质无华的泥质和光华内敛的色彩正是文人艺术家们所追求的品质,可以这么说,一把小小的紫砂壶涵盖和表达了文人艺术家的人文思想和艺术追求.     

紫砂壶的青铜文化元素

紫砂壶与青铜器结缘由来已久,影响所及不但提高了紫砂壶的艺术品位,而且形成了紫砂壶艺与青铜文化艺术源远流长、千丝万缕、不可分割的紧密关系。     

紫砂壶的材质和适用略谈

介绍了紫砂泥的组成、结构，并对紫砂壶的颜色进行了检测，得出紫砂壶的优点，最后详细的描述了紫砂壶的优良性能。     

“湖光山色”的陶刻艺术和人文意境

正紫砂壶在艺人们的传承创造下不断发展,衍生出精彩纷呈的装饰工艺体系。常见的紫砂壶装饰有泥绘、雕漆、描金、贴花、绞泥等,作者通过不同的装饰手法为紫砂壶锦上添花,不单突出了自己的情感表达、注入了自身的思想见解,也使紫砂壶具备独一无二的观赏价值和艺术价值。陶刻作为紫砂壶的装饰技法之一,具有独特性,是在紫砂壶的创制进程中出现的,因此与紫砂壶有着不可分割的天然联系,往往能对一把壶的艺术风格和人文内涵的凸显起到不可替代的作用。     

“启蒙壶”的创新设计刍议

随着时代的发展,紫砂壶创作也产生了新的特点,创新成为引领紫砂壶发展的重要动力。"启蒙壶"造型别致,走出了紫砂壶的传统造型范畴,展现了新时代紫砂壶创作的大胆探索,揭示了由创新精神所塑造成的紫砂壶艺术启蒙姿态。     

浅谈紫砂壶的艺术境界

紫砂壶艺历史悠久、源远流长,从最初的茶具用品不断地发展,而且有了文人雅士的参与,其艺术性越来越突出,紫砂壶发展至今已经成为集实用性与艺术性为一体的艺术品。随着社会的发展和人们生活水平的日益提高,人们对于紫砂壶的需求从最初的功能性需求逐渐向艺术层面跨越,越来越多的艺术价值、文化内涵和审美价值集中到壶器的设计中,紫砂壶作为茶具之首,在紫砂艺人的创作下,提升了紫砂壶的美学价值。如今紫砂壶已经不是简单的茶器,而是民族文化中的艺术瑰宝,人们对于紫砂壶艺术境界的探究也从未停止过,它别具一格的艺术特点越来越受到大家的关注,其独特的艺术风格给人留下深刻的印象,紫砂壶的艺术境界更是让其上升到一个全新的阶段,使大众对于紫砂壶有了一个更加深刻的认识。     

机制砂岩性与级配对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

为了探究不同岩性、不同级配机制砂对混凝土性能的影响,对三种不同岩性机制砂混凝土及天然河砂混凝土的工作性和抗压强度进行研究。此外,对比分析了四种混凝土在干湿循环制度下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能。结果表明,天然河砂混凝土的工作性优于机制砂混凝土,钙质机制砂混凝土的工作性略好于硅质机制砂混凝土。机制砂混凝土的抗压强度优于天然河砂混凝土,在硫酸盐侵蚀循环作用下的力学性能变化趋势与天然河砂混凝土基本一致。在相同级配条件下,机制砂混凝土的抗蚀系数高于天然河砂混凝土;机制砂岩性并不会对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能带来负面影响。级配良好的机制砂可以增强混凝土抗压强度和抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能。     

Functional properties of proteins in foods

The measurement of functionality of protein food ingredients has developed somewhat haphazardly, probably due to the wide range of proteins used as ingredients and the diversity of foods. Studies of the physiochemical properties of proteins should enable prediction of a proteins response to process environments and prove more fruitful than many of the empirical measurements of functionality. The effects of pH, salt type and concentration on the phase behaviour of the oilseed globulin and arachin, demonstrates the complexity of protein solubility and the inadequacies of simple tests that have arisen. Studies of the effects of salts and conditioning on meat fibres, coupled with measurement of the location of water in pellets from water holding tests enable the latter to be applied with increased confidence. Comparison of the endothermic transitions observed on heating with the development of storage and loss moduli allow the contributions of domains of skeletal muscle myosin to gel structure to be investigated.     

Aggregation pheromone system of adult gregarious desert locust schistocerca gregaria (forskal)

Six electrophysiologically active aromatic compounds, viz., anisole, benzaldehyde, veratrole, guaiacol, phenylacetonitrile, and phenol, were identified in the volatiles of older-adult male desert locust. Young adults and females of all age groups produced none or only trace quantities of these compounds. Comparison of the aggregation responses of young and older adults to the crude, older-adult, volatile extract and different synthetic blends of the six compounds showed that the aggregation pheromone system of the adult gregarious locust consists of phenylacetonitrile, guaiacol, phenol, and benzaldehyde. Like the crude volatile extract of older males, neither the synthetic blend of the six compounds nor the adult pheromone blend evoked any significant aggregation responses from nymphs. These results confirm our previous report of sexual differentiation in the production of adult aggregation pheromone in the desert locust and of the evidence of two distinct aggregation pheromone systems in the two stages of the insect.     

Molecular mechanics modelling of interfacial energy and flexibility on cellulose

Molecular mechanics modelling is used to calculate the energies of interaction, hence the molecular level energy of adhesion at the interface with crystalline cellulose I of three different photopolymerizable primers and of a polyester varnish at the interface with the primer/cellulose assembly. The energy of interactions for just one of the primers with the statistically most common conformation of amorphous cellulose has also been obtained for comparison. Experimental results of adhesion by a standard peel test and by thermomechanical analysis, in which the effect of viscoelastic energy dissipation by crack tip propagation has been respectively minimized or is not present, hence in which the energy of interfacial interaction is nothing else but the work of adhesion, correlated well with the energies of interaction calculated by molecular mechanics. An equation correlating the energy of interaction at each finish/cellulose interface with the deflection derived by thermomechanical analysis, and with the number of internal bond rotational degrees of freedom as well as the degree of networking of the finish, has been derived and is presented. A relationship between the intrinsic fracture energy Go and the molecular mechanics-derived energy of interaction at the interface equating this to the square of the work of adhesion is obtained and is presented.     

Distribution of birch (Betula SPP.), willow (Salix SPP.), and poplar (Populus SPP.) secondary metabolites and their potential role as chemical defense against herbivores

Isoprenoids and phenolics, major metabolites of important browse species, are reviewed in regard to concentrations, distribution within tissues, and between species. Seasonal variation of specific substances and changes with age of the plant are also considered. The distribution of substances may affect food selection and feeding behavior of animals. Wild mammalian herbivores tend to avoid plant parts rich in these substances, in spite of high nutritional content of the plant tissue. Possible mechanisms for defense by plants against depredation by mammalian herbivores are discussed within the framework of the plants' biochemistry.     

Sr改性Cu催化剂的果糖加氢制备甘露醇性能

使用共沉淀法制备负载Cu催化剂。通过添加碱土金属Sr，对Cu催化剂进行了改性，以提高Cu催化剂在果糖加氢制备甘露醇过程中的活性和选择性。采用ICP-MS、TEM、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和CO₂-TPD等对所制备的催化剂进行了系统表征。结果表明：Sr的添加能增大催化剂的比表面积，促进活性组分Cu的分散，从而提高了催化剂的活性，并且增加了催化剂的碱性，使果糖优先形成β-呋喃糖中间体，从而提高了甘露醇的选择性。在果糖浓度为1.1 mol·L^-1、催化剂用量为反应物质量的6%、反应温度为373 K、反应氢压为4.0 MPa、Cu/Sr原子比为7∶1的反应条件下，果糖转化率为99%，甘露醇的选择性为79%。催化剂循环使用了20次，其催化稳定性基本保持不变。     

接触式机械密封界面泄漏机理研究的关键科学问题

密封界面的泄漏机理是机械密封研究与应用的焦点问题之一,涉及泄漏通道表征、粗糙表面的接触力学模型、界面微观形貌变化以及介质流体在泄漏通道中的流动阻力等问题。回顾了近几十年国内外接触式机械密封泄漏通道模型的研究,深入分析了G-W模型、M-B模型和Persson模型3种粗糙表面接触力学模型的贡献和存在的问题,提出了一种基于逾渗理论的泄漏通道新模型;探讨了密封界面的分形参数、泄漏通道的流动阻力以及密封界面的有限尺寸效应对泄漏特性的影响,指出孔隙连通贯穿界面和流体流经贯穿通道的流动阻力小是密封界面产生泄漏的成因,以及泄漏通道的形成和泄漏通道内的流体流动特性是泄漏机理研究的主要方向。     

Measured kinetics of the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse to produce xylose

Experimental trials of the water hydrolysis of bagasse to produce xylose, arabinose and glucose were conducted using a temperature-controlled microwave digester. The experimental variables were temperature, ratio of water mass to bagasse mass, type of bagasse material and reaction time. The pH of the liquid and concentration of dissolved xylose, arabinose and glucose were measured at the completion of each trial. Kinetic modelling of the global rates of formation of monosaccharide products was performed using schemes based on earlier researchers’ models of acid hydrolysis using mineral acids. For the most plentiful product, xylose, the most accurate kinetic model of the global reactions was determined to be two parallel pathways for hydrolysis of xylan to xylose followed by a single pathway for xylose decomposition. The calculated activation energies of the reactions were within the range reported by other researchers for the hydrolysis of a range of lignocellulosic materials using mineral acids.     

Failure of tannic acid to inhibit digestion or reduce digestibility of plant protein in gut fluids of insect herbivores

The rate of hydrolysis of the abundant foliar protein, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPC), in enzymatically active gut fluid ofManduca sexta larvae is very rapid and is unaffected by the presence of tannic acid, even when tannic acid is present in the incubation mixture in amounts in excess of the amount of RuBPC. When this protein is dissolved in the denatured gut fluids ofM. sexta larvae orSchistocerca gregaria nymphs, large amounts of tannic acid must be added to bring about the precipitation of significant quantities of protein. The ability of insect gut fluid to prevent the formation of insoluble tannin-protein complexes is due to the presence of surfactants. On the basis of our results and a review of the findings of other investigators, we argue that there is no evidence that tannins reduce the nutritional value of an insect's food by inhibiting digestive enzymes or by reducing the digestibility of ingested proteins and, further, that the failure of tannins to interfere with digestion is readily explained on the basis of well-documented characteristics of the digestive systems of herbivorous insects. In challenging the currently popular notion that tannins are digestibility-reducing substances, we do not challenge the general utility of either the apparency theory or resource availability theory of plant defense. In debating the merits of these two analyses of plant-herbivore interactions, however, the demise of tannins as all-purpose, dose-dependent, digestibility-reducing defensive substances must be taken into account.